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Reliable temperature time series are necessary to quantify how our world is changing. Unfortunately many non-climatic artefacts, known as inhomogeneities, affect these time series. When looking at real world data it is often not possible to distinguish between these non-climatic artefacts and true climatic variations that are naturally found in our world. Therefore, trying to remove the non-climatic artefacts with complete confidence is problematic, but leaving them in could lead to misinterpretation of climate variations. In creating realistic, homogeneous, synthetic, daily temperature series the truth can be known about the data completely. Known, created inhomogeneity structures can be added to these series, allowing the distinguishing between true and artificial artefacts. The application of homogenisation algorithms to these created inhomogeneous data allows the assessment of algorithm performance, as their returned contributions are being compared to a known standard or benchmark, the clean data. In this work a Generalised Additive Model (GAM) was used to create synthetic, clean, daily temperature series. Daily data pose new challenges compared to monthly or annual data owing to their increased variability and quantity. This is the first intercomparison study to assess homogenisation algorithm performance on temperature data at the daily level. The inhomogeneity structures added to the clean data were created by perturbing the inputs to the GAM, which created seasonally varying inhomogeneities, and by adding constant offsets, which created constant inhomogeneities. Four different regions in the United States were modelled, these four regions are climatically diverse which allowed for the exploration of the impact of this on homogenisation algorithm performance. Four different data scenarios, incorporating three different inhomogeneity structures, were added and evaluations also investigated how these impacted algorithm performance. Eight homogenisation algorithms were contributed to this study and their performance was assessed according to both their ability to detect change points and their ability to return series that were closer to the clean data than they were on release. These evaluations sought to aid the improvement of these algorithms and enable a quantification of the uncertainty remaining in daily temperature data even after homogenisation has taken place. Evaluations were also made of the benchmarks as it was important that benchmark weaknesses were taken into account. It was found that more climatologically diverse regions were harder to model and less climatologically diverse regions were easier to homogenise. Station density in a network and the presence of artificial trend inhomogeneities did not impact algorithm performance as much as changes in autocorrelations did, and the latter area was an area that most algorithms could improve on. This work feeds into the larger project of the International Surface Temperature Initiative which is working on a wider scale and with monthly instead of daily data.

This thesis deals with the reform theory of public administration called New Public Management, which is based on tools used in the private sector. The theoretical part provides a critical view of rational bureaucracy and seeks to highlight the benefits of using modern methods of management in the public sector. The practical part, mainly focused on the implementation of the New Public Management tools in the practice of public administration in the Czech Republic, is based on the results of empirical research.The survey results indicate use of particular methods of measuring the quality of public administration in the Czech Republic.

Já há inúmeros métodos de estimação da distribuição do consumo alimentar usual. De uma forma geral, eles são de difícil entendimento e implementados em softwares pagos. Em vista disso, este trabalho propõe um novo método de estimação da distribuição do consumo alimentar usual que foi intitulado como MEID (Method for Estimate Intake Distribution). Neste trabalho esse método foi comparado com os métodos SPADE (Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure), NCI (National Cancer Institute) e MSM (Multiple Source Method), por meio de um estudo de simulação. Para cada método foram estimados a média e os percentis da distribuição do consumo usual e foram utilizadas como medidas de acurácia o vício e o vício relativo, já para medir a precisão foi utilizado o Erro Quadrático Médio (EQM). Salienta-se que o método proposto neste trabalho utilizou o software livre R em todo seu escopo. Os resultados mostraram que os métodos NCI, SPADE e MSM realizaram estimações parecidas e obtiveram EQM e vícios superiores ao MEID, principalmente quando se tratava do percentil 95. Em suma, verificou-se que o estimador MEID foi mais acurado e preciso na estimação da distribuição do consumo alimentar usual quando comparado aos demais, como também se mostrou mais simples e de interface implementável em qualquer software com linguagem similar ao do software R. / There are already numerous methods for estimating the distribution of usual dietary intake. In general, they are difficult to understand and implemented in paid software. In this light, this paper proposes a new method for estimating the distribution of usual dietary intake: MEID (Method for Intake Distribution Estimate). In this work this method was compared with the SPADE (Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure), NCI (National Cancer Institute) and MSM (Multiple Source Method) methods, by means of a simulation study. For each method, the mean and the percentiles of usual intake were estimated, and for accuracy measurements, the bias and relative bias were used. The precision was measured using the Mean Squared Error (MSE). The proposed method in this paper uses the free software R. The results have shown that the NCI, MSM and SPADE methods performed similar estimations, and obtained MSE and bias higher than MEID, especially in the 95th percentile. In short, it was found that the MEID estimator was more accurate and precise in estimating the distribution of usual dietary intake, when compared to other estimators, while also being simpler than those. It was also shown that it’s implementable in any language similar to the R software.

