The wide applications of energy storage systems in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage in the recent decade has created an enormous market globally. The electrochemical flow system has many applications in Li-ion battery recycling and energy storage system design. First, research work on a scalable electrochemical flow system is presented to effectively restore the lithium concentration in end-of-life Li-ion cathode materials. An effective recycling process for end-of-life lithium-ion batteries could relieve the environmental burden and retrieve valuable cathode battery materials. The design is validated in a static configuration with both cathode loose powder and cathode electrode sheet. Materials with comparable electrochemical performance to virgin cathode materials are produced after post heat treatment. Second, research contributions in sulfur-based flow battery systems for long-duration energy storage are presented. Sulfur-based redox flow batteries are promising due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and high abundance. The speciation of aqueous sulfur solutions with different nominal concentrations, sulfur concentrations, and pH are studied by Raman spectroscopy. Next, a promising aqueous manganese catholyte to couple with the sulfur anolyte for a full flow battery is investigated. Test protocols and quantification metrics for the catholyte are developed. The stability of the catholyte, including self-discharge rate and precipitation rate, is measured via ex-situ characterizations. The electrochemical performance of the catholyte is investigated and optimized via in-situ experiments. The reaction pathway for the precipitation of catholyte is discussed and several mitigation strategies are proposed. Finally, a semi-solid sodium-sulfur flow battery is developed. The electrochemical performance of the sodium-sulfur battery is studied first in a static configuration at an intermediate temperature (150°C). Then a Na-S semi-solid flow cell is assembled and cycled under the two-aliquots and three-aliquots intermittent flow. / Doctor of Philosophy / The market of energy storage systems has been expanding dramatically in recent years due to their wide applications in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and large-scale grid storage. First, the research on the development of an electrochemical flow system in the Li-ion batteries (LIB) recycling process is presented. The improper disposal of end-of-life LIBs will generate flammable hazardous waste. Recycling spent LIBs could ease the environmental burden and replenish valuable resources such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, and reduce the cost of battery manufacturing. In this study, an electrochemical flow system is designed to restore the end-of-life cathode materials in LIBs. The design has the potential to scale up and is validated with a static configuration. The recycled materials show comparable electrochemical performance to virgin battery cathode materials. Life cycle analysis shows that the recycling process consumes less energy and is more environmentally friendly. Second, the research contribution in sulfur-based flow battery systems for long-duration energy storage is presented. The aqueous sulfur solutions with different nominal concentrations, sulfur concentrations, and pH are studied by Raman spectroscopy. Next, a promising aqueous manganese catholyte to couple with the sulfur anolyte for a full redox flow battery is investigated. The chemical stability of the catholyte, including self-discharge rate and precipitation rate, is measured via ex-situ characterizations. The electrochemical performance of the catholyte is studied and optimized via in-situ experiments. The reaction mechanisms for the precipitation of aqueous manganese solutions are discussed. Finally, a semi-solid sodium-sulfur (Na-S) flow battery is developed. The electrochemical performance of the sodium-sulfur battery is studied first in a static cell at intermediate temperature. Then a Na-S semi-solid flow cell is demonstrated and cycled under the two-aliquots and three-aliquots intermittent flow.