This master thesis investigates how well suited the model-based testing process is for testing a new feature of a Base Station Controller. In model-based testing the tester designs a behavioral model of the system under test, or some part of the system. This model is then given to a test generation tool that will analyze the model and produce interesting test cases. These test cases can either be run on the system in an automatic or manual way depending on what type of setup there is. In this report it is suggested that the behavioral model should be produced in as early a stage as possible and that it should be a collaboration between the test team and the design team. The advantages with the model-based testing process are a better overview of the test cases, the test cases are always up to date, it helps in finding errors or contradictions in requirements and it performs closer collaboration between the test team and the design team. The disadvantages with model-based testing process are that it introduces more sources where an error can occur. The behavioral model can have errors, the layer between the model and the generated test cases can have errors and the layer between the test cases and the system under test can have errors. This report also indicates that the time needed for testing will be longer compared with manual testing. During the pilot, when a part of a new feature was tested, of this master thesis a test generation tool called Qtronic was used. This tool solves a very challenging task which is generating test cases from a general behavioral model and with a good result. This tool provides many good things but it also has its shortages. One of the biggest shortages is the debugging of the model for finding errors. This step is very time consuming because it requires that a test case generation is performed on the whole model. When there is a fault in the model then this test generation can take very long time, before the tool decides that it is impossible to cover the model. Under the circumstances that the Qtronic tool is improved on varies issues suggested in the thesis, one of the most important issues is to do something about the long debugging time needed, then the next step can be to use model-based testing in a larger evaluation project at BSC Design, Ericsson.

Traffic and Feature SW is a department based in Kista. At this department the main processor software, or MPSW in short, in Ericssons Radio Base Stations is tested prior to integration of new releases. Traffic and Feature SW, also called MPSW in this thesis, works closely with another department of Ericsson called RBS System I&V which tests the same software but for complete RBS nodes. MPSW uses black- and greybox scripted testing in regression suites that are executed on a daily basis. These regression suites are separated into different subsets of functionality that maps to the capabilities of the Radio Base Station software. The authors of this thesis has performed an implementation of automated test cases for a subset of the Radio Base Station software using an automated software tool called QuickCheck. These test cases were successfully integrated into the test framework and were able to find several issues with the main processor software and its subsystems in the Radio Base Station. The commissioner of this thesis have plans to further integrate the QuickCheck tool into the test framework, possibly automating test cases for several subsets of the Radio Base Station software. The authors have therefore analysed and put forth metrics that compares the testing of the Radio Base Station software using QuickCheck with the conventional regression test cases. These metrics covers areas such as the cost related to and the inherent capabilities of QuickCheck. The evaluation of these metrics was performed by the authors to give the commissioner decisive information. These evaluations showed that QuickCheck was able to generate complex message stuctures in complex sequences. QuickCheck was also able to shrink both the content of these messages and the length of the sequences of messages to be able to provide a minimal counterexample when a fault was discovered. The only metric that QuickCheck failed to support was to inherit functionality to support the handling of statistics from executions. / Traffic and Feature SW is a department based in Kista. At this department the main processor software, or MPSW in short, in Ericssons Radio Base Stations is tested prior to integration of new releases. Traffic and Feature SW, also called MPSW in this thesis, works closely with another department of Ericsson called RBS System I&V which tests the same software but for complete RBS nodes. MPSW uses black- and greybox scripted testing in regression suites that are executed on a daily basis. These regression suites are separated into different subsets of functionality that maps to the capabilities of the Radio Base Station software. The authors of this thesis has performed an implementation of automated test cases for a subset of the Radio Base Station software using an automated software tool called QuickCheck. These test cases were successfully integrated into the test framework and were able to find several issues with the main processor software and its subsystems in the Radio Base Station. The commissioner of this thesis have plans to further integrate the QuickCheck tool into the test framework, possibly automating test cases for several subsets of the Radio Base Station software. The authors have therefore analysed and put forth metrics that compares the testing of the Radio Base Station software using QuickCheck with the conventional regression test cases. These metrics covers areas such as the cost related to and the inherent capabilities of QuickCheck. The evaluation of these metrics was performed by the authors to give the commissioner decisive information. These evaluations showed that QuickCheck was able to generate complex message stuctures in complex sequences. QuickCheck was also able to shrink both the content of these messages and the length of the sequences of messages to be able to provide a minimal counterexample when a fault was discovered. The only metric that QuickCheck failed to support was to inherit functionality to support the handling of statistics from executions.