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / No cabe duda de la relevancia histórica que la minería ha tenido para Chile y el Perú, cómo este rubro ha influido en los ejes de desarrollo para ambos países. Siendo competidores principales en el mercado latinoamericano y mundial de metales. Entonces, el presente Estudio de Caso se planteó contar con un insumo que facilitara un diagnóstico paralelo e integrado de estas dos economías en vías de desarrollo. Para lo anterior, se abordó el objetivo general de contrastar los aportes de la minería para Chile y Perú por medio de un Benchmarking de tipo Competitivo, abordando su contribución a la nación y a sus sociedades desde un enfoque multidimensional. Es así que para ambos países se 1) describen las exportaciones e ingresos por venta de minerales y, en particular de Cobre para el caso chileno; 2) se describen los aportes en impuestos o carga tributaria desde la minería; 3) se describe la contribución de la minería al empleo; y 4) se describen las inversiones actuales y proyectadas en minería para los próximos años. Concluyendo que Chile en cada dimensión evidencia una ventaja relativa con Perú, a pesar que las cifras demuestran que por su potencial geológico se pronostica un gran crecimiento de la producción minera y de cobre en este último país, coincidente con el número de proyectos futuros y la inversión contemplada. No obstante a esto, es necesario señalar que por los altos niveles de eficiencia de las producciones de mineral en Chile y Perú en comparación al resto del mundo, se les debe asignan un bajo nivel de competencia entre sí, siendo mucho más relevante los aspectos que potencian el desarrollo mutuo. Debido a que ambos países cuentan con condiciones naturales, económicas para aprovechar su potencial y que este se siga traduciendo en beneficios y desarrollo para sus sociedades y ciudadanos. Enfrentando los mismos desafíos, como, por ejemplo, las exigencias normativas y certificaciones de su fuerza laboral, la necesidad de mayor investigación y desarrollo en minería, la incorporación de la mujer y los crecientes conflictos sociales en torno a los proyectos mineros.

Tato prce popisuje nvrh a tvorbu testovac­ho prosted­ pro mÄen­ vkonnosti DNS server nad transportn­mi protokoly TCP a UDP. Obsahuje vsledky vkonnostn­ho mÄen­ t­ rznch implementac­ autoritativn­ch DNS server nad s­ovm provozem sloenm z rznch typ DNS dotaz zaslanch pomoc­ rznch s­ovch a transportn­ch protokol. Je provedeno srovnn­ vkonnosti tÄchto implementac­.

This paper deals with ways and means of testing SIP or IAX2 based equipment and protocols itselfs. I analyse terminology and methodology for benchmarking of proxy and registrar servers as it was described in documents RFC 7501 and RFC 7502 from organization IETF. In the practical part is described the tester realization programmed in PHP programming language witch will use described methodology. Aplication is available in web based interface.

Tato práce je zaměřena na oblast lidských zdrojů, konkrétně na optimalizaci a zefektivnění interních personálních procesů ve společnosti IT/Telco, a to pomocí souboru ukazatelů Human Resource Scorecard. Teoretická část definuje termíny, jakými jsou například balanced scorecard, human resource scorecard a benchmarking. Dále popisuje jednotlivé ukazatele a jejich vzorce. Praktická část uvádí výpočty ukazatelů za čtvrtletí let 2008 a 2009, jejich zhodnocení, vývoj a interní benchmarking a navrhuje řešení na zlepšení procesů v dané oblasti.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Gestión y Dirección de Empresas / 12/07/2023

The effectiveness of the PEG ratio as a valuation tool has been a topical debate between market commentators ever since being popularised by Lynch (1989). This study examines the appropriateness of the fair value criteria of 1.0 (PEGL) in comparison with a time-series based share specific benchmarking model (PEGT). Furthermore, influencing factors of analyst forecasting accuracy, namely: the number of analyst contributions, forecast dispersion and forecast horizon, were tested and compared using sub-set portfolios for each category with the objective of identifying a possible optimal PEG trading rule strategy. The outcome showed a consistent outperformance of PEGT portfolios compared to PEGL portfolios and the market benchmark. Unexpected results were obtained for the impact of analyst forecasts on the performance of the PEG ratio with additional literature review providing possible reasons that analyst optimism may have a more influencing impact on the PEG ratio than forecasting accuracy. Finally, an optimised PEG trading rule strategy delivered annual abnormal returns of 5.4% (CAGR: 19.7%) for a PEGL portfolio, versus that of 13.7% (CAGR: 28.5%) for a PEGT portfolio. The ensuing methodology appeared to single out small cap firms with above market growth prospects. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted