Orientador: João Antonio da Costa Andrade / Co-orientador: Neli Cristina Belmiro dos Santos / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Gustavo Pavan Mateus / Banca: Lilian Christian Domingues de Souza / Resumo: O uso do consórcio entre milho e feijão "de inverno" é uma excelente alternativa para a agricultura familiar sustentável em longo prazo, visando diversificação de cultivos e maximização do uso do solo, gerando mais retorno econômico e maior oferta de alimentos. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho agronômico de feijão e milho (para grãos e milho verde) em cultivo solteiro e consorciado, em função da população de plantas de feijão. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante os anos de 2010 e 2011, em área experimental do Pólo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Extremo Oeste (APTA), sediado no município de Andradina-SP. Foram utilizadas as cultivares de feijão IPR Colibri em 2010 e IPR Juriti em 2011, nas populações de 150.000, 175.000, 200.000 e 250.000 plantas ha-1. Em ambos os anos foram utilizadas as cultivares de milho Sol da Manhã e Dentado, com população de 40.000 plantas ha-1. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Tanto em sistema solteiro como no sistema consorciado com as cultivares de milho Sol da Manhã ou Dentado, as variações na população de plantas de feijão das cultivares IPR Colibri e IPR Juriti influenciam alguns componentes da produtividade do feijão, do milho verde e do milho para grãos, mas não influenciam a produtividade final de ambas as culturas. Portanto, sob este ponto de vista, independentemente do sistema de cultivo e das cultivares de feijão e milho utilizadas neste estudo, a melhor população de feijão a ser utilizada é de 150.000 plantas ha-1, visando economia no custo das sementes de feijão. No entanto, levando em conta o Índice de Equivalência de Área, a combinação da variedade de milho Dentado com população de 175.000 plantas ha-1 foi a melhor. A cultivar de feijão IPR Colibri é mais adequada para consórcio com milho para colheita de ... / Abstract: Intercropping corn and winter common beans is an excellent alternative for the sustainable farming family in long term mainly because they can have diversity of the cultivations and maximization of the soil providing more economical return and a larger food supply. The study aimed to verify performance of common bean and corn in monocropping and intercropping as a function of population of common bean. The experiment was developed in 2010 and 2011 in the experimental area of the Regional center for Technological Development of Agribusiness of west Extreme (APTA) in Andradina-SP. IPR Colibri common bean cultivar were used in 2010, and IPR Juriti in 2011, in the population of 150,000, 175,000, 200,000 and 250,000 plants ha-1. In both years the maize cultivars Sol da Manhã and Dentado were used with population of 40.000 plants ha-1. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Both in monocrop system as in consortium with the corn cultivars Sol da Manha and Dentado, the variation in the population of the common bean plants IPR Colibri and IPR Juriti influences some traits yield components of common bean, nature grain corn and corn for grain, but do not influences the final yield of both crops. Therefore, under this item of view, regardless of cropping system and corn and common bean cultivars used in this study, the best population of common bean to be used is 150,000 plants ha-1, seeking cost savings the common bean seeds. However, taking into account the Index Equivalence of Area, the combination of Dentado corn with 175,000 plants ha-1 of common bean was the best. The bean cultivar IPR Colibri is best suited for consortium with maize for nature grain corn production because it is harvested before this / Doutor

