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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Avaliação de redes Bayesianas para imputação em variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas. / Evaluating Bayesian networks for imputation with qualitative and quantitative variables.

Ismenia Blavatsky de Magalhães 29 March 2007 (has links)
Redes Bayesianas são estruturas que combinam distribuições de probabilidade e grafos. Apesar das redes Bayesianas terem surgido na década de 80 e as primeiras tentativas em solucionar os problemas gerados a partir da não resposta datarem das décadas de 30 e 40, a utilização de estruturas deste tipo especificamente para imputação é bem recente: em 2002 em institutos oficiais de estatística e em 2003 no contexto de mineração de dados. O intuito deste trabalho é o de fornecer alguns resultados da aplicação de redes Bayesianas discretas e mistas para imputação. Para isso é proposto um algoritmo que combina o conhecimento de especialistas e dados experimentais observados de pesquisas anteriores ou parte dos dados coletados. Ao empregar as redes Bayesianas neste contexto, parte-se da hipótese de que uma vez preservadas as variáveis em sua relação original, o método de imputação será eficiente em manter propriedades desejáveis. Neste sentido, foram avaliados três tipos de consistências já existentes na literatura: a consistência da base de dados, a consistência lógica e a consistência estatística, e propôs-se a consistência estrutural, que se define como sendo a capacidade de a rede manter sua estrutura na classe de equivalência da rede original quando construída a partir dos dados após a imputação. É utilizada pela primeira vez uma rede Bayesiana mista para o tratamento da não resposta em variáveis quantitativas. Calcula-se uma medida de consistência estatística para redes mistas usando como recurso a imputação múltipla para a avaliação de parâmetros da rede e de modelos de regressão. Como aplicação foram conduzidos experimentos com base nos dados de domicílios e pessoas do Censo Demográfico 2000 do município de Natal e nos dados de um estudo sobre homicídios em Campinas. Dos resultados afirma-se que as redes Bayesianas para imputação em atributos discretos são promissoras, principalmente se o interesse estiver em manter a consistência estatística e o número de classes da variável for pequeno. Já para outras características, como o coeficiente de contingência entre as variáveis, são afetadas pelo método à medida que se aumenta o percentual de não resposta. Nos atributos contínuos, a mediana apresenta-se mais sensível ao método. / Bayesian networks are structures that combine probability distributions with graphs. Although Bayesian networks initially appeared in the 1980s and the first attempts to solve the problems generated from the non-response date back to the 1930s and 1940s, the use of structures of this kind specifically for imputation is rather recent: in 2002 by official statistical institutes, and in 2003 in the context of data mining. The purpose of this work is to present some results on the application of discrete and mixed Bayesian networks for imputation. For that purpose, we present an algorithm combining knowledge obtained from experts with experimental data derived from previous research or part of the collected data. To apply Bayesian networks in this context, it is assumed that once the variables are preserved in their original relation, the imputation method will be effective in maintaining desirable properties. Pursuant to this, three types of consistence which already exist in literature are evaluated: the database consistence, the logical consistence and the statistical consistence. In addition, the structural consistence is proposed, which can be defined as the ability of a network to maintain its structure in the equivalence class of the original network when built from the data after imputation. For the first time a mixed Bayesian network is used for the treatment of the non-response in quantitative variables. The statistical consistence for mixed networks is being developed by using, as a resource, the multiple imputation for evaluating network parameters and regression models. For the purpose of application, some experiences were conducted using simple networks based on data for dwellings and people from the 2000 Demographic Census in the City of Natal and on data from a study on homicides in the City of Campinas. It can be stated from the results that the Bayesian networks for imputation in discrete attributes seem to be promising, particularly if the interest is to maintain the statistical consistence and if the number of classes of the variable is small. Features such as the contingency tables coefficient among variables, on the other hand, are affected by this method as the percentage of non-response increases. The median is more sensitive to this method in continuous attributes.
72

