The ability to store energy becomes even more important as the proportion of intermittent and local energy production increases. The growing electric car industry is dependent on batteries and because of this, battery storage technologies are emerging rapidly. This project analyses how a real estate company can take advantages of a battery storage installed in office buildings equipped with a photovoltaic system. The results are based on simulations on two test facilities where three saving opportunities were analysed. These opportunities are; peak shaving, transfer charge and store surplus from the photovoltaic system. A local battery storage combined with a smart control software can facilitate an opportunity for actors to capitalize on the varying electricity prices. This study shows that one of the main issues with battery storage is how to formulate a strategy around charge and discharge of the battery. The challenge is to find a balance between having enough energy stored to enable peak shaving and to be prepared to store potential surplus energy. The electricity surplus is generally higher during weekends due to less activity in office buildings, which means that a battery storage with higher capacity is required during weekends in comparison to workdays. This study’s net present value calculation over the time of 15 years, with a 5 % discount rate and assumed 3 % increase of electricity price and peak cost, indicates that the investment cost of a battery storage needs to decrease by 50 % to become financially sustainable.

This master thesis examines if a PV system in “norra Djurgårdsstaden” (Stockholm) can be optimized by the addition of a battery storage system. Both in terms of increasing the usage of the produced PV energy and also (partly as a consequence) becoming more efficient and environment friendly. Simulations were run in both MATLAB and PVsyst. The simulations were based on measured data - PV production and consumption - and different scenarios were examined. Though the central aspect was to maximize the amount of PV energy used, simulations for peak shaving and a combination of the two were also examined.  The major differences between simulation in MATLAB and PVsyst were firstly, the fact that the input for consumption was monthly in PVsyst and hourly measurement (given by Incoord) was used in MATLAB and secondly, that different types of battery types had to be used. The battery type used in the MATLAB simulation was a NiMH battery from a company called Nilar. This battery type has the ability to be rejuvenated and thereby extend its lifetime. This type of battery did not exist as an option in PVsyst. Due to this the result of the simulation was not exactly the same. They were however similar enough to be useful; they showed similar patterns even at points of divergence.  Although the real estate was planned and built to be very energy efficient and environmentally friendly, the integration of a battery storage system was definitely able to optimize the PV system. Of the different integration options examined the most optimal was determined to be when the battery system was fed by the surplus energy from the existing PV system; after it has met momentary consumption needs. At the largest, battery storage system (10 batteries) the primary energy number (EPpet) decreased with almost 8 kWh/m2 - i.e. from 48,2 to just above40 kWh/m2. Self - consumption and self - sufficient was also positively affected by the battery storage with the former going from 59 to 77 % and the latter from 31 to 41 %. Furthermore with around 4 batteries in the battery storage system the EPpet decreased such as the real estate entered a higher order of environmental classification.  The battery system will always be an expense, however this expense is lessened by utilizing as much as possible of the PV energy, i.e. when the momentary consumption is met by the PV system before the surplus PV energy is directed to the storage in order to maximize self - consumption.

This master thesis examines if a battery energy storage installed in an apartment building with PV production can be a profitable investment and how it should be used. By modelling different types of applications such as peak shaving, increasing self-consumption and primary frequency reserves, the most profitable application for the battery storage can be found. There are a lot of parameters to take into consideration when modelling a battery delivering flexibility services to the grid. Parameters linked to batteries, electricity contracts, household load, PV-production and different primary frequency reserves had to be taken into consideration when modelling. The result shows that scenario 2.6 (FCR-D (↑) + FCR-D (↓) + FFR + FCR-N) generated the highest net income of 313 629 SEK annually. The most profitable scenario over a 10-year period was scenario 2.1 (FFR) with an income of 12 529 SEK per installed kWh. This is because the frequency reserve was only active during the summer months, therefore it fits well as a combination with PV production. FFR also paid the most per average delivered energy [SEK/kWh] and did not need as high battery capacity as scenario 2.6. Another advantage with scenario 2.1 was that it did not create as high power peaks as the other primary frequency reserves did, which can affect the electricity contract of the building. With today’s wide market of different primary frequency reserves, the possibilities increase. Other applications than a battery storage can be used to deliver different primary frequency services to the electricity grid.