No presente trabalho realizou-se o levantamento da entomofauna e fungos associados a grãos de P. vulgares e V. unguiculata comercializados na cidade de São Paulo, avaliou-se a presença de fungos no corpo dos artrópodes identificados nas amostras de P. vulgares L. e V. unguiculata L., avaliou-se a atividade de água das amostras e estudou-se os efeitos do processo de irradiação na desinfestação de artrópodes e na redução da carga fúngica em grãos de P. vulgares e V. unguiculata. As amostras foram coletadas no comércio varejista em diferentes regiões da cidade São Paulo/SP. Foi adquirido 1 kg de 11 diferentes variedades entre P. vulgares (Branco, Bolinha, Carioca, Jalo, Preto, Rajado, Rosinha, Roxo e Vermelho) e V. unguiculata (Fradinho, Corda). As amostras foram desinfetadas em hipoclorito de sódio (0,5 %), enxaguadas em água destilada e distribuídos 10 grãos por placa de Petri em duplicata, contendo agar Batata Dextrose. As placas foram incubadas por 5 dias na temperatura de 25 ± 1°C, em incubadora (B.O.D.). O mesmo procedimento de plaqueamento foi realizado para os insetos isolados das amostras. No irradiador multipropósito 60Co IPEN/CNEN/SP as amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 5 e 10 kGy e os insetos foram submetidos a doses crescentes de 0 a 3,4 kGy. Diversos gêneros fúngicos foram isolados independentemente da variedade analisada. Foi constatada presença de fungos associados a insetos em todas as amostras analisadas. A dose recomendada para letalidade imediata e simultânea nas espécies Callosobruchus maculatus, Acanthoscelides obtectus e Zabrotes subfasciatus foi de 3,0 kGy. As doses de 5 e 10 kGy são capazes de reduzir, porém não eliminam a carga fúngica dos feijões analisados. Os valores obtidos na análise de atividade de água (Aa) situaram-se abaixo do limite ideal para crescimento fúngico diretamente nos grãos. / In this study we evaluated the entomofauna and fungi associated with Phaseolus vulgares L. and Vigna unguiculata L. found in the market in São Paulo city, measured the presence of fungi in arthropod bodies from samples of P. vulgares L. and V. unguiculata L., examined water activity from the samples and studied the effects of irradiation for arthropod deinfestation and fungal load reduction in P. vulgares L. and V. unguiculata L. grains. The samples were collected in different retailers within São Paulo city. One kilogram of 11 several varieties of beans were purchased. Sodium hypochlorite (0,5 %) were used for sample disinfection, washed in distilled water and distributed 10 beans per Petri dish in Potato Dextose Agar medium. Dishes were incubated at 25 ± 1°C for 5 days. The same procedure was adopted for the insects found in the samples. Samples were irradiated at 5.0 kGy and 10,0 kGy and the insects in dose range from 0 to 3,4 kGy, in the multipurpose gamma-irradiator 60Co IPEN/CNEN/SP. Several fungal genera were isolated independently of bean type. It was verified the presence of fungi related to insects in all samples. The recommended dose for immediate and simultaneous lethality was 3,0 kGy in C. maculatus, A. obtectus e Z. subfasciatus species. The 5,0 kGy and 10,0 kGy doses can reduce but cannot eliminate the fungal load at all. The values obtained in the water activity (Aw) analysis were below the ideal condition for fungal growth on grain.

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Salatier Buzetti / Banca: Neli Cristina Belmiro dos Santos / Resumo: O cultivo intercalar de adubos verdes na cultura do milho pode produzir maior quantidade de matéria seca de plantas do que em culturas solteiras, que juntamente com os restos culturais das plantas de milho poderão beneficiar o seu desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura em sucessão. Dependendo do tipo de palhada existente na área, onde é implantada a cultura do feijão em plantio direto poderá haver economia de fertilizantes nitrogenados, principalmente no caso da presença também de leguminosas. Assim, o experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o consórcio entre a cultura do milho e leguminosas no sistema plantio direto para a produção de palhada para a cultura sucessora, avaliar o seu efeito na cultura do feijão com aplicação de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura e avaliar os custos e índices de lucratividade do sistema. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria (MS) nos anos agrícolas de 2011/12 e 2012/13. O delineamento experimental para o milho foi blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e 10 tratamentos assim constituídos: Milho, Guandu (Cajanus cajan), Crotalaria spectabilis e Estilosantes (Stylosanthes capitata) em cultura exclusiva; consorcio de milho + guandu, milho + crotalaria spectabilis, milho + estilosantes semeados simultaneamente com o milho; consorcio de milho + guandu, milho + crotalaria spectabilis, milho + estilosantes semeados quando as plantas de milho estavam com 5 folhas desdobradas. O delineamento experimental para o feijão foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 10x4 com os tratamentos constituídos pelas coberturas vegetais e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1), com 4 repetições. Concluiu-se que o consórcio com os adubos verdes não interferiu na produtividade do milho e há incremento da matéria seca total após a colheita do milho; não ocorreu ... / Abstract: The intercropping of green manures in maize can produce more dry matter of plants than in the single crop, which linked to the cultural remains of corn plants may benefit from the development and crop productivity in succession. Depending on the existing hind of trash in the area where is located the common beans crop in no tillage, nitrogen fertilizer there may be economy, especially in the case of the presence also of vegetables. Thus, the experiment was to evaluate the intercropping between maize and legumes in no tillage to produce mulch for the succeeding crop, evaluate its effect in common beans with application of rates of nitrogen and assess costs and profit from the system. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP, located in Selvíria (MS) in the agricultural years 2011/12 and 2012 /13. The experimental design for maize was with randomized blocks with 4 replications and 10 treatments: maize, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), Crotalaria spectabilis and estilosantes (Stylosanthes capitata) in an exclusive crop; intercroping of maize + pigeonpea, maize + Crotalaria spectabilis, corn + estilosantes simultaneously seeded with corn, corn intercroping + pigeonpea, Crotalaria spectabilis + corn, corn + seeded estilosantes when maize plants were 5 leaves unfolded. The experimental design for the common beans was the randomized block in a factorial arrangement with 10x4 treatments consisted of cover crops and doses of nitrogen ( 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 ) with 4 replications . It was concluded that the consortium with green manures had no effect on grain yield, and no increase in total dry matter after the corn harvest; was no influence of the corn crop residues and green manure on yield components and yield of common bean. The application rates of nitrogen positively influenced the dry matter of plants and common bean yield up to 90 kg ha-1. The greates ... / Mestre

Segregation patterns of several pod shapes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Tendercrop, were studied. The causes of build-up of off-type pods in a seed stock were examined as were possible means of reversing the buildup. Natural selection factors such as germination, vigor, earliness , and ease of threshing, favored the off-types. Careful, selective milling was found to be an aid to roguing in keeping stock seed as free as possible of the off-type pods.