Sistema evolutivo eficiente para aprendizagem estrutural de redes Bayesianas / Efficient evolutionary system for learning BN structures

Edwin Rafael Villanueva Talavera 21 September 2012 (has links)
Redes Bayesianas (RB) são ferramentas probabilísticas amplamente aceitas para modelar e fazer inferências em domínios sob incertezas. Uma das maiores dificuldades na construção de uma RB é determinar a sua estrutura de modelo, a qual representa a estrutura de interdependências entre as variáveis modeladas. A estimativa exata da estrutura de modelo a partir de dados observados é, de forma geral, impraticável já que o número de estruturas possíveis cresce de forma super-exponencial com o número de variáveis. Métodos eficientes de aprendizagem aproximada tornam-se, portanto, essenciais para a construção de RBs verossímeis. O presente trabalho apresenta o Sistema Evolutivo Eficiente para Aprendizagem Estrutural de RBs, ou abreviadamente, EES-BN. Duas etapas de aprendizagem compõem EES-BN. A primeira etapa é encarregada de reduzir o espaço de busca mediante a aprendizagem de uma superestrutura. Para tal fim foram desenvolvidos dois métodos efetivos: Opt01SS e OptHPC, ambos baseados em testes de independência. A segunda etapa de EES-BN é um esquema de busca evolutiva que aproxima a estrutura do modelo respeitando as restrições estruturais aprendidas na superestrutura. Três blocos principais integram esta etapa: recombinação, mutação e injeção de diversidade. Para recombinação foi desenvolvido um novo operador (MergePop) visando ganhar eficiência de busca, o qual melhora o operador Merge de Wong e Leung (2004). Os operadores nos blocos de mutação e injeção de diversidade foram também escolhidos procurando um adequado equilíbrio entre exploração e utilização de soluções. Todos os blocos de EES-BN foram estruturados para operar colaborativamente e de forma auto-ajustável. Em uma serie de avaliações experimentais em RBs conhecidas de variado tamanho foi encontrado que EES-BN consegue aprender estruturas de RBs significativamente mais próximas às estruturas verdadeiras do que vários outros métodos representativos estudados (dois evolutivos: CCGA e GAK2, e dois não evolutivos: GS e MMHC). EES-BN tem mostrado também tempos computacionais competitivos, melhorando marcadamente os tempos dos outros métodos evolutivos e superando também ao GS nas redes de grande porte. A efetividade de EES-BN foi também comprovada em dois problemas relevantes em Bioinformática: i) reconstrução da rede deinterações intergênicas a partir de dados de expressão gênica, e ii) modelagem do chamado desequilíbrio de ligação a partir de dados genotipados de marcadores genéticos de populações humanas. Em ambas as aplicações, EES-BN mostrou-se capaz de capturar relações interessantes de significância biológica estabelecida. / Bayesian networks (BN) are probabilistic tools widely accepted for modeling and reasoning in domains under uncertainty. One of the most difficult tasks in the construction of a BN is the determination of its model structure, which is the inter-dependence structure of the problem variables. The exact estimation of the model structure from observed data is generally infeasible, since the number of possible structures grows super-exponentially with the number of variables. Efficient approximate methods are therefore essential for the construction of credible BN. In this work we present the Efficient Evolutionary System for learning BN structures (EES-BN). This system is composed by two learning phases. The first phase is responsible for the reduction of the search space by estimating a superstructure. For this task were developed two methods (Opt01SS and OptHPC), both based in independence tests. The second phase of EES-BN is an evolutionary design for finding the optimal model structure using the superstructure as the search space. Three main blocks compose this phase: recombination, mutation and diversity injection. With the aim to gain search efficiency was developed a new recombination operator (MergePop), which improves the Merge operator of Wong e Leung (2004). The operators for mutation and recombination blocks were also selected aiming to have an appropriate balance between exploitation and exploration of the solutions. All blocks in EES-BN were structured to operate in a collaborative and self-regulated fashion. Through a series of experiments and comparisons on benchmark BNs of varied dimensionality was found that EES-BN is able to learn BN structures markedly closer to the gold standard networks than various other representative methods (two evolutionary: CCGA and GAK2, and two non-evolutionary methods: GS and MMHC). The computational times of EES-BN were also found competitive, improving notably the times of the evolutionary methods and also the GS in the larger networks. The effectiveness of EES-BN was also verified in two real problems in bioinformatics: i) the reconstruction of a gene regulatory network from gene-expression data, and ii) the modeling of the linkage disequilibrium structures from genetic marker genotyped data of human populations. In both applications EES-BN proved to be able to recover interesting relationships with proven biological meaning.
73

