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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Ekonomické hodnocení veřejných investních projektů / Economic Evaluation of Public Investment Projects

Nováková, Zuzana January 2015 (has links)
The thesis deals with the evaluation of economic efficiency that benefits the public investment project. The aim of this study is to compare the estimated project costs with the costs actually incurred. The theoretical part describes the theme of public sector cost-output methods, and in detail analyzes the cost-benefit analysis. Furthermore, this section deals with regional policy and subsidy resources used to finance public projects. The practical part describes the project funded by funding from the European Union, which compares the value of all expected costs needed for an application for a grant with the real values of costs after project implementation.
72

Hudba jako inspirace ve výtvarné výchově / Music as an Inspiration in Art Education

Salamonová, Kristýna January 2012 (has links)
This thesis is focused on an interconnection of two disciplines within the frame of art lessons given at primary school. It investigates a musical and creative context (contemporary and historical) and its interaction and influence on each other. It concentrates on changes of musical and art comprehension from a time point of view, when old opinions and perceptions penetrate from the past to the present. The scope of this thesis is based on an extensive study of classical theories data and analyses of the qualitative research. Through all the document references and research data are mentioned to underline mutual relations and coherency between individual theoretical texts. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with theoretical research and possible interconnection of musical and art disciplines and it also deals with presentation of functions and changes of these disciplines. It elaborates a relative correlation of musical and art language and it also outlines their development and tendencies, including a description of outstanding artists and an explanation of important terms related to their works. In the second part the process of the research itself is described and an ambience of a primary school, where the research was done, is introduced. There is depicted a plan,...
73

Dětské čtenářství na 2.stupni základní školy / Children's reading at lower secondary school

Staňková, Tereza January 2021 (has links)
The diploma thesis is focused on the condition of contemporary teenage reading. It ascertains the basic attributes of the chosen basic school pupils' reading. The thesis occupies with characteristic signs of pupil's reader's behaviour, their reader's interests and attitudes, it describes their relation to reading. It also looks at various factors influencing the development of children's reading. The thesis studies the position of reading in competition for other leisure activities of today's teenagers. It researches as well if present teenage reading really is "in crisis" as the level of reading literacy of czech pupils declines, which is shown in latest results of international researches. The theoretical part shows the basic characteristics of teenage reading in regard of progression specifics of the given age group. It is occupied with the way the school literary education influnces the teenage reading, too. It also studies the reading literacy and its position in the basic curriculum document for basic schools. The thesis gives a brief insight into the readership research history in the Czech Republic with emphasy on the results of topical researches as well. The aim of the empiric part of the thesis is to describe the present state of teenage reading of the pupils from the chosen basic...
74

Specifické poruchy učení u dětí na 1.stupni ZŠ a možná řešení / The specific disturbances learning children's in a primary school and some methode of solutions

Fafejtová Táborská, Andrea January 2011 (has links)
This thesis I deal with the issue of specific learning disabilities among students at 1 primary school and mention possible solutions. Due to the research carried out by the probe in the practical part of the work focuses on the specific disorder, dysgraphia writing. The thesis contains not only theoretical knowledge that I had to study the issue but a practical part. The practical part of my research included a probe that focused on observations of two boys while working in educational and psychological counseling. The practical part, I would usefully complement the relevant case report.
75

Projeto intensivo no ciclo I: um estudo de caso etnográfico a partir da Psicologia Escolar / Projeto Intensivo no Ciclo I: an ethnographic case study from School Psychology

