Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät I--Berlin--Humbolt-Universität, 1995. Titre de soutenance : Georg von Below : politische Geschichtswissenschaft in einer Zeit des Umbruchs. / Bibliogr. p. 316-363. Index.

This thesys focuses on the communication of the Oskar company, Oskar-Vodafone and later Vodafone. In the first part is the description of the below the line part of commercial communications. In the second part the main focus is on the blow the line communication and its changes of the Oskar company to Vodafone. The focus is on the building up process of the brand and company identity. The last part is the summary of the customer experience with theese companies and reasons for the changes and behavior in that relationship.

No description available.

El objeto de la tesis es analizar y sistematizar un fenómeno de comunicación empresarial que en el caso de España, y más concretamente Catalunya, adquiere unas características especiales en cuanto a profusión, liberalidad y originalidad: las promociones en la prensa. Se ha dividido en tres grandes bloques: el marco teórico de la Promoción de Ventas (evolución histórica del término, delimitación del concepto, principales características definitorias y el establecimiento de una clasificación de las técnicas básicas). Seguidamente se ha procedido a contextualizar la prensa con relación a la época desde inicios de los 80 a finales de los 90. Por último, se ha procedido a desarrollar el tema central de la investigación, la evolución y análisis de las promociones en el sector de la prensa. Para ello se han auditado las actas de la Oficina de Justificación de la Difusión (OJD) entre los años 1990-1998 y entrevistado en profundidad a los responsables de los diarios seleccionados (Avui, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya, El País y el Mundo), entendiendo como tales a Directores Generales, Directores de Marketing o de Comunicación.La hipótesis de la investigación defiende la rentabilidad de las promociones a pesar que los costes que supone realizarlas (producción, distribución y comunicación mediante campaña publicitaria) no son superados, por norma, por los ingresos (aumento de ejemplares vendidos e inversión de los patrocinadores) Aunque no se ha entrado en el detalle del balance de gastos e ingresos debido a la confidencialidad de los mismos, los datos generales y unánimes aportados por los entrevistados así lo corroboran. Sin embargo, tras contabilizar las promociones desarrolladas durante nueve años por las cinco cabeceras seleccionadas en el estudio comprobamos que las promociones no han dejado de crecer en número y ni en días del año. Es decir cada vez hay más promociones y durante más tiempo. Por todo ello, se ha defendido la hipótesis de la rentabilidad de la inversión en promociones por parte de los diarios si bien, no en relación costes / ingresos (ya que como se ha dicho los primeros superan a los segundos) sino en términos de garantizar la audiencia, y por tanto la inversión publicitaria, a través de una rentabilidad indirecta. Como se verá, las promociones en la prensa cumplen la función de mantener una difusión promedio a lo largo del año que permita al diario garantizar un número determinado de lectores suficiente como para que a los anunciantes les interese comprar espacio publicitario. / The objective of this thesis is to analyse and systematize a business communication phenomenon which in Spain's case and more precisely in Catalonia, acquires several special characteristics, concerning profusion, liberality and originality: the Press sales promotion's .It has been divided into three sections. Firstly the sales promotion's theoretical context, (the historic evolution of the term, delimitation of the concept, main definition characteristics and the establishment of the classification's basic techniques). Secondly the press has been contextualised in relation to the beginning of the 80's until the late 1990's. Finally the main issue of our investigation, the evolution and analysis of the sales promotion in the Press sector, has been developed in detail. For this reason the certificates from the oficina de la justificación de la difusión (Justification broadcasting office), have been audited between 1990 and 1998. We have also interviewed in ernest those reponsable for the selected Newspapers (Avui, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya, EL País y el mundo). Understood as CEO's, Marketing Directors and Communications directors. We defended the sales promotions rentability, in spite of the costs (production, distribution and communication) are not overcomed normally, by the revenue (journals saled and sponsor income) . Though we haven't entered into detail with regards to the spending and the income balance due to it's confidentiality, the general data unanimously supplied by those who were interviewed, support this fact. Nevertheless after auditing the promotion development during nine years by the chosen five. We prove that the promotions have not decreased in number, nor in global daily production figures. That is to say, each time there are more sales promotion and for longer periods of time.Therefore the rentability hypothesis of the investment in promotions has been defended by the daily Newspapers, no with regards to cost-income (as mentioned above) but rather in terms of guaranteeing the audience and therefore the publications investment, through indirect rentability. As we will see, the press sales promotions fulfil the function of maintaining an average broadcasting during the year, that allows the newspapers to guarantee a determined number of readers. Sufficient so as to keep the sales promotions interested in buying their publicity spaces.