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Micheli Barbosa de Andrade.pdf: 2002962 bytes, checksum: 51f76c0895430f8d105003d680198199 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the main source of lead metal is derived from recycled lead-acid batteries by the pyrometallurgical process. The process consists in separating the components of lead-acid battery and subsequent fusion of the metal in the furnace to reduce the rotational type. Recycling is an economical alternative, sustainable and environmentally friendly but, recycling industries are potentially polluting. During the process, there is generating a large amount of slag, which may contain metals that were present in raw material or that were added to the reactions necessary to promote the recycling process. This slag is classified as Class I waste, hazardous waste, according to Brazilian standard NBR 10004 Brazilian Association of Technical Standards and (ABNT) and must have as the final destination of hazardous waste landfill. The contribution of this paper lies in the chemical evaluation of the slag from the recycling of lead batteries; structural characterizations, indicate that in turn, forms of association of the metal, and their potential to mobilize heavy metals from the method of Tessier (Method of selective extraction applied to soils and sediments) applied to the residue in order to evaluate the conditions in which metals can be removed in the same. Data from x-ray fluorescence (XRF) showed a predominance of the elements Fe, Si, S, Al, Ca, Pb and Zn, with the initial sample had a higher quality metals and in a much higher sample. By x-ray diffraction was obtained to confirm these associated elements, forming compounds. The fayalite was present in all samples, mainly in lower and central samples, as well as lead sulfide and iron sulfide, the large overlap of the peaks difficult to visualize the phases. The evaluation of the mobilization of metals from the Tessier method and comparison with the VMP CONAMA 357 demonstrated the potential risks, direct or indirect, of the mobilization of these metals. With the application of different conditions of leaching of the method of Tessier, one can observe that treatment of these slags in pH 5.0 extracts about 90% of lead present in the slag. / No Brasil, a principal fonte de chumbo metalico e obtido a partir da reciclagem de baterias de chumbo-acido pelo processo pirometalurgico. O processo consiste na separacao dos componentes da bateria de chumbo-acido e posterior fusao dos metais no forno de reducao do tipo rotatorio. Esta e uma alternativa economica, sustentavel e ecologicamente correta mas, as industrias de reciclagem sao potencialmente poluidoras. Durante o processo, ha geracao de uma grande quantidade de escoria, que pode conter metais que estavam presentes na matéria prima ou que foram adicionados para promover as reacoes necessarias ao processo. Essa escoria e classificada como residuo de classe I, residuo perigoso, segundo a norma brasileira NBR 10004 da Associacao Brasileira de Normas e Tecnicas (ABNT) e deve ter como destino final o aterro de industriais. A contribuicao deste estudo reside na avaliacao quimica da escoria proveniente da reciclagem de baterias de chumbo; as caracterizacoes estruturais, que indicam por sua vez, as formas de associacao do metal; e o seu o potencial de mobilizacao de metais a partir do metodo de Tessier (metodo de extracoes seletivas aplicado a solos e sedimentos) aplicado ao residuo como forma de avaliar as condicoes em que os metais podem ser removidos do mesmo. Pelos dados de fluorescencia de raios x (FRX) observou-se predominância dos elementos Fe, Si, S, Al, Ca, Pb e Zn, sendo que na amostra inicial houve uma maior qualidade de metais e na amostra superior uma maior quantidade. Pela difracao de raios x obteve-se a confirmacao destes elementos associados, formando compostos. A fayalita estava presente em todas as amostras, principalmente nas amostras inferior e central, assim como sulfeto de chumbo e sulfeto de ferro; a grande superposicao dos picos dificultou a visualizacao das fases. A avaliacao da mobilizacao dos metais a partir do metodo de Tessier e a comparacao com os VMP do CONAMA 357 demonstraram os riscos potenciais, diretos ou indiretos, da mobilizacao desses metais. Com a aplicacao das diferentes condicoes de lixiviação do metodo de Tessier, pode-se observar que o tratamento dessas escorias em pH 5,0 extrai cerca de 90% do chumbo presente na escoria.