Yamamoto, Kátia 29 August 2012 (has links)
Na rede pública estadual paulista, a partir de 1990, Políticas Públicas, Programas e Projetos, têm sido gerados com intuito de enfrentar fenômenos referente ao não acesso à Educação, altas taxas de evasão e repetência, frutos de sistema de exclusão escolar. Deste modo, por meio de políticas de universalização do acesso em âmbito nacional, as questões da qualidade do ensino passaram a ser avaliadas por sistemas mais sofisticados. Um dos índices utilizados no estado de São Paulo é o Sistema de Avaliação de Resultados do Estado de São Paulo SARESP em que se evidencia que um número significativo de crianças não estava se beneficiando da escola, frequentando séries avançadas do Ensino Fundamental, muitas vezes sem saber ler e escrever, ou sabendo muito pouco; ou seja, o fracasso escolar foi tomando outra vestimenta, mais sutil, menos perceptível. Tais constatações geraram programas de enfrentamento, dentre eles, o Programa Ler e Escrever, tendo como um de seus desdobramentos as classes de Projeto Intensivo no Ciclo PIC. Neste sentido, estudar esta instância possibilita compreender aspectos de constituição dessa proposta política no estado de São Paulo. Assim sendo, o presente estudo visa analisar aspectos que constituem o Projeto Intensivo no Ciclo PIC, no cotidiano escolar, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica em Psicologia Escolar, a fim de contribuir para compreensão do processo de escolarização, na direção de uma Educação enquanto direito social. As classes de PIC se destinam a crianças que cursam a 3ª série do Ensino Fundamental e que não possuem os requisitos mínimos para o ano, que é o domínio da leitura e da escrita. O Ler e Escrever, em sua totalidade, é um Programa recente, foi implantado na rede estadual de ensino, em 2008, e origina-se de experiência na rede municipal da capital paulista, em 2006. A partir de um estudo de caso etnográfico, realizaram-se visitas semanais, durante um ano letivo, a uma classe de 3ª PIC, de uma escola estadual paulista, entrevistas como coordenador pedagógico da escola, o professor regente da sala e conversa com alunos em pequenos grupos. Buscou-se compreender o objeto de estudo transitando entre as diversas fontes de campo e os documentos que compunham o discurso oficial, como as resoluções do programa, apresentação do material pedagógico, textos disponibilizados nos endereços eletrônicos do Programa e depoimentos de dirigentes responsáveis pelo Programa Letra e Vida, em processo de análise por meio de triangulação desses diferentes materiais. Assim, a partir da análise, verificou-se que a PIC, apesar de trazer em sua base um reconhecimento oficial de que crianças não estavam aprendendo, propiciando ações para reverter esse quadro, é consequência da precariedade das condições de trabalho presentes na escola, das dificuldades estruturais enfrentadas na Rede Estadual Paulista e que ainda não consegue romper com críticas fundadas em práticas homogeneizantes, intensificando rótulos atribuídos aos alunos que apresentem dificuldades no processo de escolarização e não rompendo com a situação de isolamento docente na realização de sua tarefa. Esta pesquisa corrobora outros estudos que têm defendido que as práticas escolares veiculadas no interior de programas de enfrentamento das dificuldades escolares inserem-se nas políticas educacionais das redes públicas de ensino, sendo atravessadas pelas dificuldades e desafios ainda presentes nessas políticas / As of 1990, in Sao Paulo State Public System, Public Policies, Programs and Projects have been generated with the aim of addressing phenomena related to the lack of access to Education and high dropout and repetition rates, outcomes of the system of school exclusion.Thus, through national policies of universal access, those issues about quality of Education began to be evaluated by more sophisticated system. One of the indices used in Sao Paulo State is the Sistema de Avaliação de Resultados do Estado de Sao Paulo SARESP, that evidenced that a significant number of children were not being benefited by the schools, attending advanced grades of Ensino Fundamental, often not knowing to write or read, or knowing little; on other words, the school failure was taking another appearance, more subtle, less perceptible. Those findings have generated programs to face those problems, as Ler e Escrever Program, having as one of its development the PIC classes. In this direction, studying this realm allows us to understand aspects of the constitution of this political proposal in Sao Paulo State. Therefore, this study aims to analyze constitutive aspects of PIC, within school quotidian, from a critical perspective in School Psychology, in order to contribute to the understanding of the schooling process, in the direction of Education as a social right. PIC classes are intended for children who attend third grade of Ensino Fundamental and who do not have the minimum requirements for that level, which are being able to write and read. Ler e Escrever is a recent program, implemented in the Sao Paulo State Public Education System, in 2008, and was originated from the Sao Paulo City Education System, in 2006. From an ethnographic case study, it was performed weekly visits, within a year school, in a third grade PIC class, of a Sao Paulo state public school, interviews with the school pedagogical coordinator and the class teacher, and talking with the students in small groups. It was sought to understand the object of study by shifting between several sources and the documents compassing the official speech, as the program resolutions, the presentation of the pedagogical material, texts available on the website of the program and testimonials of the managers responsible for the Program Letra e Vida, through triangulation analysis of these material.Thus, from the analysis, it was found that PIC classes, although it brings originally an official recognition that children were not learning, offering actions to reverse this situation, is a consequence of the precarious condition of work present in schools, of the structural difficulties faced by the Sao Paulo Public System and that still could not break away from the criticism based on homogenizing practices, intensifying labels attributed to students who show difficulties in the schooling process and not breaking away from the teachers situation of isolation when performing their tasks. This research corroborates other studies that have claimed that school practices that are carried out within programs that aim to face schooling difficulties are inserted in Public education system policies, being crossed by difficulties and challenges still present in those policies
76