This report aims to examen the self-utilization of produced power, both with and without an energy storage, in a solar cell plant in Falkenberg city. Falkenberg energi AB predicts that the amount of locally produced solarpower will increase in the near future. Instead of spending a large amount of money reinforcing the local power grid, other alternatives like energy storage are examined. Through literature studies, economic calculations and computer simulations the reports questions are answered.  Three different types of energy storage are being evaluated, nickel metal hydride, hydrogen fuel cell and lithium ion- batteries. After evaluation it was confirmed thar the lithium ion is best suited when it comes down to performance. The advantages given by installing an energy storage combined with solarpower are the increase in self-utilization and self-sufficiency.  The project is based on the results from the solar power plant in combination with the facilities without an energy storage. Self-utilization and self-sufficiency are then compared between different storage sizes.  This study examens how the self-utilization changes depending on different sizes of energy storage when solarpower production of 518 kilowatt (peak) is installed.  When different sizes of energy storages were compared the conclusion is that the larger the battery size the higher the self-utilization. The increase happened to be nonlinear. The higher the storage size, the smaller the increase in self-utilization is. Economic calculations have been done depending on different variable changes. The LCOE- method (Levelized cost of electricity) and the present value-method are the economic methods used to determine the profitability of the investment.  Results after calculations showed that an investment of any of the different storage sizes is not economical profitable. An investment without an energy storage turned out to be profitable. / Denna rapport syftar till att beräkna hur egenanvändningsgraden blir i en solcellsanläggning både utan och med olika storlekar på batterilager i ett område i Falkenberg. Falkenberg energi AB förutspår att andelen solceller kommer att öka i det lokala nätet. I stället för att genomföra kostsamma nätförstärkningar undersöks ett alternativ i form av energilagring. Frågeställningarna besvaras genom simuleringar i beräkningsverktyget Polysun, litteraturstudier av ersättningsmodeller samt ekonomiska beräkningar. Tre typer av energilager undersöks, Nickel-Metallhybridbatterier, Litiumbatterier, samt bränslecell baserad på vätgas. Efter undersökning fastställdes att Lit-jon-batteri var mest lämplig sett till prestanda. Fördelen med att installera ett energilager är att självförsörjningsgraden och egenanvändningen ökar.  Projektet har grundat sig på data som tagits fram på anläggningen utan något energilager. Egenanvändning och självförsörjningsgrad har sedan jämförts med fall med olika lagringsstorlekar. I studien undersöks hur egenanvändningen vid installation av solceller med 518 kW maxeffekt påverkas av olika storlekar på tillhörande batterilager. Olika ekonomiska beräkningar har gjorts utifrån olika parametrar. Parametrar som ändras är kalkylräntan, skattereduktion samt med och utan investeringsstöd. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE-metoden) och nuvärdesmetoden har använts för att undersöka investeringens lönsamhet. Efter undersökning av olika storlekar av batterilager kunde konstateras att egenanvändningen ökar med större batterilager. Noterbart var att egenanvändningens ökning inte är linjär utan avtar i olinjärt i takt med ökad installerad batterikapacitet. Resultat efter lönsamhetsberäkningar visade att en investering i något av de energilagringsstorlekar som undersöks inte är ekonomiskt lönsam. Resultat av beräkningar utan tillhörande energilager visade sig vara lönsam.