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-03T12:45:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco de Sousa Lima.pdf: 710063 bytes, checksum: cc392535c6e26b209a88d068bf9221f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco de Sousa Lima.pdf: 710063 bytes, checksum: cc392535c6e26b209a88d068bf9221f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-11 / Lead (Pb) is a metal that is very stable in soil and highly toxic to humans and animals. Exposure to Pb occurs via inhalation of particles from industry and soil, as well as household dust, water, and contaminated food. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate Pb contents and allocation in vegetable crops grown in soil contaminated by battery recycling wastes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design factorial 8x4, with four replicates. Four parts (root, stem, leaf and edible parts) of eight plant species (tomato, sweet pepper, beet, carrot, cabbage, green collards, eggplant, and okra) were studied. The results showed that carrot, green collards, beet, and okra were the most Pb tolerant species, while the others were very Pb-sensitive, since they did not complete their cycle. The decreasing order for Pb concentration in the root of crops was: carrot > okra > tomato and eggplant > sweet pepper > kale > cabbage. Taking into account Pb allocation in plants, the order was: root > stems > leaves > edible parts. Pb allocated in the edible parts may exceed o tolerable limit. / Os metais pesados podem ser deletérios ou essenciais aos seres vivos. Entre os deletérios, o Pb tem destaque por ser extremamente tóxico para humanos. A intensificação das atividades industriais e agrícolas, devido ao aumento populacional nos últimos anos, tem contribuído à poluição dos solos agrícolas com Pb, podendo torná-los inadequados à produção de alimentos saudáveis. Com relação aos metais essenciais, o Zn tem causado preocupação, tendo em vista que a escassez deste elemento nos alimentos tem sido um dos maiores responsáveis pela desnutrição em grande parte da população do planeta. Para reduzir os efeitos da desnutrição, pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas através da estratégia de biofortificação de partes comestíveis de vegetais, visando a produção de alimentos saudáveis e com qualidade, que apresentem menor teor de contaminantes inorgânicos e maior concentração de micronutrientes essenciais. No entanto, no Brasil ainda são poucas as pesquisas que visam avaliar teores de metais deletérios e micronutrientes em alimentos vegetais e, nesse contexto, no presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos quatro experimentos tendo como objetivos avaliar: 1) teores e alocação de Pb por hortaliças cultivadas em solo contaminado com resíduos de reciclagem de baterias; 2) o efeito do Pb na concentração de nutrientes em olerícolas, bem como o potencial de transferência desse elemento de um solo contaminado por baterias automotivas para as partes comestíveis das hortaliças; 3) o efeito do Pb sobre a absorção de micronutrientes, distribuição do Pb entre as frações de um Espodossolo e a relação dessas frações com a disponibilidade do metal para hortaliças e 4) a transferência de Zn do solo para partes comestíveis de cenoura, couve manteiga e quiabeiro cultivadas em latossolo tratado com doses de zinco. Os resultados desses experimentos demonstraram que o teor de Pb determinado nas espécies obedeceu a ordem: cenoura > quiabo > tomate > berinjela > pimentão > couve-manteiga > repolho > beterraba, com alocação preferencialmente na raiz, seguida por caule, folha e parte comestível. A concentração de Pb transferida à parte comestível da cenoura foi superior ao limite de tolerância máximo estipulado na legislação. O Pb promoveu desbalanço nutricional nas plantas, sendo ainda observado que os macronutrientes concentraram-se, preferencialmente, nas folhas, enquanto que os micronutrientes foram alocados nas raízes. Plantas de couve manteiga apresentaram maior potencial para concentrar Zn em sua parte comestível, comparativamente à cenoura e quiabeiro, sendo indicadas para utilização em programas de biofortificação.