Role školního speciálního pedagoga na běžných základních školách / Role of special education teacher at elementary school

Benešová, Denisa January 2018 (has links)
The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate the role of special education teacher at elementary school in the present condition. It's concerned especially with the position at school, with the activities and methods of the work and with the professional relationships. The theoretical part focuses on the development of the special education and mainly on the contemporaray special arrangements. This master thesis describes the groups of pupils who need the arrangement from the school and other school institutions. The text shows the charakteristics of individual eduactional plans and of school consultancy services, including the special education teacher and the particular aspects of this profession, based on scientific literature. The empirical part is based on the mixed research. It schows the examples of the practice, the issue is the analysis of five interviews with special education teachers from the basic schools. These interviews illustrative the current role and activities of this profession. Subsequently I analyse data of the questionnaire of forty respondents, directors of basic schools, who described their experience with special school teachers. The master thesis tries to show the objective point of view of the special education teacher at basic schools. The present text can be...
77

Números inteiros nos ensinos fundamental e médio

Rama, Aguinaldo José 08 November 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:13:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aguinaldo rama.pdf: 834376 bytes, checksum: 115c94033b3852d2fd9618f3cb19a427 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-08 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T17:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 aguinaldo rama.pdf.jpg: 1943 bytes, checksum: cc73c4c239a4c332d642ba1e7c7a9fb2 (MD5) aguinaldo rama.pdf: 834376 bytes, checksum: 115c94033b3852d2fd9618f3cb19a427 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-08 / We present an analysis of three collections of mathematics text books for primary school. The choice of the collections is oriented by the synthesis presented in the guidebook of the Plano Nacional do Livro Didático. The goal of the analysis is to investigate the way the authors approach the integers, mainly the concept of divisibility. Our main focus concerns proof strategies and the use of challenging problem situations. Two other aspects are considered: relations between integers and other mathematical subjects, particularly álgebra and geometry; articulations between old and new contents, and the resulting review of subjects, during which it is expectec that the learners growing maturity is taken into consideration. We verify that one of the collections presents good informal proofs, suitable for this learning level, using a variety of methods; it also properly explores the potencial of problems related to integers. The second collection presents some convincing proofs together with unsuitable ones, while the third one states several properties without exibiting explanation concerns. The last ones provide few problems demanding a greater sophistication of reasoning. The three collections present the subject in 5th and 6th grades, in the context of natural numbers, and no overview is provided after the introduction of negative numbers. The second part of the work is dedicated to middle school. We examine the eleven collections recomended by the guidebook of the Plano Nacional do Livro do Ensino Médio. We analyse the review of the integers at the beggining of the first books of the collections. Generally speaking, the review is superficial; divisibility concepts including negatives is explored only in the context of exercises. Few more elaborated problems are proposed Finally, we suggest actitities for middle scholl relating integers to a variety of themes, as geometry, complex number, polynomials, combinatorial analysis / Apresentamos uma análise de três coleções de livros de matemática do ensino fundamental. Tomamos como referência para a escolha dos livros as sínteses constantes no guia do Plano Nacional do Livro Didático. O objetivo dessa análise é verificar a forma como os autores abordam os números inteiros, em particular o conceito de divisibilidade. Damos maior atenção para dois aspectos: as estratégias adotadas para demonstrações referentes ao assunto, e o uso de situações-problema desafiadoras. Também consideramos dois outros aspectos: articulações entre números inteiros e as demais áreas da matemática, em particular a álgebra e a geometria; articulações entre conteúdos novos e já conhecidos, e as conseqüentes retomadas de temas, nas quais espera-se que o suposto amadurecimento dos estudantes seja considerado. Constatamos que uma das coleções apresenta boas provas informais, adequadas para esse estágio de aprendizagem, usando métodos variados; também explora de modo conveniente o potencial de problemas envolvendo números inteiros. A segunda coleção apresenta algumas demonstrações convincentes, e outras inadequadas; a terceira enuncia diversas propriedades sem preocupação com justificativas. Nessas duas últimas, poucos problemas exigem maior sofisticação de raciocínio. Nas três coleções o assunto é enfocado quase exclusivamente na 5º e na 6º série, no âmbito dos números naturais, não sendo retomado no contexto dos inteiros, após a introdução dos negativos. A segunda parte do trabalho é dedicada ao ensino médio. Consultamos as onze coleções recomendas pelo guia do Plano Nacional do Livro do Ensino Médio. Analisamos a revisão dos inteiros feita no início dos primeiros livros dessas coleções. De modo geral, essa retomada é superficial; o conceito de divisibilidade entre inteiros, incluindo os negativos, pode ser apreciado somente em uns poucos exercícios. Poucos problemas mais elaborados são propostos. Finalizamos com sugestões de atividades para o ensino médio envolvendo números inteiros, em conexão com assuntos variados, tais como: geometria, números complexos, polinômios, análise combinatória
78

