The waste treatment, particularly the thermal treatment of waste has changed fundamentally in the last 20 years, i.e. from facilities solely dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste to facilities, which in addition to that ensure the safe plant operation and fulfill very ambitious criteria regarding emission reduction, resource recovery and energy efficiency as well. Therefore this contributes to the economic use of raw materials and due to the energy recovered from waste also to the energy provision. The development described had the consequence that waste and solid recovered fuels (SRF) has to be evaluated based on fuel criteria as well. Fossil fuels – coal, crude oil, natural gas etc. have been extensively investigated due to their application in plants for energy conversion and also due to their use in the primary industry. Thereby depending on the respective processes, criteria on fuel technical properties can be derived. The methods for engineering analysis of regular fuels (fossil fuels) can be transferred only partially to SRF. For this reason methods are being developed or adapted to current analytical methods for the characterization of SRF. In this paper the possibilities of the energetic utilization of SRF and the characterization of SRF before and during the energetic utilization will be discussed.

Ces travaux ont consisté à développer un procédé de traitement biologique des eaux contaminées en produits phytosanitaires (PF) issues du lavage des matériels de pulvérisation de PF. Ce procédé s’appuie surl’inoculation d’une culture bactérienne mixte sélectionnée et d’un matériau sorbant constitué de rafles de maïs broyées.Tout d’abord, un mélange modèle de PF,constitué de 6 herbicides, 3 fongicides et 1 insecticide, a été créé. Après avoir mis au point la production de l’inoculum en présence de ce mélange et étudié les propriétés sorbantes des rafles de maïs, les paramètres de traitement ont été définis à petite échelle de laboratoire et validés en réacteur.Finalement, le procédé développé est un traitement en réacteur batch séquentiel de 28 jours qui permet de réduire de plus de 50 % la masse initiale des PF du mélange modèle. Malgré la réduction des teneurs en PF, la phytotoxicité due aux résidus d’herbicides des effluents traités est encore trop élévée et ne permet pas de valider l’épandage sur un lit planté de roseaux comme post-traitement de la fraction liquide. / Aim of this work was to treat effluentsobtained from rinsing pesticide (PF) spraying equipments by developing biological treatment process into bioreactor with selected mixed bacterial culture and adsorption support consisting of crushed corn cobs. First, a model PF mixture was designed to represent agriculturaleffluents at watershed scale. This mixture was composed by 6 herbicides, 3 fungicides and 1 insecticide. Then, inoculum production under PF pressure was developed and sorption properties of corn cobswere investigated. Process parameters were defined at small-scale laboratory and validated into bioreactors. Thus, developed processwas a28 days sequential batch reactortreatment, which reduced more than 50% of molecules weight of model mixture.Despite of this process significantely reduced treated effluents PF contents, remaining phytotoxicity due to herbicide residues failed validation of their post-treatment on a bed planted with reeds.

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In order to meet increasingly stringent total nitrogen limits, supplemental carbon must be added to improve the performance of the biological nutrient removal process. An industrial by-product that contained ethylene glycol and propylene glycol was used as a substitute carbon source for methanol in this study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficiency of using the glycol mixture as carbon source, including the calculation of denitrification rate and yield at two different initial concentrations of glycols. Possible inhibition effect on nitrification was also investigated. Three SBR reactors were operated by adding methanol, a low dosage of glycol, and a high dosage of glycol into the reactors. The low dosage glycol reactor exhibited the best performance, with the highest denitrification rate of 11.55 mg NOx-N/g MLVSS"h and the lowest yield of 0.21 mg VSS/mg COD. Small nitrite accumulation was observed in the low dosage glycol reactor (COD=185"•15 mg/L), but effluent quality was not influenced. Excess glycol in the reactor caused deteriorated performance. The high dosage glycol reactor (COD=345"•20 mg/L) performed with the lowest denitrfication rate of 8.56 mg NOx-N/g MLVSS"h and the highest yield of 0.55 mg VSS/ mg COD. The reactor with the high dosage of glycol also inhibited the lowest nitrification rate of 1.15 mg NH3-N oxidized/g MLVSS"h, which indicated that excess glycol may cause nitrification inhibition. / Master of Science

No / This work investigates in detail several methodologies to improve the optimal control of discontinuous processes. It shows that whenever a batch dynamic optimization is solved, the optimum is related to the control methodology adopted and the result is a sub-optimum since other more (or apparently less!) appealing control methodologies might lead to "better" optimal solutions. The selection of the best control methodology for the dynamic optimization is broached for batch reactors using gPROMS models builder 3.5.2 for dynamic modeling and BzzMath 6.0 optimizers to handle control and optimization issues.

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No / Biodiesel has turned out to be an integral part of the discussion of renewable energy sources and has diverse advantages in terms of its flexibility and applicability. Considering the characteristics of the transesterification reaction, a laboratory-scale system has been developed in this work. Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO), mainly sunflower oil, from local sources has been used and the transesterification carried out using methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide catalyst. Characterisation of the biodiesel produced has been carried out using a number of different techniques including rheology, calorimetry, and gas liquid chromatography. The main factors affecting the % yield of biodiesel are temperature, catalyst, and alcohol to triglyceride ratio. Thus, experimental work has been carried out so as to study the rate and yield of the reaction as a function of those factors. A model has also been developed to validate the experimental data and this should help in increasing the efficiency of these processes and reducing the energy input. Moreover, the novel use of ultrasound as a method of measuring progression of the reaction is correlated with in-situ pH monitoring of the reaction process.

Yes / Batch oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is investigated here for the removal sulfur compound from light naphtha using homemade new nano-catalyst. The catalyst is made of manganese dioxide supported on zeolite nanoparticles which shows an excellent catalytic performance with good impregnation, high activity, good pore size distribution and larger surface area. Different reaction temperature, time and initial sulfur concentration are used to have a deeper insight of the process. The experimental results reveal that the conversion of sulfur compound is increased by increasing the initial sulfur concentration, the reaction temperature and batch time. A mathematical model of the process is developed and validated using the experimental data within gPROMS software with high accuracy. The validated model (errors less than 5% between experimental and predicted results) is then utilized to obtain the optimal operation conditions of the process giving maximum conversion of sulfur (higher than 99%) resulting in an environmentally friendly fuel.

Yes / Production of clean fuel has recently become one of the most important goals for petroleum refining industries. The objective of this work is to obtain such clean fuel using simple and easy process under safe conditions. For this purpose, batch oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is considered here to remove sulfur compounds found in light gas oil using a new composite synthetic homemade nano-catalyst. First the support for the new catalyst, which is HY zeolite nanoparticles, is prepared using sol-gel method. The support is then employed to generate the synthetic composite nano-catalyst which is made of copper oxide and nickel oxide using the impregnation method with different proportions of the active components such as: 5% CuO +25 % NiO, 10 % CuO +20 % NiO, 15 % CuO +15 % NiO, 20 % CuO +10 % NiO and 25 % CuO +5% NiO. An excellent distribution of the active metals with high surface area and pore volume as a result high activity has obtained. A fully automated batch reactor is used for the oxidative desulphurization of sulfur compounds and the performance of the new nano-catalyst at different safe reaction conditions (reaction temperature from 353−413 K, reaction time from 30−90 min) is evaluated in terms of sulfur removal.