This thesis will investigate possible energy storages in Luleå Energi’s power grid within a five-year period. The transition to a more sustainable and efficient energy system, in response to climate change, creates new challenges for the power grid. Energy storage has, according to many sources, the potential to contribute to meet the challenges that arise from a larger share of intermittent renewables, a growing number of electrical vehicles and increased demands for reliability and stability. Several reports conclude that currently energy storages are most profitable in customer applications, especially in combination with micro-production, e.g. solar cells. Therefore, this report will investigate if battery storages could be installed in three multi-residential properties with solar cells, with the purpose to increase self-use of electricity generated from the solar cells and peak-shaving. Batteries have been chosen as storage technology, since they currently seem to be the technology with the most potential. Possible savings for the customer as well as potential benefits for the grid will be considered. Based on data for the properties’ consumption and solar power production, an analysis has been made to see how much excess electricity the solar cells generate and to identify peak demands. Regarding the solar cells, data has only been available for a few months. For other days, the production has been estimated base on measurements of global radiation over Luleå municipality. A simulation in MATLAB has then been carried out to dimension the battery. When customers connect micro-production to the grid, the voltage may rise above permissible limits, especially in weaker rural grids. As a result, reinforcements of the grid may be necessary, which means expenses for the grid owner. Installation of a battery, that can store energy and keep the voltage within permissible limits, could be an alternative. The report considers such a case and makes a comparison between reinforcements of the grid and installation of a battery.   The results of the report show that energy storages have several potential benefits, both for customers, grid owners and system operators. Forecasts point to a strong growth, as well as lowered battery prices, which could lead to investments that are more profitable. The study of installing a battery in properties with solar cells shows that an increased self-use and peak shaving is possible. However, the economic results show negative net values. This means that currently the investment is not profitable. Approximately, battery prices must be cut in half to reach profitability. The calculation concludes that power tariffs enables most savings for the customers and gives them incentives for peak-shaving. The report also shows that the amount of micro-production in a rural grid can be limited by the strength of the grid. If five customers in the investigated part of the grid each would install 8.6 kW solar power, the voltage rise at the point of common coupling would go above permissible values, and the grid would have to be reinforced. The economical comparison between investing in new cables and installing a battery storage shows that currently, a battery storage is more expensive than a new cable. The overall conclusion from the report is that energy storage has the potential to contribute to the transition of the energy system. However, regulations and battery prices currently limit the possibilities for profitable investments. It is recommended to do an oversight of regulations and new business models to enable more investments in energy storage. Studying alternative tariffs is also important, to create incentives for a more efficient use of the power grid.

The increasing electricity production from intermittent energy sources creates both challenges and possibilities in the future energy system. When the controllability in the production of electricity deteriorates, the flexibility of the electricity consumption must increase for the energy system to work. The study examines the possibilities for the profitability strategies load smoothing, peak shaving, participation on the flexibility market and its combinations to reduce the electricity bill for Vasakronan’s office building at Sperlingens Backe 47 in Stockholm using a nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery storage. The results indicated participation on the flexibilitymarket to be the most profitable strategy although none of the strategies nor their combinations managed to reduce the electricity bill of the office building. For an installation of a NiMH battery in the office building to become profitable, the price of NiMH batteries must decrease by approximately 80 %.

The increase of variable renewable source leads to an imbalance between the electricity supply and demand of the power grid, as the solar and wind energy production is weather dependent. By implementing battery energy storage system (BESS), the balance can be improved by storing energy when the supply is high and then use when the supply is low. The aim of this study is to investigate the profitability of implementing a BESS with a photovoltaic plant to the grid connected facility of Gävle Energi AB. This by mapping the potential revenues that can benefit both the property and power grid. The aim is also to investigate the cost saving of a BESS with an optimal control and then look at the sizing of the battery.   At the Swedish battery market there is two technologies, lithium ion and nickelmetal hybrid, both of which have different characteristics that affect its service life. The battery life is affected by its chemistry, state of charge, depth of discharge, charge rate, temperature, and operating conditions. One of the revenues with BESS are to take advantage of the price difference and charge the battery when the electricity price is low and discharge when it is high. The revenue is also to increase the self-use of solar power to the facility, peak shaving, and frequency control. You can also use the BESS as an emergency power due to its fast output power. The simulation was built in the program Excel containing eight different tasks, all with different battery sizes. Each task contained four control models; increase selfuse of solar power, peak shaving, frequency control and a combination of the three. This with input data from both 2018 and 2019.  The result showed that the best savings in all tasks occurred with the frequency control model or the combination model. The size of battery depends on the service life. The battery lift is hard to predict and thus also the choice of battery size. As the control model affects the battery life, the ideal battery life of 20 years can be difficult to achieve. Therefore, a BESS of 100 kWh may be recommended. Except as a property revenue, the BESS may reduce some percentage of marginal electricity and thus also the carbon dioxide emissions and may also support the power grid with frequency control.