Aluno \"difícil\": por quê? Para quem?: um olhar para a educação escolar contemporânea a partir da relação professor-aluno / \"Difficult\" student: why? For whom? A look at the contemporary school education from the perspective of the teacher-student relationship

Tatit, Diana Ribeiro 30 August 2013 (has links)
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar e analisar porque alguns alunos são considerados difíceis e como o professor e a escola se relacionam com eles. Para tanto, partiu-se da indicação por parte da equipe pedagógica de quem eram os alunos difíceis e, através de observações realizadas por dois anos consecutivos na sala de dois estudantes apontados e de entrevistas com suas professoras em cada um desses anos, pretendeu-se discutir as razões deles serem considerados difíceis, bem como analisar como cada professora lidou com tais alunos e que efeitos suas dificuldades lhes causaram. Para mostrar as várias faces do problema, na tentativa de compreender a dificuldade sofrida pelo professor, muitas vezes de forma solitária e culposa, o embasamento teórico desta pesquisa apresenta um diálogo entre diversas matrizes: os aspectos do cotidiano escolar, apresentado por Izabel Galvão e Julio Groppa Aquino; a perspectiva histórico-cultural vygotskiana e suas contribuições para a educação, sobretudo nos trabalhos de Teresa Rego; a psicologia escolar e a discussão sobre os encaminhamentos advindos da queixa desta instituição feita por Aquino, Adriana Machado Marcondes e Marilene Proença Rebello de Souza; o campo da Sociologia da Infância, através de seus principais autores Willian Corsaro e Jens Qvortrup, e a dimensão relacional do ensino, a partir dos estudo de gênero realizados por Marília Pinto de Carvalho. Esse estudo traz, ainda, um histórico da noção de aluno problema, apoiado nas pesquisas de Maria Helena Souza Patto e Ana Laura Godinho de Lima. Como esse fenômeno ocorre indiscriminadamente em escolas públicas e particulares, a hipótese inicial era a de que essa questão não estaria ligada a fatores estruturais ou a métodos didáticos; parecia relacionar-se com aspectos mais sutis e mais profundos da educação escolar como um todo. Ao eleger, como locus da pesquisa empírica, uma escola privada de excelência, cujo trabalho tem amplo reconhecimento, que ministra cursos de formação de professores e que serve de modelo a outras instituições, a hipótese foi confirmada ao constatar-se a presença, nesse cenário aparentemente exemplar, dos mesmos alunos difíceis de quaisquer escolas. A tentativa de compreender por que isso ocorria levou às questões que fundamentaram a discussão realizada neste trabalho, quais sejam: que a dificuldade reside na relação entre professor e aluno; que é fruto de um desencontro entre as expectativas da instituição, impressas no docente, e a singularidade e heterogeneidade do alunado; e que há um envolvimento emocional inquestionável no ensino de crianças, que desmente a ideia corrente de a docência ser um trabalho leve, fácil e pouco exigente. Esta dissertação precisou abordar, ainda, o tema paralelo, mas absolutamente ligado à questão, do deslocamento de responsabilidades por parte dos agentes escolares, através de um grande número de encaminhamentos dos chamados alunos difíceis para profissionais de saúde. Longe de querer estabelecer soluções para as dificuldades da escola e