Most mobile traffic simulators of today depend on the user to supply the mobility behavior of the simulated UEs. This becomes a problem when certain wanted mobility characteristics are to be tested, since the user have to go trough a trial-and-error procedure to come up with the proper mobility behavior. This thesis presents two approaches to mobility control, where the aim is to control UE mobility based on certain mobility characteristics supplied by the end user. The first approach introduces the concept of assigning tasks to UEs, e.g. “cross cell border” or “move to a certain cell”. Furthermore, concepts from control theory are borrowed to control the task assignment process, making it more dynamic and robust. The second approach iteratively calculate movement patterns for the UEs in an area until it finds a movement pattern that has a high probability of satisfying the user’s requested mobility characteristics.

Denna avhandling handlar om hur befintliga datorinfrastrukturer i t.ex. sjukhus och industrier kan avlasta sensornätverk med energikrävande uppgifter. Vi har forskat på olika aspekter som gör det möjligt att förlänga livslängden på dessa sensornätverk. Avhandlingen presenterar en ny plattform för sensornätverk tillsammans med inledande simuleringar som påvisar att vår plattform ökar livslängden på dessa typer av nätverk. Generella sensornätverk är uppbyggda av tätt grupperade, trådlösa, batteridrivna datorer som kan vara så små som en kubikmillimeter. Datorerna kallas för sensorer eller sensornoder eftersom de har en eller flera inbyggda sensorer som känner av sin omgivning. En sensor har till uppgift att samla information från sin omgivning, t.ex. temperatur, fuktighet, vibrationer, hjärtslag eller bilder. Sensorerna skickar sedan informationen till en insamlingsstation någonstans i nätverket. I de typer av tillämpningar vi tittar på är det viktigt att minimera energiförbrukningen, så att man maximerar livslängden på sensornätverket. Avhandlingen presenterar en lösning där befintlig datorinfrastruktur fungerar som hjälpdatorer/avlastare till ett sensornätverk. Hjälpdatorerna, eller basstationerna som vi kallar dem i avhandlingen, hanterar energikrävande uppgifter som t.ex. vilken sensor som ska kommunicera med vem samt vid vilken tidpunkt etc. Då kan sensorerna i nätverket fokusera på att utföra sina egna uppgifter tills dess att basstationen säger att uppgifterna ändrats. Simuleringar visar att vår plattform kan skicka upp till 97 % mera information till basstationen än en jämförbar plattform med samma energimängd. 88 % av våra sensorer är fortfarande vid liv när den andra plattformens sensorer förbrukat all sin energi. Ett exempel på hur dessa typer av nätverk kan användas är att övervaka patienters hälsa och kondition i sjukhus eller sjukhem. Patienter behöver inte ha en fast sängplats där en viss typ av medicinskt övervakningsinstrument finns tillgänglig utan kan placeras där det finns en ledig sängplats. Via trådlös kommunikation skickar sensorerna sedan hälsoinformation som t.ex. hjärtfrekvens och blodtryck till en basstation som i sin tur skickar vidare till ett centralt övervakningsinstrument någonstans på sjukhuset. Övervakningsinstrumentet behandlar informationen och larmar personal med rätt kompetens vid behov. Larmet kan skickas till en mobiltelefon eller en liten handdator som personalen alltid bär med sig. Med larmet skickas även information om var patienten befinner sig och all nödvändig data för att personalen snabbt ska kunna ställa en första diagnos. På detta sätt kan man spara in på antalet specialbyggda sängplatser och slippa dyrbara installationer av medicintekniska utrustningar knutna till en sängplats. / Recent advancements in electronic design, such as low-power circuits, energy efficient wireless communication, and improved energy supply, has enabled the vision of wireless sensor networks to become a reality. Wireless sensor networks typically consist of hundreds up to thousands of collaborating low-cost, battery-driven and wireless sensor nodes with scarce resources. The wireless sensor nodes are typical small physical entities, and usually small as a matchbox but can in extreme cases be no larger than a cubic millimeter. In this thesis we present an architecture called AROS that uses existing infrastructure to aid in the management of wireless sensor networks. As an example, the existing infrastructure could be situated in hospitals or industrial buildings. The existing infrastructure can aid in prolonging the lifetime of the wireless sensor network by having "unlimited'' energy, long range radio capacity, and high-speed computers. We enable prolonged lifetime by centralizing some of the energy consuming administrative functionality of wireless sensor networks. We show, by simulations, that the AROS architecture is able to prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes. AROS is compared to a well known cluster based architecture, LEACH. The comparisons show that AROS with static configuration performs at least as well as LEACH in small wireless sensor networks in the size 100x100m, and up to 97 % better in long distance wireless sensor networks in the size of 400x400m. We show that AROS still has got 88 % of its sensor nodes alive when LEACHs' network demises. In our simulations we have also studied how dynamic network clustering in AROS, using a TDMA scheduler and non-mobile wireless sensor nodes, affects the amount of data received by a base station. We show that AROS is better than LEACH-C in collecting data to the base station with the same total amount of energy for long distance networks and that AROS performs as well or better than LEACH-C in small wireless sensor networks.