På uppdrag av Cytiva har detta projekt undersökt möjligheten och nyttan med att skaffa ett batterilager. Batterilager kan användas av ett företag på flera olika sätt, genom att minska effekttoppar, agera som reservkraft, eller utnyttja fluktuationer i elpriset genom att ladda när elen är billig och använda batteriet när elen är dyr. I detta projekt undersöks dessa användningssätt, med fokus på effekttoppsreducering. I projektet har flera olika batterikemier jämförts för att avgöra vilket som passar Cytivas behov bäst. Av bly-syrabatterier, Li-jonbatterier, flödesbatterier, Ni-metallhydridbatterier, Na-S-batterier och saltvattenbatterier fanns att Li-jonbatterier passade bäst för detta ändamål. Utifrån det har simuleringar gjorts för att ta reda på vad som ger den bästa toppkapningen. Det batteri som gav högst effektreducering hade kapacitet på 10 MWh och reducerade maxeffekten från 5973 kW till 5031 kW. Det minsta batteri som hade en hög effektreducering hade kapacitet på 6 MWh och reducerade maxeffekten till 5470 kW. Ingen av de användningssätt som nämnts är i sig tillräckligt lönsamma för att återbetala investeringen inom batteriets livstid. Däremot att kombinera någon av dessa användningssätt med att sälja kapacitet till elnätets frekvensregleringstjänster, gör att batteriet kan tjäna igen sin investeringskostad långt innan det behöver bytas ut och därmed bli lönsamt. I samband med att elproduktionen från sol- och vindkraft ökar så ökar också behovet av frekvensreglering, och även fluktuationerna i elpriset ökar. Detta gör att det just nu är mer lönsamt än någonsin att investera i energilagring. Eftersom elnätet på många håll redan är mycket ansträngt är det också bra för samhället i stort. En ökad flexibilitet i effektuttaget gör det lättare att främja elektrifieringen av samhället.

Hybridparks combines two or more energy sources. In this thesis in partnership with Arise AB case studies have been conducted in combined photovoltaic power in their existing windparks. Wind and photovoltaic have productionpatterns that compelemts the other. Which in turn gives a more stable production.  Four windparks was chosen to be studied and tested as hybridparks: Fröslida, Häradsbo, Råbelöv och Idhult.  The size of the hybridpark was based on an earlier study from Arise. One conclusion from that study was that it is possible to install photovoltaics with 2/3 of the installed windpower.  The photovoltaic plant was simulated in the program Polysun. Polysun can make simulations and give insight on the possible photovoltaic yield. The data from the simulation was combined with the windpower yield data from Arise to analyse how the hybridpark would function.  Energy storage with lithium batteries have been calculated and tested in Excel. The results show the impact the energy storage have on production and delivery to the grid. A simple control scheme with on/off method with a schedule gave the best results in a daily battery cycle.  The energy sources seldom overlap and with a controlled energy storage it is possible to deliver power to the grid during power lacking periods such as winter.