dos professores com esses alunos, intencionou-se localizar e legitimar o problema, buscando-se assim contribuir para uma discussão já abordada em outros trabalhos. / The objective of this research was to identify and analyze why some students are considered \"difficult\" and how the teacher and the school relate to them. To do so, we asked the teaching staff who were the difficult students and through observations made for two consecutive years in the classroom of two of them and interviews with their teachers in each of these years, we intended to discuss the reasons why they were called \"difficult\" and analyze how each teacher dealt with such students and the effects their difficulties have caused on them (teachers) . To show the various facets of the problem, in an attempt to understand the difficulty experienced by the teacher, usually in a solitary and guilty way, the theoretical basis of this research presents a dialogue between various sources: aspects of everyday school life, presented by Izabel Galvão and Julio Groppa Aquino, the historical-cultural Vygotskian and its contributions to education, particularly in the works of Teresa Rego; the Educational and School Psychology, and the discussion about referrals arising from complaints of this institution made by Aquino, Adriana Marcondes Machado and Marilene Proença Rebello de Souza; The Sociology of Childhood, through its principal authors William Corsaro and Jens Qvortrup, and the relational dimension of teaching, from the gender study perspective conducted by Marilia de Carvalho Pinto. This study also brings a historical notion of the problematic student, supported by the research of Maria Helena Souza Patto and Laura Ana Godinho de Lima. As this phenomenon occurs indiscriminately in public and private schools, the initial hypothesis was that this issue would not be linked to structural factors or teaching methods; it seemed to be related to subtler and deeper aspects of school education as a whole. By electing, as a locus of empirical research, a private school of excellence, whose work has been broadly acknowledged and that gives teacher training courses and serves as a model for other institutions, the hypothesis was confirmed as we noticed the presence, in this apparently exemplary scenario, of the same \"difficult\" students of any other schools. The attempt to understand why this occurs has led to questions that underlie the discussion conducted in this dissertation, namely: that the difficulty lies in the relationship between teacher and student, which is the result of a mismatch between the expectations of the institution, printed in the teaching staff, and the uniqueness and diversity of the student body, and that there is an undeniable emotional involvement in teaching children, which contradicts the current idea of teaching being a light, easy and undemanding work. This thesis had also to address the parallel theme, but absolutely linked to the issue, of the displacement of responsibility on the part of school agents, through a large number of referrals of students called \"difficult\" for health professionals. Far from wanting to find solutions to the problems of the school and teachers with these students, the purpose was to locate and legitimize the problem, seeking to contribute to a discussion already addressed in other works.
79