A comparison of above ground forest metrics with below ground soil CO₂ respiration was carried out in an attempt to reveal if any correlations exist. Above ground measurements of 2720 clonally propagated trees were taken assessing the silvicultural treatments of stocking, herbicide and fertiliser. These were compared to 480 below ground soil CO₂ respiration measurements. Using measurements of mean height, mean dbh and basal area the data was analysed and returned significant results for mean dbh and the interactions of herbicide and clones, and stocking and herbicide. Mean height returned a significant result for the interaction of stocking and herbicide. Below ground measurements showed an interaction between ripping and stocking; however these results were not ratified by the above ground results. Overall the results were encouraging and should aid in future experiments that seek to understand what effect above ground treatments have on below ground CO₂ activity.

Rural-urban differentials in fertility behaviour are neither new nor surprising, but a difference of over four children per woman as observed between rural Ethiopia and the country's national capital, Addis Ababa, in 1990 is rare, possibly unique. Reported fertility in Addis Ababa in 1990 was about 2.6 children per woman. By the mid-1990s, it declined further to 1.8 children per woman. This study investigates the dimensions, components and causes of this remarkable reproductive change. ¶ The study specifically asks and seeks to answer the following questions. Is the decline real, or is it merely an illusion created by faulty reporting? If it is real, how has it come about? Did it result from a change in the onset of reproduction or a decline in the proportion of women reaching high parities or both? And in what context has such a fundamental, even revolutionary, change taken place in a country and a continent that are mostly yet to join the global transition to a small family-size norm. ¶ Data for the study were drawn from two national population censuses, undertaken in 1984 and 1994, two fertility surveys, conducted in 1990 and 1995, and a number of supplementary sources, including a qualitative study conducted by the investigator. Results from the study confirm that the trend of declining fertility and the recent fall to below-replacement-level are indeed real. As the analysis shows the decline was largely driven by changes in the marriage pattern, and supplemented by the increased propensity of fertility control observed across all birth orders and age groups. All socio-economic groups in the city have had a decline in cohort fertility and this was brought about both by shifts in population composition (a composition effect) and increased intensity of fertility control within each group (a rate effect). The institutional and cultural factors that are believed to have prompted these changes are discussed in the thesis in some detail.