This thesis proposes the use of Machine Learning (ML) to two very distinct, yet compelling, applications – predicting cardiac arrhythmia episodes and predicting base station association in 5G networks comprising of virtual cells. In the first scenario, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are used to classify features extracted from electrocardiogram (EKG) signals. The second problem requires a different formulation departing from traditional ML classification where the objective is to partition feature space into constituent class regions. Instead, the intention here is to identify temporal patterns in unequal-length sequences. Using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), it is demonstrated that accurate predictions can be made as to the base station most likely to provide connectivity for a mobile device as it moves. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia affecting several million people in the United States. It is a condition in which the upper chambers of the heart are unable to contract effectively leading to inhibited blood flow to the ventricles. The stagnation of blood is one of the major risk factors for stroke. The Computers in Cardiology Challenge 2001 was organized to further research into the prediction of episodes of AF. This research revisits the problem with some modifications. Patient-specific classifiers are developed for AF prediction using a different dataset and employing shorter EKG signal epochs. SVM classification yielded an average accuracy of just above 95% in identifying EKG epochs appearing just prior to fibrillatory rhythms. 5G cellular networks were envisaged to provide enhanced data rates for mobile broadband, support low-latency communication, and enable the Internet of Things (IoT). Handovers contribute to latency as mobile devices are switched between base stations due to movements. Given that customers may not be willing to continuously share their exact locations due to privacy concerns and the establishment of a mobile network architecture with dynamically created virtual cells, this research presents a solution for proactive mobility management using RNNs. A RNN is trained to identify patterns in variable-length sequences of Received Signal Strength (RSS) values, where a mobile device is permitted to connect to more than a single base station at a time. A classification accuracy of over 98% was achieved in a simulation model that was set up emulating an urban environment.