O professor, o ensino de fração e o livro didático: um estudo investigativo

Teixeira, Alexis Martins 24 January 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexis Martins Teixeira.pdf: 1670776 bytes, checksum: 273d3fdbb028593ae944823fdb6e8940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present master thesis aims to diagnostic the conception and competence of teachers concept of fraction. Theses teachers work in primary school and they are from Itabuna-Bahia. The study intends to answer the following question: What are the conceptions and competencies of primary school teachers about fraction and how do they think of the way to teach it? Having in mind both objective and research questions, we built a theoretical framework based on Vergnaud, Kieran and Nunes, Ponte s ideas. Afterwards, we elaborated an investigative instrument composed by 33 questions, divided into three parts and distributed in two volumes. The first part was concerned to draw the teachers profile (ten questions). The part 2 was concerned to identify teachers conceptions of fraction (18 questions). Finally, part 3 was to investigated teachers competence to solve problems (5) involving fraction, taking into account the five signifies presented by Nunes. The investigative instrument was applied in 52 teachers who come from 15 different shools. With regards to teachers profiles, the analysis showed that 86,6% out of them have between 6 and 25 career s years. All of them presented strong conception of fraction as both part-whole and multiplicative operator. As regarding to teachers competences, we found that the fraction as part-whole signify was the one which present best results, followed by measure and, thus, quotient. In general, teacher presented low performances in solving fraction s problems, which allow us to conclude that it is need to enlarge the mathematical knowledge of these teachers, as well as to realize in-service training which helps teachers to expand their conceptions of fraction and its teaching / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo traçar um diagnóstico das competências e concepções de professores do 2º Ciclo do Ensino Fundamental da cidade de Itabuna-Bahia, a respeito do conceito de fração. Para isso o estudo propôs-se a responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Quais as concepções e competências apresentadas por professores que atuam no 2º ciclo do Ensino Fundamental, sobre o conceito de fração e seu ensino? Para responder a esta questão, primeiro construir-se uma sustentação teórica baseada nas idéias de Vergnaud, Kieren, Nunes e Ponte. Em seguida, foi elaborado um instrumento investigativo composto de 33 questões subdivididas em três partes, distribuídas em dois cadernos. A primeira parte voltou-se ao perfil do professor (dez questões). A Parte 2 para a concepção (18 questões). Por fim a Parte 3 investigou a competência, com base na resolução de cinco problemas, cada um envolvendo um dos significados da fração apresentados por Nunes. Esse instrumento foi aplicado a 52 professores distribuídos em 15 escolas do município. Com relação ao perfil dos professores, a análise dos resultados mostrou, que 86,6% têm entre seis e 25 anos de carreira. São professores que apresentam suas concepções com forte tendência a valorizar a fração com o significado operador multiplicativo e parte-todo. Quanto à competência, constatouse que esta aparece fortemente ligada ao significado parte-todo, seguido dos significados, medida e quociente. Mas, no geral, os professores apresentaram desempenho baixo na resolução dos problemas de fração, o que levou a concluir ser necessário ampliar o conhecimento matemático desses docentes, bem como realizar trabalhos que ajudem a expandir suas concepções a respeito do conceito de fração e de seu ensino
80

Aluno \"difícil\": por quê? Para quem?: um olhar para a educação escolar contemporânea a partir da relação professor-aluno / \"Difficult\" student: why? For whom? A look at the contemporary school education from the perspective of the teacher-student relationship