How fast and how far China’s fertility declined in the 1990s has long been a matter of considerable debate, despite very low fertility consistently being reported in a number of statistical investigations over time. Most demographers interpreted this as a result of serious underreporting of births in population statistics, due to the family planning program, especially the program strengthening after 1991. Consequently, they suggested that fertility fell only moderately below-replacement level, around 1.8 children per woman from the early 1990s. But some demographers argued that surveys and census may have reflected a real decline of fertility even allowing for some underreporting of births, given the consistency between data sources and over time. They believed that fertility declined substantially in the 1990s, very likely in the range between 1.5 and 1.6 by the year 2000.¶ The controversy over fertility is primarily related to the problem of underreporting of births, in particular the different estimations of the extent of underreporting. However, a correct interpretation of fertility data goes far beyond the pure numbers, which calls for a thorough understanding of different data sources, the programmatic and societal changes that occurred in the 1990s, and their effects on both fertility changes and data collection efforts. This thesis aims to address the question whether the reported far-below-replacement level fertility was a reality of substantial fertility decline or just an illusion arising from underreporting of births. Given the nature of the controversy, it devotes most efforts in assessing data quality, through examining the patterns, causes and extent of underreporting of births in each data source; reconstructing the decline of fertility in the 1990s; and searching corroborating evidence for the decline.¶ After reviewing programmatic changes in the 1990s, this thesis suggests that the program efforts were greatly strengthened, which would help to bring fertility down, but the birth control policy and program target were not tightened as generally believed. The program does affect individual reporting of births, but the completeness of births in each data source is greatly dependent on who collects fertility data and how the data are collected. The thesis then carefully examines the data collection operations and underreporting of births in five sets of fertility data: the hukou statistics, the family planning statistics, population census, annual survey and retrospective survey. The analysis does not find convincing evidence that fertility data deteriorated more seriously in the 1990s than the preceding decade. Rather, it finds that surveys and censuses have a far more complete reporting of births than the registration-based statistics, because they directly obtain information from respondents, largely avoiding intermediate interference from local program workers. In addition, the detailed examination suggests that less than 10 percent births may have been unreported in surveys and censuses. The annual surveys, which included many higher-order our-of-plan births being misreported as first-order births, have more complete reporting of births than censuses, which were affected by the increasing population mobility and field enumeration difficulties, and retrospective surveys, which suffered from underreporting of higher-order births.¶ Using the unadjusted data of annual surveys from 1991 to 1999, 1995 sample census and 2000 census, this research shows that fertility first dropped from 2.3 to 1.7 in the first half of the 1990s, and further declined to a lower level around 1.5-1.6 in the second half of the decade. The comparison with other independent sources corroborates the reliability of this estimation. Putting China’s fertility decline in international perspective, comparison with the experiences of Thailand and Korea also supports such a rapid decline. Subsequently, the thesis reveals an increasingly narrow gap between state demands and popular fertility preferences, and great contributions from delayed marriage and nearly universal contraception. It is concluded that the fertility declined substantially over the course of the 1990s and dropped to a very low level by the end of last century. It is very likely that the combination of a government-enforced birth control program and rapid societal changes quickly moved China into the group of very low-fertility countries earlier than that might have been anticipated, as almost all the others are developed countries.

<p>This study aims to research how small companies that operate on the Swedish home electronic-market utilize marketing communications to communicate their message. The focus of this study has been to research these companies use of below-the-line activities in their marketing communications. Interviews have been conducted with representatives from each of the three companies Neonode, Jens of Sweden and Tonium, that compose the selection from the population in this study. The use of below-the-line activities in small companies is mainly motivated by lower cost, which suit small company budgets. Below-the-line activities are also used for branding and the creation of credibility among the consumers when the target audience does not yet know the brand. On the other hand, above-the-line activities are used when you wish to remind the consumers of a certain product or brand once the brand already exists. The result that this study has generated is supported by previous studies that claim that companies first build their brand by the use below-the-line activities, and subsequently communicate the brand by using above-the-line activities within their marketing communications.</p> / <p>Denna studie syftar till att ta reda på hur små företag på den svenska hemelektronikmarknaden tillämpar marknadskommunikation för att nå ut med sitt budskap. Framförallt har fokus legat på tillämpningen av below-the-line metoder hos dessa företag. Tre intervjuer har därmed genomförts med representanter för företagen Neonode, Jens of Sweden och Tonium vilka utgör urvalet för populationen. Tillämpningen av below-the-line metoder inom marknadskommunikation motiveras till stor del av en lägre kostnad vilket passar små företags budget. Below-the-line tillämpas även vid varumärkesbyggande och skapandet av trovärdighet bland konsumenterna då man ännu inte har någon varumärkeskännedom bland målgruppen. Above-the-line metoder lämpar sig å andra sidan bäst då man vill påminna konsumenterna om en produkt eller ett varumärke då man redan har ett varumärke att kommunicera. Resultatet som denna uppsats genererat stöds av tidigare studier som menat att företag först bygger upp ett varumärke genom att tillämpa below-the-line, för att senare kommunicera varumärket genom above-the-line metoder.</p>