Wireless networks have become a necessity with the increased mobility in human life. From cellular telephony to the Internet, all types of communication are now provided over wireless networks. However, to offer wireless network coverage over an area requires a potentially expensive infrastructure deployment. Such deployment requires base stations which until now have been completely proprietary to the equipment vendors. Moreover, proprietary equipment is almost always costly and offer less flexibility than standardized modular solutions. This situation results in a high cost for network upgradation and hinders network development. A remedy is available via modularization, hence the Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI) is trying to modularize and standardize one of the most expensive elements of the wireless infrastructure, the base station. OBSAI standards aim to modularize the base station architecture and enable true interoperability among the various modules. However, the goal has not yet been achieved due to some features of the standard. This thesis project has studied the standards and pointed out some areas that must be concentrated upon when performing interoperability tests. It also proposes several standards amendments to foster greater interoperability among the modules of a base station. This study focuses on the RP3 interface of the OBSAI specification with the goal of making truly inter-operable baseband and RF modules, thus commoditizing the modules. The result is expected to be lower cost, greater interoperability, faster time-to-market, and more cooperative research. / Langattomat laajakaistaverkot ovat tulleet välttämättömäksi osaksi liikkuvien ihmisten elämää. Lähes kaikki kommunikaatiotarpeet äänipuheluista internettiin pystytään toteuttamaan langattomien verkkojen avulla. Kuitenkin jotta langattomilla verkoilla pystytään tarjoamaan täysi peittävyys yli maan, se vaatii varsin kalliita investointeja verkkoinfrastruktuuriin. Langattomien verkkojen investoinnit koostuvat suurelta osin tukiasemista, jotka tähän asti ovat olleet kullakin verkkotoimittajalla täysin omanlaisensa toteutus. Kun jokainen verkkotoimittaja toteuttaa kaikki tukiaseman osat erilailla, se tarkoittaa että kutakin tukiaseman osia valmistetaan suhteellisesti pienempiä määriä ja sitä myötä niistä tulee mahdollisesti kalliimpia verrattuna standardoituhin modulaarisiin tukiasemaratkaisuihin. Nykyinen tilanne siis osaltaan johtaa siihen että verkkojen rakentaminen ja päivittäminen on kallista. Eräs ratkaisu tähän ongelmaan on tarjolla modulaarisessa tukiasemaratkaisussa ja siksi OBSAI, Open Base Station Initiative, pyrkii modulaarisoimaan ja standardoimaan yhden kalliimmista verkkoinfrastruktuurin osista, tukiaseman. OBSAI standardi pyrkii modularisoimaan tukiasema-arkkitehtuurin ja mahdollistamaan todellisen yhteensopivuuden tukiaseman eri osien välillä. Tätä todellista yhteensopivuutta ei ole vielä täysin pystytty toteuttamaan, johtuen tietyistä standardin epätarkkuuksista. Tässä lopputyössä on analysoitu OBSAI standardia ja identifioitu alueet, joihin pitää keskittyä, kun modulien välistä yhteensopivuutta testataan. Työn lopputulemana myös ehdotetaan useita parannuksia ja muutoksia standardiin, jotta todellinen yhteensopivuus modulien välillä saavutetaan. Painopiste lopputyössä on OBSAI standardin RP3 rajapinta, joka määrittelee kantataajuusosan (BB) ja radiotaajuusosan (RF) välisen rajapinnan. Kun OBSAI standardia saadaan parannettua työssä ehdotetuin toimenpitein, lopputuloksena on oletettavasti alhaisempi tukiaseman kokonaiskustannus, mahdollisuus käyttää yhteensopivia moduleita eri valmistajilta, nopeampi tuotteiden markkinoille vienti sekä parantunut tutkimusyhteistyö eri yritysten välillä. / Trådlösa nät har blivit en nödvändighet i vår allt mer mobila livsstil. Från mobiltelefoni till Internet, trådlösa nät erbjuder många typer av kommunikation. Men att erbjuda trådlös täckning i ett område kan kräva installation av en mängd dyrbar telekomutrustning. En sådan utbyggnad kräver basstationer som fram till nu har varit patentskyddade av respektive leverantör. Och patentskyddad utrustning är oftast både dyrare och mindre flexibel jämfört med standardiserade modulära lösningar. Resultatet är höga kostnader för att uppgradera näten och att utvecklingen försvåras. Ett botemedel är användningen av standardiserade moduler. Därfär försöker Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI) att standardisera moduler i ett av de dyraste nätelementen i trådlösa nät, basstationen. OBSAI har som mål att dela upp basstationen i definierade moduler och möjliggöra fullständig interaktion mellan olika moduler. Men på grund av vissa egenskaper hos standarden har detta inte lyckats. Denna studie har undersökt standarden och pekar på områden som man måste fokusera på när man utför tester mellan moduler. Dessutom föreslås flera tillägg till standarden för att möjliggöra bättre interaktion mellan basstationens moduler. Studien fokuserar på RP3- gränssnittet med målet att möjliggöra standardiserad interaktion mellan basbands- och radio-moduler, så att dessa moduler kan kommerisialiseras. Det förväntade resultatet är lägre kostnader, bättre interaktion mellan moduler, snabbare marknadsintroduktion och mer samarbete inom forskning och utveckling.