Redes Bayesianas aplicadas à análise do risco de crédito. / Bayesian networks applied to the anilysis of credit risk.

Cristiane Karcher 26 February 2009 (has links)
Modelos de Credit Scoring são utilizados para estimar a probabilidade de um cliente proponente ao crédito se tornar inadimplente, em determinado período, baseadas em suas informações pessoais e financeiras. Neste trabalho, a técnica proposta em Credit Scoring é Redes Bayesianas (RB) e seus resultados foram comparados aos da Regressão Logística. As RB avaliadas foram as Bayesian Network Classifiers, conhecidas como Classificadores Bayesianos, com seguintes tipos de estrutura: Naive Bayes, Tree Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) e General Bayesian Network (GBN). As estruturas das RB foram obtidas por Aprendizado de Estrutura a partir de uma base de dados real. Os desempenhos dos modelos foram avaliados e comparados através das taxas de acerto obtidas da Matriz de Confusão, da estatística Kolmogorov-Smirnov e coeficiente Gini. As amostras de desenvolvimento e de validação foram obtidas por Cross-Validation com 10 partições. A análise dos modelos ajustados mostrou que as RB e a Regressão Logística apresentaram desempenho similar, em relação a estatística Kolmogorov- Smirnov e ao coeficiente Gini. O Classificador TAN foi escolhido como o melhor modelo, pois apresentou o melhor desempenho nas previsões dos clientes maus pagadores e permitiu uma análise dos efeitos de interação entre variáveis. / Credit Scoring Models are used to estimate the insolvency probability of a customer, in a period, based on their personal and financial information. In this text, the proposed model for Credit Scoring is Bayesian Networks (BN) and its results were compared to Logistic Regression. The BN evaluated were the Bayesian Networks Classifiers, with structures of type: Naive Bayes, Tree Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) and General Bayesian Network (GBN). The RB structures were developed using a Structure Learning technique from a real database. The models performance were evaluated and compared through the hit rates observed in Confusion Matrix, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and Gini coefficient. The development and validation samples were obtained using a Cross-Validation criteria with 10-fold. The analysis showed that the fitted BN models have the same performance as the Logistic Regression Models, evaluating the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and Gini coefficient. The TAN Classifier was selected as the best BN model, because it performed better in prediction of bad customers and allowed an interaction effects analysis between variables.
74

Modelagem probabilística de aspectos afetivos do aluno em um jogo educacional colaborativo