This study aims to research how small companies that operate on the Swedish home electronic-market utilize marketing communications to communicate their message. The focus of this study has been to research these companies use of below-the-line activities in their marketing communications. Interviews have been conducted with representatives from each of the three companies Neonode, Jens of Sweden and Tonium, that compose the selection from the population in this study. The use of below-the-line activities in small companies is mainly motivated by lower cost, which suit small company budgets. Below-the-line activities are also used for branding and the creation of credibility among the consumers when the target audience does not yet know the brand. On the other hand, above-the-line activities are used when you wish to remind the consumers of a certain product or brand once the brand already exists. The result that this study has generated is supported by previous studies that claim that companies first build their brand by the use below-the-line activities, and subsequently communicate the brand by using above-the-line activities within their marketing communications. / Denna studie syftar till att ta reda på hur små företag på den svenska hemelektronikmarknaden tillämpar marknadskommunikation för att nå ut med sitt budskap. Framförallt har fokus legat på tillämpningen av below-the-line metoder hos dessa företag. Tre intervjuer har därmed genomförts med representanter för företagen Neonode, Jens of Sweden och Tonium vilka utgör urvalet för populationen. Tillämpningen av below-the-line metoder inom marknadskommunikation motiveras till stor del av en lägre kostnad vilket passar små företags budget. Below-the-line tillämpas även vid varumärkesbyggande och skapandet av trovärdighet bland konsumenterna då man ännu inte har någon varumärkeskännedom bland målgruppen. Above-the-line metoder lämpar sig å andra sidan bäst då man vill påminna konsumenterna om en produkt eller ett varumärke då man redan har ett varumärke att kommunicera. Resultatet som denna uppsats genererat stöds av tidigare studier som menat att företag först bygger upp ett varumärke genom att tillämpa below-the-line, för att senare kommunicera varumärket genom above-the-line metoder.

Pulse crops have been long associated with biological dinitrogen fixation and therefore improve the sustainability of cropping systems when included in rotation. However, studies indicate there may be additional benefits of including pulse crops in rotation. To quantify these potential benefits, soil processes and properties related to nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycling were examined in five crop rotations with and without field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) in Scott, Saskatchewan. Gross mineralization and nitrification rates were determined using the 15N isotope dilution technique in intact soil cores. To estimate the proportion of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions derived from nitrification related processes rather than denitrification processes tracer techniques using 15N were used. Field incubations were performed in 2008 at seeding (May 13), anthesis (July 8) and just after harvest (October 8). Mean mineralization and nitrification rates were not significantly different among rotations on any date and there was no significant difference in mean N2O emissions among rotations. From labeled 15NO3- cores, it was determined that nitrification-related processes were the major contributors to N2O emissions. There was no difference among the rotations in microbial biomass carbon (MB-C) or microbial biomass N (MB-N) with the exception of MB-C in the continuous field pea (FP) and the canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.)-wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)-field pea (CNL-W-FP) rotation at anthesis. There was no effect of rotation on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and only seasonal differences were observed with DOC levels being lower before seeding than at anthesis and post-harvest. Based on the results obtained from a single growing season, our results show that N benefits of including field pea in rotation, beyond dinitrigen fixation, were not detectable and that the immediate N benefit of including field pea in rotation may be due simply to the direct effects of biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation. However, there have been reports of pulse crop benefits to succeeding crops in rotation. As a result, we investigated both the quantity and quality of crop residues, which can have an impact on soil properties and processes. Plants enriched with isotopic tracers can be used to trace crop residue decomposition to various C pools but only if the tracer is homogeneously distributed throughout the plant. In order to determine if repeat-pulse labeling could be used to trace crop residue decomposition, this method was followed using 13CO2 to enrich plant material of field pea and canola plants in a controlled environment. The distribution of 13C throughout the plant parts (roots, stem, leaves, and pod) and biochemical fractions [acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL)] were determined. It was found that 13C was not homogeneously distributed throughout the plant parts or biochemical fractions. The pod fraction in particular was much less enriched in comparison to the other fractions. The ADL fraction was less enriched than the ADF fraction. Because of the heterogeneity of the label throughout the plant, modifications of the method are needed and 13C distribution through out the plant needs to be assessed before the repeat-pulse method can be used to trace C residue through various C pools. Nevertheless, root contributions to below-ground C were successfully determined from the enriched root material and the resulting enriched soil. It was found that canola contributed more above- and below-ground residues than field pea, however canola was also higher in ADF and ADL fractions indicating a more recalcitrant residue. Research should continue to better define the impact of pulse crop residues on C and N cycling and subsequent crops in rotation.