Den pågående elektrifieringen av transport och samhälle kräver utveckling av nya metoder för återvinning av batterier. Hydrometallurgi som fokuserar på selektiv kristallisation av metaller är ett intressant alternativ för dessa ändamål. Dessa system kan studeras genom modellering och simulering. Många matematiska modeller finns tillgängliga för att beskriva de olika involverade processerna i kristallisationen av metaller. Dessa processer inkluderar övermättnad, nukleation, kristalltillväxt och aggregation. Denna rapport sammanställer ett antal av de tillgängliga matematiska modellerna och presenterar ett numeriskt tillvägagångssätt för modellering av den tidsberoende nummerdensiteten av partiklar genom en populationsbalansekvation. Populationsbalansen kan lösas med olika metoder såsom momentmetoden och metoden av viktade residualer. Här löses ekvationen genom diskretisering. Diskretisering av den inre koordinaten i ett flertal längdintervall möjliggör simulering av partikel-storleksfördelningen som en funktion av tid. Det numeriska tillvägagångssättet applicerades på bariumsulfatutfällning i en perfekt blandad satsreaktor och två- och tre-dimensionella T-mixer-system, såväl som en perfekt blandad satsreaktor för förträngningskristallisation av nickelsulfat med groddning. Den simulerade storleksfördelningens placering visade sig ha bra överenstämmelse med experimentell data vid låga Reynolds-tal. Här undersöktes även påverkan av en mängd parametrar såsom diskretisering, aggregation och magnituden av diffusion. Aggregation hade en märkbar inverkan på välblandade system. Inverkan av aggregation i diffusions-kontrollerade system med kort retentionstid var låg. Diffusionsmagnituden hade liten påverkan på den normaliserade distributionen men större på det totala antalet partiklar. / The currently ongoing electrification of society and transport necessitates the development of novel methods for battery recycling. Hydrometallurgy with a focus on selective metal crystallisation is an interesting prospect to these ends. The resource recovery systems of interest can be studied through simulation where many mathematical models are available to describe the varying processes involved. These processes include supersaturation generation, nucleation, growth and aggregation. This work compiles some of these mathematical models and presents a numerical approach for the modelling of the time-dependent particle number density with a population balance equation. The population balance equation can be solved using a variety of different methods such as method of moments and method of weighted residuals. Here, the balance equation was solved by discretisation. Discretising the inner coordinate (crystal length) into a number of length intervals allows for the particle size distribution to be modelled as a function of time for various crystallisation systems. The framework was successfully applied to barium sulphate precipitation in a perfectly mixed batch reactor and two- and three-dimensional T-mixer systems, as well as a seeded perfectly mixed nickel sulphate anti-solvent crystallisation system. The simulated size distribution showed promising similarity to experimental data at low Reynolds number. The influence of a variety of parameters such as aggregation and magnitude of diffusion was investigated. Aggregation had a significant impact on well-mixed systems increasing with retention time. The impact of aggregation on diffusion-controlled systems with low retention time was low. The magnitude of diffusion had little impact on the particle size distribution of the crystal population but a large impact on the total number of crystals.

Återvinning av litiumjonbatterier (LIB) är avgörande på grund av kritiska råmaterialreserver och miljöhänsyn vid kassering. Hydrometallurgisk LIB-återvinning, en framstående industriell teknik, står inför kostnadseffektivitets- och komplexitetsutmaningar. Samtidig kristallisering visar lovande för effektivisering av återvinning genom att extrahera föreningar från förbrukad batterilut med flera komponenter, vilket kräver hög renhet och effektiv kristallseparation. Detta innebär emellertid att man förhindrar oönskade polykristallina partiklar och samkristaller.Kristallisering är vanligt vid LIB-återvinning, men vanligtvis från enkomponentlösningar för att undvika föroreningar. Kärnbildningskontroll, särskilt i flerkomponentlösningar, är fortfarande utmanande, vilket påverkar industriell effektivitet. Sådd, en vanlig kontrollmetod, inducerar ofta oavsiktliga polykristallina partiklar och vätskeinneslutningar, som understuderas på grund av experimentella begränsningar. Microfluidics erbjuder ett värdefullt verktyg för att studera kristallisationskinetik, växla från utrustningsbaserad till prediktiv fysikalisk-kemisk design. Förbättrad blandning och värmeväxling gör den idealisk för kärnbildningsforskning under kristallisation. Denna avhandling fokuserar på avgörande aspekter av samtidig kristallisation. Huvudsyftet är att utveckla en optimerad mikrofluidisk design och simulera mikrofluidikkanalen för att bestämma initiala processparametrar för experiment samt att få det mest förutsägbara området för kristallbildning inom mikrofluidik. Utmaningar i de mikrofluidiska kristallisationssystemen, såsom