Baigiamajame darbe tiriama bebrų įtaka VĮ Vilniaus miškų urėdijos medynams. Darbo objektas – Vilniaus miškų urėdijos girininkijų miškuose esanti bebrų populiacija ir jų įtaka aplinkai. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir įvertinti bebrų įtaką medynams VĮ Vilniaus miškų urėdijos miškuose. Tikslui įgyvendinti buvo iškelti tokie uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti bebrų gausą ir tankį Vilniaus urėdijos miškuose. 2. Nustatyti bebraviečių pasiskirstymą urėdijos girininkijų miškuose. 3. Įvertinti bebrų poveikį medynams. Darbo metodai – literatūros analizė, bebraviečių įvertinimas, bebrų veiklos žymių analizė – fotofiksacija. Naudojama kartografinė medžiaga, miškotvarkos duomenys, atliekama bebrų apskaita, vertinamas poveikis medynams. Išsamesni bebrų populiacijos būklės ir veiklos tyrimai atlikti VĮ Vilniaus miškų urėdijos dvylikos girininkijų teritorijose 2012 – 2014 metų rudenį, žiemą ir pavasarį. Pirminiai duomenys apie bebraviečių išsidėstymą, klasifikaciją, įtaką aplinkai buvo renkami iš miškininkų bei miškotvarkos pateiktos informacijos. Tai buvo tikslinama natūroje, ieškomos naujos bebravietės. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad Vilniaus urėdijos miškuose yra 67 bebravietės. Apie du trečdalius bebrų šeimų įkuria naikintinas bebravietes melioracijos kanaluose, pelkėse – ketvirtadalis toleruotinų bebraviečių, o likusios – upelių ir upės šlaituose. Dėl bebrų veiklos urėdijos urėdijos miškuose medienos nuostoliai per penkerius metus sudarė 121,1 tūkst. litų. Vienos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the research the influence of beaver activity on forest stands in Vilnius State Forest Enterprise is analyzed. The subjekt of research – beaver population living in the forests of Vilnius State Forest Enterprise and its influence on the environment. The aim of the research – to analyze and evaluate the influence of beaver activity on forest stands in the forests of Vilnius State Forest Enterprise. The achieve the aim, the following tasks were raised: 1. To determine the abundance and density of beaver population in the forests of Vilnius State Forest Enterprise. 2. To ascertain the distribution of beaver lodges in the forests og the enterprise. 3. To assess the influence of beaver activity on forest stands. Methodology – analyzis of literature, assessment of beaver lodges, analysis of beaver activity signs, photofixation. Cartographic material is used along with forest inventory data, account of beaver population is conducted and its influence on the environment is evaluated. A more dateiled research of beaver population and its activity on the territory of twelve forest districts in Vilnius State Forest Enterprise were carried out in autumn, winter and spring of the years 2012 – 2014. Primary data on the location of beaver lodges, classification, influence on the environment were collected based on information provided by foresters and forest inventory. It was specified in nature, looking also for new lodges. Results. The research has shown that in the Vilnius State... [to full text]

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1993. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-108). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Le calcul d'écoulements dans les générateurs de vapeur des réacteurs à eau pressurisée est un problème complexe, faisant intervenir différents régimes d'écoulement et plusieurs échelles de temps et d'espace. Un scénario accidentel peut être caractérisé par des variations très rapides pour un nombre de Mach de l'ordre de l'unité. A l'inverse en régime nominal l'écoulement peut être stationnaire, à bas nombre de Mach. De plus quelque soit le régime considéré, la complexité de la géométrie d'un générateur de vapeur conduit à modéliser le faisceau de tubes par un milieu poreux, d'où le problème de couplage à l'interface avec le milieu fluide.Un schéma de correction de pression tout-Mach en volumes finis colocalisés a été introduit pour les équations d'Euler et de Navier-Stokes. L'existence d'une solution discrète, la consistance du schéma au sens de Lax et la positivité de l'énergie interne ont été démontrées. Le schéma a été ensuite étendu aux modèles diphasiques homogènes du code GENEPI développé au CEA. Enfin un algorithme Multigrille-AMR a été adaptée pour permettre de mettre en oeuvre notre schéma sur des maillages adaptatifs.Concernant la seconde problématique, une extension de la loi de Beavers-Joseph a été proposée pour le régime convectif. En introduisant un saut d'énergie cinétique à l'interface, on retrouve une loi de type Beavers-Joseph mais avec un coefficient de glissement non-linéaire, qui dépend de la vitesse fluide à l'interface et de la vitesse Darcy. La validité de cette nouvelle condition d'interface a été évaluée en réalisant des calculs de simulation numérique directe à différents nombres de Reynolds. / The numerical simulation of steam generators of pressurized water reactors is a complex problem, involving different flow regimes and a wide range of length and time scales. An accidental scenario may be associated with very fast variations of the flow with an important Mach number. In contrast in the nominal regime the flow may be stationary, at low Mach number. Moreover whatever the regime under consideration, the array of U-tubes is modelled by a porous medium in order to avoid taking into account the complex geometry of the steam generator, which entails the issue of the coupling conditions at the interface with the free-fluid.We propose a new pressure-correction scheme for cell-centered finite volumes for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes and Euler equations at all Mach number. The existence of a discrete solution, the consistency of the scheme in the Lax sense and the positivity of the internal energy were proved. Then the scheme was extended to the homogeneous two-phase flow models of the GENEPI code developed at CEA. Lastly a multigrid-AMR algorithm was adapted for using our pressure-correction scheme on adaptive grids.Regarding the second issue addressed in this work, an extension to the Beavers-Joseph law was proposed for the convective regime. By introducing a jump in the kinetic energy at the interface, we recover an interface condition close to the Beavers-Joseph law but with a non-linear slip coefficient, which depends on the free-fluid velocity at the interface and on the Darcy velocity. The validity of this new transmission condition was assessed with direct numerical simulations at different Reynolds numbers.