Lima bean.is one of the important vegetable crops in most of the countries where it is grown, including the United States of America. This crop is harvested for its green beans, which can also be processed, or allowed to mature as "dry beans." The practice of growing lima beans !or processing has indicated that quality and yield are influenced by many factors, among which the stage of maturity at time of harvest is possibly the most important. Lima beans continue to increase in size until fully matured, but most processors agree th.at the green beans attain maximum quality prior to that stage, after which the yield increases while the quality decreases. In actual practice, harvesting should occur at the time the greatest yield of acceptable quality could be obtained. Maturity is thus an extremely important factor to processors interested in satisfying the consumer's demand !or high quality. The canning trade (16) still has no further measurements !or grading the quality of raw lima beans than the visual test, which depends upon the flavor, texture, and freedom from defects. It would seem, therefore, th.at more exact information is needed on the relationship of maturity to edible quality in lima beans. In studies with other vegetables it has been shown that certain chemical and physiological changes are involved as the crop matures. Pollard, Wilcox, and Peterson (5) found with peas that the starch content increased as the peas advanced in maturity, while ascorbic acid content decreased with maturity. Henry, Wilcox, Pollard, and Lindquist (15) found that in sweet corn the total and reducing sugars decreased as sweet corn advanced in maturity while the total solids and alcohol insoluble solids increased. These changes often influence quality adversely. To determine more fully the factors affecting the relationship of stage of maturity and quality in lima beans, this experiment was conducted in 1953 at the Farmington Field Station of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

Morphological and anatomical effects of pyrazon, 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone, on Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were studied after treatment of seeds or seedlings at various pyrazon concentration, exposure times and environmental regimes. Beans treated with pyrazon developed various chlorotic and necrotic symptoms on the unifoliate leaves. Chlorosis and necrosis were observed first on the leaf margins. Beans treated with pyrazon under a complete dark regime developed symptoms much later than those under an alternating light and dark regime. Pyrazon treated pigweed displayed symptoms similar to those on beans. Pyrazon induced abnormal chloroplasts and graded cellular collapse in the unifoliate leaves of beans and cotyledons of pigweed. The severity and/or extent to which morphological and anatomical symptoms developed were dependent upon herbicide concentration, exposure and treatment regime.

Bibliography: leaves 81-100. Entry of inoculum into a crop and disease development in the crop cannot be prevented because spores are airborne and there is a lack of highly resistant varieties. This makes complete control of chocolate spot unlikely. It should however, be possible to improve current levels of disease control through the integration of the factors identified in the study.

Thesis (M. S.)--Pennsylvania State University, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)(Microbiology)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Since ancient times, coffee has been a savory drink for most of the world's population. It is the second most widely distributed commodity after crude oil in the world. Hence, there has always been a pressure on the coffee industry to produce more volume of good quality coffee. The coffee industry has not been able to meet this increasing coffee demand due to various reasons, such as low crop yield, high coffee rejection rate etc. Historically, the coffee production industry has had high rejection rates due to inadequate knowledge about the defects that plague coffee and the lack of research to detect and eliminate the defective coffee beans. In this thesis, an attempt has been made to minimize the rejection rate of coffee beans due to a specific defect called "Potato Defect". Potato defect is very prominent in East African countries for reasons not yet known. It is caused by an increase in the concentration of 2-isopropyl -3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), present in parts per billion concentration in coffee beans. In this thesis, various techniques have been evaluated to detect the increased concentration of IPMP, and then eliminate the 'potato defect' infected coffee beans. As these proposed techniques need to be implemented on an industrial scale, special care has been taken to keep the inspection time of coffee beans as low as possible to minimize its negative impact on the overall coffee production rate. Considering both sensitivity and time, non destructive methods such as ion mobility spectrometry, cavity ring down spectrometry and electronic nose were assessed for their suitability to identify low concentrations of IPMP in the complex matrix of coffee volatiles. Experiments were also conducted by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME), followed by multidimensional gas chromatography with simultaneous olfactory and mass spectrometric detection (GC- MS-O) technology to validate information related to the 'potato defect'. GC-MS-O could detect IPMP present in whole green coffee beans while other researchers only detected IPMP in ground coffee. The findings of this thesis opens the doors for the coffee industry to establish non destructive, sensitive methodology to analyze further coffee aroma.