kanalblockering, som lätt kan uppstå på grund av kristallbildning eller agglomerationer, har tyvärr begränsat de experimentella resultaten. Icke desto mindre kommer denna avhandling att stödja ytterligare experiment med mikrofluidikanordningen under mikroskopi som kommer att hjälpa till att övervinna dessa utmaningar. Arbete med att minska begränsningarna i denna avhandling kan hjälpa till att förstå multikomponentkristallisationen i realtid och faktiskt den nödvändiga uppställningen och infrastrukturen för mikrofluidikexperiment och i förlängningen bidra till att minska de hydrometallurgiska stegen i komplex metallåtervinning. Därför bidrar det till att främja områdena batteriåtervinning, mikrofluidik och samtidig kristallisering. / Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is essential due to critical raw material reserves and environmental concerns during disposal. Hydrometallurgical LIB recycling, a prominent industrial technology, faces cost-efficiency and complexity challenges. Simultaneous crystallization shows promise for streamlining recycling by extracting compounds from multicomponent spent battery liquor, demanding high purity and effective crystal separation. However, this entails preventing unwanted polycrystalline particles and cocrystals. Crystallization is common in LIB recycling, but usually from single-component solutions to avoid impurities. Nucleation control, especially in multicomponent solutions, remains challenging, affecting industrial efficiency. Seeding, a common control method, often induces unintended polycrystalline particles and fluid inclusions, which are understudied due to experimental limitations. Microfluidics offers a valuable tool for studying crystallization kinetics, shifting from equipment-based to predictive physical-chemical design. Enhanced mixing and heat exchange make it ideal for nucleation research during crystallization. This thesis focuses on crucial aspects of simultaneous crystallization. The main objective is to develop an optimized microfluidic design and simulate the microfluidic channel to determine initial process parameters for experimentation as well as to get the most predictable region of crystal formation within microfluidics. Challenges in the microfluidic crystallization systems, such as channel blockage, which can easily occur due to crystal formation or agglomerations, have unfortunately limited the experimental results. Nonetheless, this thesis will support the further experimentation of the microfluidics device under microscopy which will help to overcome these challenges. Work on reducing the limitations of this thesis can assist in understanding the multicomponent crystallization in real-time and indeed, the necessary setup and infrastructure for microfluidics experiments and in the long run help reduce the hydrometallurgical steps in complex metal recycling. Hence, it contributes to advancing the fields of battery recycling, microfluidics, and simultaneous crystallization.

I Sverige läggs stort fokus på omställningen till ett hållbart och klimatneutralt samhälle, där avkarbonisering och elektrifiering av transportsektorn anses avgörande för att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. En storskalig batteriproduktion i Sverige och i Europa medför nya problem kring hållbarhetsaspekter gällande utvinning av råvara som exempelvis litium, kobolt och nickel. Men även andra problem gällande avfallshanteringen av litiumjonbatterier. Återvinning och återbruk av litiumjonbatterier anses vara en viktig del i strävan mot en cirkulär batteriproduktion. Dock finns svårigheter med implementering av dessa processer på en storskalig marknad gällande ekonomiska, miljömässiga och tekniska aspekter. Syftet med arbetet är att kartlägga för- och nackdelar med återbruk av littiumjonbatterier i kontrast till återvinning av littiumjonbatterier som nått sitt förbruknings- (EoL - End of Life) tillstånd och identifiera viktiga aktörer för marknadsutökning av både återbruk och återvinning av litiumjonbatterier. En litteraturstudie gjordes tillsammans med en intervju med företaget Vattenfall. Genom detta identifierades ekonomiska, tekniska och miljömässiga aspekter gällande återvinning och återbruk av litiumjonbatterier.   Resultatet av rapporten visar att smarta automatiserade dataanalyser (smarta algoritmer som självständigt kan sortera olika typer av batterier, fatta beslut om batteriernas tillstånd och genom användning av sensorer kan mäta och kontrollera temperaturförändringar) krävs för att göra batteriåtervinning och återbruk effektivare, säkrare och mer ekonomiskt lönsamt.  