Pontarolo, Edilson January 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta o processo de construção de um modelo de inferência de emoções que um aluno sente em relação a outros alunos durante interação síncrona em um contexto de jogo colaborativo de aprendizagem. A inferência de emoções está psicologicamente fundamentada na abordagem da avaliação cognitiva e foram investigadas relações entre objetivos e normas comportamentais do aluno e aspectos de sua personalidade. Especificamente, foram empregados o modelo OCC de emoções e o modelo Big-Five (Cinco Grandes Fatores) de traços de personalidade para a fundamentação teórica da modelagem. O modelo afetivo representa a vergonha e orgulho apresentados pelo aluno em resposta à avaliação cognitiva de suas próprias ações e a reprovação e admiração apresentadas pelo aluno em resposta a ações de seu parceiro de jogo, a partir da avaliação do comportamento observável dos parceiros representado por suas interações no jogo colaborativo, em relação a normas comportamentais do aluno. A fim de suportar a incerteza presente na informação afetiva e cognitiva do aluno, adotou-se uma representação deste conhecimento através de Rede Bayesiana. Um refinamento qualitativo parcial e a respectiva parametrização quantitativa do modelo probabilístico foram efetuados a partir da análise de uma base de casos obtida através da condução de experimentos. A fim de prover um ambiente experimental, foi concebido e prototipado um jogo colaborativo no qual dois indivíduos conjugam esforços a fim de resolver problemas lógicos comuns à dupla, através de ações coordenadas, negociação simples e comunicação estruturada, em competição com outras duplas. / This work presents the construction of a model to infer emotions a student feels towards other students during synchronous interaction in the context of a collaborative learning game. The emotions inference is psychologically based on cognitive appraisal theory. Some relations between students’ personality and their goals and behavioral standards were also investigated. This modeling was based on OCC emotion model and Big-Five personality model. The affective model represents the student’s proud and shame as an answer to the cognitive appraisal of her/his own attributed interactions, and the student’s admiration and reproach as an answer to the cognitive appraisal of her/his partner attributed interactions, both according to the student’s behavioral standards. Bayesian Network knowledge representation was employed to better stand for the uncertainty present in the student’s cognitive and affective information. Employing a data-driven procedure, the probabilistic model was partially refined in terms of qualitative relations and quantitative parameters. Experimental data were obtained by using a game prototype implemented in order to support a collaborative dynamics of coordinated action, simple negotiation and structured communication, through which students interacted in order to solve shared problems, during synchronous competition with other students.
75

Novel Bayesian networks for genomic prediction of developmental traits in biomass sorghum / Novas redes Bayesianas para predição genômica de caracteres de desenvolvimento em sorgo biomassa