The extent and quality of freshwater systems is declining globally. Combined with past drainage, straightening and flow regulation, current systems are often functional but not pristine. Conservation, creation and restoration of freshwater systems is common but requires significant planning, resources and active monitoring and may only be a short-term solution to the long-term problem of destruction and loss of riparian zones. Beavers (Castor spp.) have the ability to create physical and biological habitat heterogeneity through the construction of woody debris dams, thereby restoring lost natural discontinuities in freshwater systems. Beavers may thus offer a natural, more passive solution to the need for wetland restoration or creation and the problem of homogenisation of watercourses. As such, numerous beaver reintroductions and introductions have been undertaken based in part on restoring this lost natural heritage. However, it is crucial to be able to predict the potential effects on existing biota of physical modifications by beavers to ecosystems, especially in the light of further population expansion, whilst also disentangling these effects from other influences, namely herbivory. The impact of beavers on aquatic systems was studied using a combination of field-based surveys and experiments, using aquatic plants and macro-invertebrates as indicators of hydromorphological changes and to quantify the effects of direct foraging. The research presented in this thesis demonstrates beaver adaptive foraging behaviours between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, whilst feeding highly selectively, optimally and opportunistically, using the white water lily (Nymphaea alba) as a model species. The effects of beaver foraging on the aquatic plant resource and diversity was low over short time spans (e.g. 1 year), but when selective foraging was assessed over greater time scales (e.g. 10 years) the effects of foraging were distinct. Significant changes in aquatic plant height, biomass, richness, diversity and composition were observed over this time period due to selective grazing on large rhizomatous species (e.g. Menyanthes trifoliata). These direct effects occurred even though changes in water levels, which are commonly believed to be the main driver of beaver influence on aquatic vegetation, were negligible. In a separate study in Sweden where beavers commonly constructed dams, with ponds then forming upstream, the aquatic plant and coleoptera species richness and composition differed in comparison to adjacent non-beaver created wetlands. Therefore, having a range of wetland types in the environment increases physical and biological heterogeneity creating unique niches that are exploited by disparate taxa. The construction of a series of dams within a single reach of stream flowing through a Scottish agricultural landscape also increased physical habitat diversity. Distinctive macroinvertebrate assemblages and modified functional diversity were associated with each dominant habitat type in the stream, resulting in increased landscape scale richness. The findings of this thesis confirm that beaver engineering and foraging has the potential to create unique and highly heterogeneous wetland and stream habitats within landscapes that enhances richness and diversity for multiple species groups. This thesis also supports part of the rationale for the trial reintroduction of beaver to Scotland that beavers can restore degraded habitats.

Most global and regional "greenhouse gas" budgets have neglected beaver ponds, but they have been found to be relatively high emitters of methane (CH$ sb4$) (Roulet et. al., 1992). Static chambers, bubble traps, benthic chambers. piezometers, and water column and sediment profiles were used to determine the dynamics of CH$ sb4$ production, oxidation, storage, and emissions from a northern boreal beaver pond, as part of the Boreal Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) from May 1 to September 15, 1994. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography, and isotopic analyses were performed by mass spectrometry. / The mean flux of CH$ sb4$ from the beaver pond (155 and 320 mg CH$ sb4$ m$ sp{-2}$ d$ sp{-1}$ for vegetated and open water sites, respectively) was greater than the flux from most other northern boreal wetlands (Bubier et. al., 1995). CH$ sb4$ availability was primarily controlled by sediment temperature, and CH$ sb4$ transport was controlled by windspeed (diffusion) and atmospheric pressure (bubbles). Bubbles comprised 20 to 52% of the net annual flux comprising the remainder. A large difference in bubble flux was observed between open water (15.7 g CH$ sb4$ m$ sp{-2}$ yr$ sp{-1}$) and vegetated sites (2.9 g CH$ sb4$ m$ sp{-2}$ yr$ sp{-1}$), and isotopic analyses indicate that this difference is due, in part, to a difference in CH$ sb4$ production pathways between sites. Greater oxidation also reduced the CH$ sb4$ flux from shallow, vegetated sites. / A preliminary CH$ sb4$ budget for the BOREAS northern study area indicates that beaver ponds contribute significantly (6% to 30%) to the regional CH$ sb4$ flux. The areal extent of beaver ponds needs to be determined for inclusion in regional and global CH$ sb4$ budgets.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

No description available.