Återbruk av litiumjonbatterier förlänger batteriets livslängd där metaller knyts till batterier under en längre tid och kan hjälpa till att minska flaskhalsproblematiken gällande ohållbar metallutvinning. Återbruk kan vara bättre än återvinning ur miljösynpunkt i exempelvis energilagringsapplikationer kopplade till förnybar energiproduktion. Litiumjonbatteriet står för en stor del av elbilens miljöpåverkan. Återbruk av elbilsbatterier i diverse applikationer kan därför göra att elbilens miljöpåverkan minskar då batteriets miljöpåverkan inte bara knyts till elbilen. Idag anses återvinning mer ekonomiskt lönsam och det finns fler aktörer och ekonomiska incitament för att stärka batteriåtervinning än för batteriåterbruk. / Sweden places a lot of focus on the transition to a sustainable and climate-neutral society, where decarbonisation and electrification of the transport sector are considered crucial to reducing emissions of GHG (greenhouse gas). Large-scale battery production in Sweden and in Europe brings new problems regarding waste management and the demand for raw materials used in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. Recycling and reuse of lithium-ion batteries could be an important part of the effort towards a circular battery production chain. However, there are difficulties in implementing these on a large-scale market when it comes to financial, environmental and technical points of view. The purpose of this report is to map the pros and cons of reusing lithium-ion batteries in contrast to recycling the lithium-ion batteries that have reached their EoL (End of Life) and to identify important actors for both methods. A literature study was made as well as an interview with the company Vattenfall. Through this, economical, technical and environmental aspects regarding recycling and reuse of lithium-ion batteries were identified.  The results of the report show that automated data analysis (smart algorithms that can independently sort different types of batteries) is required to make battery recycling and second-life batteries more efficient, safer and more economically viable. The reuse of lithium-ion batteries has the possibility of extending the battery's lifetime and the metal usage and thereby reducing the bottleneck problem regarding unsustainable metal extraction. Second-life applications of LIBs can be better than recycling from an environmental point of view in, for example, energy storage applications linked to an increase in renewable energy. Reusing electric car batteries in other applications can reduce the electric car's environmental impact from a life cycle perspective. Today, there are more financial incentives to strengthen battery recycling than battery reuse.

Sammanfattning på svenska: I nutiden, forskning och innovationer båda från akademi och industri försätter för att minska effekterna från klimatförändring. Ett av många viktiga område där utvecklingen fortsätter är litiumjonbatterier (LIB). På grund av den ökade energiförbrukningen i många områden (främst transporter) har ökat fossila bränsleförbrukningar och orsakat behovet av energi att lagras mer. Samhället kan inte bara fokusera på global miljövänlig batteriproduktion för att lösa detta problem. Samtidigt är det nödvändigt att koncentrera på hur man utvärderas begagnade batterierna som vi redan har. Återvinning av litiumjonbatterier har därför börjat få en ökad betydelse. Utmaningar för batteri återvinning är energi kravet för steg på processen och andra processer kan orsaka att skadliga ämnen släpps ut i naturen. Därför är det mycket viktigt att veta hur ett batteri påverkas av interna och externa förändringar från första till sista steget i återvinning och hur detta kommer att påverka de andra stegen. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på lösningsbaserade urladdningssteget i LIB-återvinning och syftar till att hitta den optimal temperatur genom att utforska möjliga förändringar som observerats på katodmaterialet. Inom ramen för projektet planerades temperaturoptimeringsstudien att göras genom att kombinera kemiska förändringar både inom och utanför batteriet i lösningsurladdningen. Detta är med en diskussion om särskilt fokus på att uppnå en hållbar återhämtning och kvaliteten på katodmaterialet. / In today's world, where global warming is felt in every sense, Research & Development (R&D) studies are continuing rapidly both in companies and in research networks to minimize its effects. One of the most important areas where developments continue is on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The increased energy consumption in many areas (mainly transportation), has increased fossil fuel consumption and caused the need for energy to be stored more. In this sense, focusing on only global-environmentally friendly battery production is insufficient to solve this problem. At the same time, it is necessary to concentrate on how to evaluate the used batteries that we already have. Therefore, lithium-ion battery recycling has begun to gain importance. Challenges for battery recycling are that some of the processes require energy inputs and others can generate harmful substances that require containment. Therefore, it is very important to know how a battery is affected by internal and external changes from the first to the last stage of recycling and how this will affect the other stages. This master thesis focuses on the solution discharge step in LIB recycling and aims to find the optimum temperature range for the discharge step of LIB recycling by exploration of the possible changes observed on the cathode material. In the scope of the project, the temperature optimization study was done by combining the chemical changes both inside and outside of the battery in the solution discharge. This is with a discussion of a particular focus on achieving a sustainable recovery and the quality of cathode material.