EU-parlamentet och EU-rådet har antagit direktiv för att hålla den globala uppvärmningen lägre än 2 °C. Totala utsläppen av växthusgaser ska minska med minst 20% i jämförelse med nivåerna 1990. Byggnader står för hälften av den globala elkonsumtionen vilket bidrar till att sektorn är den största användaren av energi. Det medför att den orsakar 17% av de CO2-utsläpp som är relaterade till energianvändning. Ökat energibehov förutspås dessutom i takt med att världens befolkning ökar liksom kraven på standard. År 2016 kom nära 62% av nettotillägget till den globala kraftgenereringskapaciteten från förnyelsebara energikällor. Fortsatt ökning ställer nya krav på hur kapaciteten från förnyelsebara energikällor ska hanteras. När solceller integreras lokalt till nätet förändras det tidigare passivt drivna systemet till ett aktivt system med kraftflöde i två riktningar och möjlighet till lokal styrning. Mikroelnät är ett lovande sätt att svara upp mot denna förändring genom att mildra elbehovet, minska koldioxidutsläppen och öka energi-effektiviteten. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka de juridiska och ekonomiska förutsättningarna för lönsamhet beträffande ett mikroelnät förlagt till tre detaljplanelagda kvarter i området Järva i Solna. En förutsättning var att analysera fallet utifrån att undantag för koncessionsplikt skulle ges. Målet var att visa skillnader i lönsamhet för ett mikroelnät i förhållande till att inte ha ett mikroelnät och därmed bidra till att klarlägga förutsättningar för framtida investeringar. Hypotesen var att ett mikroelnät för ett kontors- och bostadsområde med gemensam anslutningspunkt, solelproduktion och batterilager är mer lönsamt än motsvarande område med separata fastigheter kopplade till nätet med separata anslutningspunkter. Analysen beträffande lönsamhet utgick från simuleringar av representativa fall för det undersökta området där indata för dessa simuleringar främst grundades på pågående projektering av området, litteraturstudier i form av rapporter hämtade från Science Direct och konsultation med referenspersoner verksamma inom bygg- och energibranschen. Mjukvaruprogrammet HOMER-energy valdes som simuleringsverktyg för denna analys utifrån programmets acceptans i branschen och förmåga att analysera betydelsefulla variabler i linje med arbetets syfte. Metoden för den juridiska analysen bestod i dels litteraturstudier av rapporter och juridiska dokument, dels konsultation med jurister på NCC som tolkat dessa rapporter och dokument. De rapporter som användes hade stöd av branschorganisationer eller bestod i utredningar utförda på uppdrag av stat eller statliga myndigheter. Resultatet av införandet av ett mikroelnät i det undersökta området visade sig framförallt minska kostnader relaterade till effekttoppar och fasta månadsavgifter. Dessa minskade kostnader medförde att investeringen i mikroelnätet var lönsam att genomföra. Vidare kunde konstateras att en större mängd solcellsgenererad el stannade kvar inom mikroelnätsområdet än vad fallet var för de enskilda fastigheterna. Även om denna mängd el inte var stor drogs slutsatsen att omständigheter där det genererade elöverskottet från enskilda fastigheter hade varit större kunde leda till ännu större lönsamhet för en investering i mikroelnät med solceller. En solcellinvestering i kombination med investeringen i ett mikroelnät var än mer lönsam utifrån en känslighetsanalys på 6% reell elprisökning i förhållande till 3% reell elprisökning. På liknande sätt konstaterades att batterilagrets lönsamhet var kopplad till elpris och genererat solelöverskott. Dock utgjorde bristen på solelöverskott i denna studie att batterilagret resulterade i att inte vara lönsamt. I kommande studier föreslås därför att undersökas vad utfallet beträffande batterilagers lönsamhet skulle vara under liknande förhållande men vid ett större solelöverskott. Vidare föreslås ytterligare studier av mikroelnäts lönsamhet utifrån andra typer av funktioner och storleksförhållande mellan funktioner för att dra slutsatser om lönsamhet utifrån olika kombinationer av eleffektbehov. Beträffande de juridiska aspekterna konstaterades att det fanns anledning att se över definitioner av begrepp som idag är oklara även för energimyndigheten och energimarknadsinspektionen. Speciellt definitioner av gränser som direkt styr lönsamheten för mikroelnät exempelvis beträffande energiskatt och stöd till solcellsinvesteringar behöver ses över och definieras. Definitionerna inbegriper inte förhållanden för mikroelnät av den typ som undersökts i denna studie. Studien har slutligen visat på fördelar med mikroelnät som inte kan komma samhället till godo på grund av rådande svensk lagstiftning beträffande koncessionsplikt. Därav finns anledning att se över lagstiftningen för att möjliggöra mikroelnäts utveckling på ett sätt att inrättandet är möjligt ifall fördelarna överväger kostnader och eventuella olägenheter.