Santos, Jhonathan Pedroso Rigal dos 02 August 2019 (has links)
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench spp.) is a bioenergy crop with several appealing biological features to be explored in plant breeding for increasing efficiency in bioenergy production. The possibility to connect the influence of quantitative trait loci over time and between traits highlight the Bayesian networks as a powerful probabilistic framework to design novel genomic prediction models. In this study, we phenotyped a diverse panel of 869 sorghum lines in four different environments (2 locations in 2 years) with biweekly measurements from 30 days after planting (DAP) to 120 DAP for plant height and dry biomass at the end of the season. Genotyping-by-sequencing was performed, resulting in the scoring of 100,435 biallelic SNP markers. We developed and evaluated several genomic pre- diction models: Bayesian Network (BN), Pleiotropic Bayesian Network (PBN), and Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). Assumptions for BN, PBN, and DBN were independence, dependence between traits, and dependence between time points, respectively. For benchmarking, we used multivariate GBLUP models that considered only time points for plant height (MTi- GBLUP), and both time points for plant height and dry biomass (MTr-GBLUP) modeling unstructured variance-covariance matrix for genetic effects and residuals. Coincidence indices (CI) were computed for understanding the success in selecting for dry biomass using plant height measurements, as well as a coincidence index based on lines (CIL) using the posterior draws from the Bayesian networks to understand genetic plasticity over time. In the 5-fold cross-validation scheme, prediction accuracies ranged from 0.48 (PBN) to 0.51 (MTr- GBLUP) for dry biomass and from 0.47 (DBN-DAP120) to 0.74 (MTi-GBLUP-DAP60) for plant height. The forward-chaining cross-validation showed a substantial increment in prediction accuracies when using the DBN model, with r = 0.6 (train on slice 30:45 to predict 120 DAP) to 0.94 (train on slice 30:90 to predict 105 DAP) compared to the BN and PBN, and similar to multivariate GBLUP models. Both the CI and CIL indices showed that the ranking of promising inbred lines changed minimally after 45 DAP for plant height. These results suggest that 45 DAP is an optimal developmental stage for imposing the two-level indirect selection framework, where indirect selection for plant height at the end of the season (first-level target trait) can be done based on its ranking with 45 DAP (secondary trait) as well as for dry biomass (second-level target trait). With the advance of robotic technologies for field-based phenotyping, the development of novel approaches such as the two-level indirect selection framework will be imperative to boost genetic gain per unit of time. / O sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench spp.) é uma cultura bioenergética com várias características atrativas para serem exploradas no melhoramento de plantas para aumentar a eficiência de produção de bioenergia. A possibilidade de conectar informações genômicas em caracteres quantitativos ao longo do tempo, e entre caracteres, destacam as Redes Bayesianas como uma ferramenta probabilística poderosa para delinear novos modelos de predição genômica. Neste estudo, um painel diverso de 869 linhagens de sorgo foi fenotipado em quatro ambientes diferentes (2 locais em 2 anos) com medidas a cada duas semanas de 30 a 120 dias após o plantio (DAP), para altura de plantas e biomassa seca no fim da safra. Um procedimento de Genotipagem por sequenciamento foi executado, resultando na chamada de 100.435 marcadores baseados em Polimorfismos de Nucleotídeos Únicos (SNPs) bialélicos. Neste estudo foram desenvolvidos e avaliados os modelos de predição genômica: Rede Bayesiana (BN), Rede Bayesiana Pleiotrópica (PBN), e Rede Bayesiana Dinâmica (DBN). Os pressupostos para BN, PBN, e DBN foram independência, dependência entre caracteres, e dependência entre pontos no tempo, respectivamente. Para fins comparativos, formulações de modelos multivariados GBLUP foram utilizados considerando dependência entre pontos de tempo para altura de plantas (MTi-GBLUP), e ambos os pontos de tempo para a altura de plantas e biomassa seca (MTr-GBLUP), modelando matriz de variância-covariância não estruturada para efeitos genéticos e residuais. Índices de coincidência (IC) foram calculados para entender o sucesso na seleção indireta de biomassa seca usando medidas de altura de plantas, bem como um índice de coincidência baseado em linhagens (CIL), usando as amostras das posteriores das redes Bayesianas para entender a plasticidade genética ao longo do tempo. No esquema de validação cruzada 5-fold, as acurácias das predições variaram de 0,48 (PBN) a 0,51 (MTr-GBLUP) para biomassa seca e de 0,47 (DBN-DAP120) a 0,74 (MTi-GBLUP-DAP60) para altura de plantas. A validação cruzada forward-chaining mostrou um incremento substancial nas acurácias das predições ao usar o modelo DBN, com r = 0,6 (treinando no intervalo 30:45 para prever 120 DAP) até 0,94 (treinando no intervalo 30:90 para prever 105 DAP) em comparação com o BN e PBN, e semelhante aos modelos multivariados GBLUP. Os índices CI e CIL mostraram que o ranking de linhagens promissoras mudou minimamente após 45 DAP para altura de plantas. Estes resultados sugerem que 45 DAP é um estágio de desenvolvimento ideal para impor a estrutura de seleção indireta em dois níveis, onde a seleção indireta para a altura da planta no final da estação (caractere alvo de primeiro nível) pode ser feita com base na sua classificação com 45 DAP (caractere secundário), bem como para a biomassa seca (caractere alvo de segundo nível). Com o avanço das tecnologias robóticas para a fenotipagem baseada em campo, o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens, como a estrutura de seleção indireta em dois níveis, serão imperativas para aumentar o ganho genético por unidade de tempo.
76

Sequential Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Design And Analysis Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks

Venkataramani, Praveen 29 October 2008 (has links)
The increasing need for low power and stunningly fast devices in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Very large Scale Integration (CMOS VLSI) circuits, directs the stream towards scaling of the same. However scaling at sub-micro level and nano level pose quantum mechanical effects and thereby limits further scaling of CMOS circuits. Researchers look into new aspects in nano regime that could effectively resolve this quandary. One such technology that looks promising at nano-level is the quantum dot cellular automata (QCA). The basic operation of QCA is based on transfer of charge rather than the electrons itself. The wave nature of these electrons and their uncertainty in device operation demands a probabilistic approach to study their operation. The data is assigned to a QCA cell by positioning two electrons into four quantum dots. However the site in which the electrons settles is uncertain and depends on various factors. In an ideal state, the electrons position themselves diagonal to each other, through columbic repulsion, to a low energy state. The quantum cell is said to be polarized to +1 or -1, based on the alignment of the electrons. In this thesis, we put forth a probabilistic model to design sequential QCA in Bayesian networks. The timing constraints inherent in sequential circuits due to the feedback path, makes it difficult to assign clock zones in a way that the outputs arrive at the same time instant. Hence designing circuits that have many sequential elements is time consuming. The model presented in this paper is fast and could be used to design sequential QCA circuits without the need to align the clock zones. One of the major advantages of our model lies in its ability to accurately capture the polarization of each cell of the sequential QCA circuits. We discuss the architecture of some of the basic sequential circuits such as J-K flip flop (FF), RAM memory cell and s27 benchmark circuit designed in QCADesigner. We analyze the circuits using a state-of-art Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN). To our knowledge this is the first time sequential circuits are analyzed using DBN. For the first time, Estimated Posterior Importance Sampling Algorithm (EPIS) is used to determine the probabilistic values, to study the effect due to variations in physical dimension and operating temperature on output polarization in QCA circuits.
77

Causal learning techniques using multi-omics data for carcass and meat quality traits in Nelore cattle /

Bresolin, Tiago. January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque / Resumo: Registros de características quantitativas e informações genotípicas cole- tadas para cada animal são utilizados para identificar regiões do genoma associadas à variação fenotípica. No entanto, essas investigações são, geralmente, realizadas com base em testes estatísticos de correlação ou associação, que não implicam em causalidade. A fim de explorar amplamente essas informações, métodos poderosos de inferência causal foram desenvolvidos para estimar os efeitos causais entre as variáveis estudadas. Apesar do progresso significativo neste campo, inferir os efeitos causais entre variáveis aleatórias contínuas ainda é um desafio e poucos estudos têm explorado as relações causais em genética quantitativa e no melhoramento animal. Neste contexto, dois estudos foram realizados com os seguintes objetivos: 1) Buscar as relações causais entre as características de carcaça e qualidade de carne usando um modelo de equação estrutural (MEE), sob modelo linear misto em bovinos da raça Nelore, e 2) Reconstruir redes de genes-fenótipos e realizar análise de rede causal por meio da integração de dados fenotípicos, genotípicos e transcriptômicos em bovinos da raça Nelore. Para o primeiro estudo, um total de 4.479 animais com informação fenotípica para o peso da carcaça quente (PCQ), área de olho lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), força de cisalhamento (FC) e marmoreio (MAR) foram usados. Os animais foram genotipados usando os painéis BovineHD Bead- Chip e GeneSeek Genomic Pro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Quantitative traits and genotypes information have been collected for each animal and used to identify genome regions related to phenotypes variation. However, these investigations are, usually, performed based on correlation or association statistical tests, which do not imply in causation. In order to fully explore these information, powerful causal inference methods have been developed to estimate causal effects among the variables under study. Despite significant progress in this field infer causal effect among random variables remains a challenge and some few studies have explored causal relationships in quantitative genetics and animal breeding. In this context, two studies were performed with the following objectives: 1) Search for the causal relationship among carcass yield and meat quality traits using a structural equation model (SEM), under linear mixed model context in Nelore cattle, and 2) Reconstruct gene-phenotype networks and perform causal network analysis through the integrating of phenotypic, genotypic, and transcriptomic data in Nelore cattle. For the first study, a total of 4,479 animals with phenotypic information for hot carcass weight (HCW), longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BF), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and marbling score (MB) traits were used. Animals were genotyped using BovineHD BeadChip and GeneSeek Genomic Profiler Indicus HD - GGP75Ki. For causal inference using SEM a multistep procedure methodology was used as follow:... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
78

Assessing the use of voting methods to improve Bayesian network structure learning

Abu-Hakmeh, Khaldoon Emad 27 August 2012 (has links)
Structure inference in learning Bayesian networks remains an active interest in machine learning due to the breadth of its applications across numerous disciplines. As newer algorithms emerge to better handle the task of inferring network structures from observational data, network and experiment sizes heavily impact the performance of these algorithms. Specifically difficult is the task of accurately learning networks of large size under a limited number of observations, as often encountered in biological experiments. This study evaluates the performance of several leading structure learning algorithms on large networks. The selected algorithms then serve as a committee, which then votes on the final network structure. The result is a more selective final network, containing few false positives, with compromised ability to detect all network features.
79

Situation Assessment in a Stochastic Environment using Bayesian Networks / Situationsuppfattning med Bayesianska nätverk i en stokastisk omgivning.

Ivansson, Johan January 2002 (has links)
The mental workload for fighter pilots in modern air combat is extremely high. The pilot has to make fast dynamic decisions under high uncertainty and high time pressure. This is hard to perform in close encounters, but gets even harder when operating beyond visual range when the sensors of an aircraft become the pilot's eyes and ears. Although sensors provide good estimates for position and speed of an opponent, there is a big loss in the assessment of a situation. Important tactical events or situations can occur without the pilot noticing, which can change the outcome of a mission completely. This makes the development of an automated situation assessment system very important for future fighter aircraft. This Master Thesis investigates the possibilities to design and implement an automated situation assessment system in a fighter aircraft. A Fuzzy-Bayesian hybrid technique is used in order to cope with the stochastic environment and making the development of the tactical situations library as clear and simple as possible.
80

A Bayesian Framework for Software Regression Testing

Mir arabbaygi, Siavash January 2008 (has links)
Software maintenance reportedly accounts for much of the total cost associated with developing software. These costs occur because modifying software is a highly error-prone task. Changing software to correct faults or add new functionality can cause existing functionality to regress, introducing new faults. To avoid such defects, one can re-test software after modifications, a task commonly known as regression testing. Regression testing typically involves the re-execution of test cases developed for previous versions. Re-running all existing test cases, however, is often costly and sometimes even infeasible due to time and resource constraints. Re-running test cases that do not exercise changed or change-impacted parts of the program carries extra cost and gives no benefit. The research community has thus sought ways to optimize regression testing by lowering the cost of test re-execution while preserving its effectiveness. To this end, researchers have proposed selecting a subset of test cases according to a variety of criteria (test case selection) and reordering test cases for execution to maximize a score function (test case prioritization). This dissertation presents a novel framework for optimizing regression testing activities, based on a probabilistic view of regression testing. The proposed framework is built around predicting the probability that each test case finds faults in the regression testing phase, and optimizing the test suites accordingly. To predict such probabilities, we model regression testing using a Bayesian Network (BN), a powerful probabilistic tool for modeling uncertainty in systems. We build this model using information measured directly from the software system. Our proposed framework builds upon the existing research in this area in many ways. First, our framework incorporates different information extracted from software into one model, which helps reduce uncertainty by using more of the available information, and enables better modeling of the system. Moreover, our framework provides flexibility by enabling a choice of which sources of information to use. Research in software measurement has proven that dealing with different systems requires different techniques and hence requires such flexibility. Using the proposed framework, engineers can customize their regression testing techniques to fit the characteristics of their systems using measurements most appropriate to their environment. We evaluate the performance of our proposed BN-based framework empirically. Although the framework can help both test case selection and prioritization, we propose using it primarily as a prioritization technique. We therefore compare our technique against other prioritization techniques from the literature. Our empirical evaluation examines a variety of objects and fault types. The results show that the proposed framework can outperform other techniques on some cases and performs comparably on the others. In sum, this thesis introduces a novel Bayesian framework for optimizing regression testing and shows that the proposed framework can help testers improve the cost effectiveness of their regression testing tasks.

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