When building various types of wide area cellular radio networks there is a need to synchronize all of the base stations within a given system. Today this is typically done by attaching a highly accurate clock to each radio base station. A GPS radio receiver is commonly used as such a clock. This thesis explores the use of the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to provide synchronization of radio base stations, rather than the current practice of using GPS radio receivers. Advantages of utilizing PTP rather than a GPS radio receiver include the ability to easily locate radio base stations (without the need for connecting the GPS radio receiver to an antenna that has line of sight to a sufficient number of GPS satellites); the system is not vulnerable to interference with or jamming of GPS radio signals; the system is not vulnerable to spoofing of GPS radio signals, and because the new generations of radio base stations are connected to a packet based backhaul link – the system can potentially utilize the existing packet network interface (thus avoiding the need for a serial interface to the GPS receiver and a pulse per second input). At the start of this thesis project it was not known what the limits of PTP are (in terms of utilizing PTP together with radio base stations). Thus it was not clear whether PTP could be extended to much longer distances than it had originally been designed for.<p> This thesis shows that PTP can be used as an accurate timing source to synchronize base stations in networks with up to four switches between the PTP grandmaster and any PTP slave.<p> This project was performed in the Common Transport Feature department at Ericsson. / Vid konstruktion av wide area cellular radio networks finns det behov av att synkronisera samtliga basstationer inom ett givet system. Detta görs idag typiskt genom att ansluta en klocka med stor tillförlitlighet till varje basstation. En GPS radiomottagare används vanligen som klocka för detta syfte. Detta examensarbete undersöker användandet av Precisions Tid Protokoll (PTP) för att synkronisera radiobasstationer, istället för att som nu typiskt använda GPS radiomottagare. Fördelar med att använda PTP istället för GPS radiomottagare är att en radiobasstation lätt kan lokaliseras (utan att ansluta en GPS-mottagare till en antenn vilken har mottagning mot flera GPS-satelliter); systemet är inte sårbart mot interferens eller störningar av GPS radio signaler; systemet är inte sårbart mot spoofing av GPS radio signaler och på grund av att den nya generationens radiobasstationer är anslutna till ett paketförmedlande backhaul nätverk kan systemet potentiellt använda sig av det redan existerande paketförmedlande nätverksgränssnittet (och på sätt undvika ett seriellt gränssnitt mot en GPS-mottagare och en puls per sekund ingång). När detta examensarbete startades var det inte känt var gränserna för PTP låg när det gäller att använda PTP tillsammans med radiobasstationer. Det var således inte klart ifall räckvidden för PTP kunde utvidgas till mycket längre avstånd än det ursprungligen var ämnat för. Detta examensarbete syftar till att visa att PTP kan användas som tillräckligt noggrann synkroniseringskälla för basstationer i nätverk med upp till fyra nätverksswitchar mellan PTP Grand Master och PTP slav. Examensarbetet har utförts vid avdelning Common Transport Feature på Ericsson.

No / Next-generation 5G networks is the future of information networks and it will experience a tremendous growth in traffic. To meet such traffic demands, there is a necessity to increase the network capacity, which requires the deployment of ultra dense heterogeneous base stations (BSs). Nevertheless, BSs are very expensive and consume a significant amount of energy. Meanwhile, cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) has been proposed as an energy-efficient architecture that leverages the cloud computing technology where baseband processing is performed in the cloud. In addition, the BS sleeping is considered as a promising solution to conserving the network energy. This paper integrates the cloud technology and the BS sleeping approach. It also proposes an energy-efficient scheme for reducing energy consumption by switching off remote radio heads (RRHs) and idle BBUs using a greedy and first fit decreasing (FFD) bin packing algorithms, respectively. The number of RRHs and BBUs are minimized by matching the right amount of baseband computing load with traffic load. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves an enhanced energy performance compared to the existing distributed long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) system.

We consider the problem of designing a wide-band digital receiver for an Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular system, and the associated problem of choosing an appropriate Analog-to-Digital (ADC) converter. The probability density function of the voltage across a cellular receiving antenna is shown to be dependent on various cellular parameters. These parameters include mobile transmit power, mobile distance from the base station, mobile transmit frequency, and transmitting and receiving antenna characteristics. Given a high-resolution, wideband, uniform and symmetric quantizer, optimal gain factors are computed for uniformly-, sinusoidally- and normally-distributed input signals. These gain factors maximize the quantizer's Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR) in a mean-square sense. Together, these techniques can be used to implement an adaptive Automatic Gain Control for cellular communications. Results from a comprehensive AMPS base station simulation will also be discussed in detail. These results illustrate several design tradeoff's including Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR), system loading and quantizer resolution. / Master of Science

Yes / Fourth generation systems require the use of both amplitude and phase modulation to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and to obtain high data rates, hence imposing stringent requirements on the power amplifier in terms of efficiency and linearity and requires the power amplifier to operate linearly and efficiently. The B3G base station transceiver Doherty power amplifier was designed to operate over the frequency range of 3.47GHz to 3.53GHz mobile WiMAX band using Freescale¿s N-Channel Enhancement-Mode Lateral MOSFET Transistor, MRF7S38010HR3; The performances of the Doherty amplifier are compared with that of the conventional Class AB amplifier. The results of 43 dBm output power and 66% power added efficiency are achieved.