Diana Ribeiro Tatit 30 August 2013 (has links)
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar e analisar porque alguns alunos são considerados difíceis e como o professor e a escola se relacionam com eles. Para tanto, partiu-se da indicação por parte da equipe pedagógica de quem eram os alunos difíceis e, através de observações realizadas por dois anos consecutivos na sala de dois estudantes apontados e de entrevistas com suas professoras em cada um desses anos, pretendeu-se discutir as razões deles serem considerados difíceis, bem como analisar como cada professora lidou com tais alunos e que efeitos suas dificuldades lhes causaram. Para mostrar as várias faces do problema, na tentativa de compreender a dificuldade sofrida pelo professor, muitas vezes de forma solitária e culposa, o embasamento teórico desta pesquisa apresenta um diálogo entre diversas matrizes: os aspectos do cotidiano escolar, apresentado por Izabel Galvão e Julio Groppa Aquino; a perspectiva histórico-cultural vygotskiana e suas contribuições para a educação, sobretudo nos trabalhos de Teresa Rego; a psicologia escolar e a discussão sobre os encaminhamentos advindos da queixa desta instituição feita por Aquino, Adriana Machado Marcondes e Marilene Proença Rebello de Souza; o campo da Sociologia da Infância, através de seus principais autores Willian Corsaro e Jens Qvortrup, e a dimensão relacional do ensino, a partir dos estudo de gênero realizados por Marília Pinto de Carvalho. Esse estudo traz, ainda, um histórico da noção de aluno problema, apoiado nas pesquisas de Maria Helena Souza Patto e Ana Laura Godinho de Lima. Como esse fenômeno ocorre indiscriminadamente em escolas públicas e particulares, a hipótese inicial era a de que essa questão não estaria ligada a fatores estruturais ou a métodos didáticos; parecia relacionar-se com aspectos mais sutis e mais profundos da educação escolar como um todo. Ao eleger, como locus da pesquisa empírica, uma escola privada de excelência, cujo trabalho tem amplo reconhecimento, que ministra cursos de formação de professores e que serve de modelo a outras instituições, a hipótese foi confirmada ao constatar-se a presença, nesse cenário aparentemente exemplar, dos mesmos alunos difíceis de quaisquer escolas. A tentativa de compreender por que isso ocorria levou às questões que fundamentaram a discussão realizada neste trabalho, quais sejam: que a dificuldade reside na relação entre professor e aluno; que é fruto de um desencontro entre as expectativas da instituição, impressas no docente, e a singularidade e heterogeneidade do alunado; e que há um envolvimento emocional inquestionável no ensino de crianças, que desmente a ideia corrente de a docência ser um trabalho leve, fácil e pouco exigente. Esta dissertação precisou abordar, ainda, o tema paralelo, mas absolutamente ligado à questão, do deslocamento de responsabilidades por parte dos agentes escolares, através de um grande número de encaminhamentos dos chamados alunos difíceis para profissionais de saúde. Longe de querer estabelecer soluções para as dificuldades da escola e dos professores com esses alunos, intencionou-se localizar e legitimar o problema, buscando-se assim contribuir para uma discussão já abordada em outros trabalhos. / The objective of this research was to identify and analyze why some students are considered \"difficult\" and how the teacher and the school relate to them. To do so, we asked the teaching staff who were the difficult students and through observations made for two consecutive years in the classroom of two of them and interviews with their teachers in each of these years, we intended to discuss the reasons why they were called \"difficult\" and analyze how each teacher dealt with such students and the effects their difficulties have caused on them (teachers) . To show the various facets of the problem, in an attempt to understand the difficulty experienced by the teacher, usually in a solitary and guilty way, the theoretical basis of this research presents a dialogue between various sources: aspects of everyday school life, presented by Izabel Galvão and Julio Groppa Aquino, the historical-cultural Vygotskian and its contributions to education, particularly in the works of Teresa Rego; the Educational and School Psychology, and the discussion about referrals arising from complaints of this institution made by Aquino, Adriana Marcondes Machado and Marilene Proença Rebello de Souza; The Sociology of Childhood, through its principal authors William Corsaro and Jens Qvortrup, and the relational dimension of teaching, from the gender study perspective conducted by Marilia de Carvalho Pinto. This study also brings a historical notion of the problematic student, supported by the research of Maria Helena Souza Patto and Laura Ana Godinho de Lima. As this phenomenon occurs indiscriminately in public and private schools, the initial hypothesis was that this issue would not be linked to structural factors or teaching methods; it seemed to be related to subtler and deeper aspects of school education as a whole. By electing, as a locus of empirical research, a private school of excellence, whose work has been broadly acknowledged and that gives teacher training courses and serves as a model for other institutions, the hypothesis was confirmed as we noticed the presence, in this apparently exemplary scenario, of the same \"difficult\" students of any other schools. The attempt to understand why this occurs has led to questions that underlie the discussion conducted in this dissertation, namely: that the difficulty lies in the relationship between teacher and student, which is the result of a mismatch between the expectations of the institution, printed in the teaching staff, and the uniqueness and diversity of the student body, and that there is an undeniable emotional involvement in teaching children, which contradicts the current idea of teaching being a light, easy and undemanding work. This thesis had also to address the parallel theme, but absolutely linked to the issue, of the displacement of responsibility on the part of school agents, through a large number of referrals of students called \"difficult\" for health professionals. Far from wanting to find solutions to the problems of the school and teachers with these students, the purpose was to locate and legitimize the problem, seeking to contribute to a discussion already addressed in other works.

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