No description available.

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) brings forth the challenge of effectively managing the second-life and end-of-life cycles for lithium-ion batteries. Augmented Reality (AR) offers a promising solution to sustainably and efficiently dismantle these batteries. This thesis explores the development and evaluation of an AR mobile app specifically designed for guiding the dismantling process of a Volkswagen (VW) ID.4 lithium-ion EV battery. Subsequently, a detailed end-to-end development pipeline is presented, spanning from identifying the correct dismantling steps and building complete 3D reconstructions of the ID.4 battery using photogrammetry and CAD or 3D modelling, to creating an AR mobile application in Unity with the help of Vuforia allowing users to visualize the disassembly steps through an interactive guide. Tracking recognition testing results for each model indicates that simpler models exhibit a higher chance of producing false positives, while composite models have a greater minimum recognition distance compared to the faithfulto-real-life one-piece counterparts. User testing is conducted using a hybrid approach, combining a Figma prototype with video recordings to replicate the app’s behavior in a safe environment, without the physical presence of a high voltage battery. Results show positive user feedback, demonstrating the app’s usability and effectiveness in guiding the dismantling process. Furthermore, the thesis evaluates the app’s performance through the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Technology Acceptance Model. The obtained SUS score of 80 (Grade B - Good) indicates favorable usability, while the Technology Acceptance Model provides insights into potential users’ perceptions. / Den ökande användningen av elektriska fordon (EV) frambringar utmaningen att effektivt hantera andra livscykler och slutlivscykler för litiumjonbatterier. För att hållbart och effektivt demontera dessa batterier erbjuder Augmented Reality (AR) en lovande lösning. Denna uppsats utforskar utvecklingen och utvärderingen av en AR-mobilapplikation som specifikt är utformad för att guida demonteringsprocessen av ett Volkswagen (VW) ID.4 litiumjon EVbatteri. Därefter presenteras en detaljerad genomgående utvecklingsprocess, som sträcker sig från att identifiera korrekta demonteringssteg och skapa kompletta 3D-rekonstruktioner av ID.4-batteriet med hjälp av fotogrammetri och CAD eller 3D-modellering, till att skapa en AR-mobilapplikation i Unity med hjälp av Vuforia, som tillåter användare att visualisera demonteringsstegen genom en interaktiv guide. Resultaten bättre identifieringstester för varje modell indikerar att enklare modeller har större chans att producera falska positiva resultat, medan komplexa modeller har större minsta igenkänningsavstånd jämfört med helhetsmodeller som är trogna verkligheten. Användartester genomförs med hjälp av en hybridmetod som kombinerar en Figma-prototyp med videoinspelningar för att återskapa appens beteende i en säker miljö, utan att behöva ha ett högspänningsbatteri fysiskt närvarande. Resultaten visar positivt användarfeedback och bekräftar appens användarvänlighet och effektivitet vid guidning av demonteringsprocessen. Uppsatsen utvärderar också appens prestanda genom System Usability Scale (SUS) och Technology Acceptance Model. Den erhållna SUS-poängen på 80 (Betyg B - Bra) indikerar en god användbarhet, medan Technology Acceptance Model ger insikter om potentiella användares uppfattningar.