The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which visual-motor maturity influenced the emergence of diagnostic emotional signs on the Bender Gestalt Test. The Bender Gestalt Test was administered to 400 first and second grade students from lower middle class homes in Wisconsin. The subjects were in regular education classes and were, therefore, not identified as having learning or emotional problems. Each subject was given a Bender Gestalt Test, which was subsequently scored for developmental errors and emotional indicators according to the Koppitz system. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were computed for all emotional indicators and all developmental errors. This was referred to as the omnibus correlation coefficient. Correlations were also computed for all developmental errors and each emotional indicator. A coefficient of determination was computed for all developmental errors and all emotional indicators. Finally, the frequency of each emotional indicator was plotted at each developmental age. The omnibus correlation and the following emotional indicators attained statistical significance confused order, wavy line, increased size, and small size. All of the correlations indicated little if any relationship exists between emotional indicators and developmental errors. In addition, little if any variance is shared by the two above named entities. While the appearance of confused order and increasing size can be attributed to developmental factors, the emergence of small size cannot. Several emotional indicators appear almost unrelated to visual-motor development, specifically dashes for circles, large size, and expansion. When these emotional indicators appear in the protocols of young children further investigation regarding emotional functioning seems warranted. Wavy line and confused order do appear frequently. This suggests that it is not unusual for children to render these emotional indicators. / Department of Educational Psychology

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T19:09:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000400813-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 428165 bytes, checksum: de34520d013f8ec709eddc391e17e57b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This doctorate thesis remarks the quality of psychological instruments highlighting the Bender Visualmotor Gestalt Test. It’s composed by three studies. Among them the first one is a specific historical evaluation of the instrument since its construction, including the Lauretta Bender's initial studies (1938), until the consolidation of several correction systems. It's made a bibliographic survey in the databases PsychInfo, Bireme, BVS (Virtual Library of Health) and CAPES, in which the search was conducted looking for national and international information to identify the characteristics of the assessments made with the test in the past twenty years. It was identified high correction systems' diversity since the Bender's construction and that the Bender Visualmotor Gestalt Test by Koppitz Method is the most used by Brazilians psychologists. The other sections are empirical studies in order to demonstrate validity evidences to the Koppitz Method. Accordingly, the second study develops an exploratory, retrospective and quantitative documental research of association between the measures of evaluation, which are Bender, WISC-III, diagnostic hypothesis and anamnesis' indicators identified in psychological evaluations. The procedure was an analysis of protocols selected by convenience based on file of psychological evaluations given by a psychologist specialist in this area. The sample included 1111 protocols, comprising boys and girls in the age group between five and twelve years. The association between the informations pointed to a significant correlation between Bender and the results of Total IQ (x2=62,913; P=0,000). The same significant correlation occurred between Bender and diagnostic hypothesis (x2=10,663; P=0,034) and Bender with the anamnesis' indicators (P=0,000).Finally, a third study evaluated the most common errors committed by children during the Bender's figures copies whose belong to these 1111 psychological protocols. These errors were associated with the age and sex besides to verify the difference between results obtained by each age stage. For this, the statistical procedure used to analyze the most committed errors was the descriptive statistics of frequency. In sequence the qui-square by the Pearson's Linear Correlation Method it's used to analyze the association between the errors, age and sex. Besides the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the difference between the mean scores in each age stage. By associating the performance in each figure of Bender with the factor age, it was found high significance because the value of P=0,000, excepting the item rotation in Figure 3 (x2=7,655; P=0,366) and the item distortion of the form in Figure 5 (x2=22,469; P=0,097). The Bender in factor sex didn't returned significant association, excepting the item rotation in Figure 4 (x2=10,944, P=0,004) and in Figure 7 (x2=14,397, P=0,001). The difference between mean scores in Bender related with each age stage was significant due to P<0,001. According this study it's evident that Bender is a maturational evaluation instrument because there's relationship with the child's age stage. In this clinic sample, it's also clear that Bender is more able to capture visualmotor maturation difficulties in children with higher age. / Esta tese trata da qualidade de instrumentos psicológicos, dando destaque ao Teste Gestáltico Visomotor de Bender. O trabalho está constituído por três estudos, dentre os quais um em específico se propõe a resgatar a história do instrumento, desde sua construção, com os estudos iniciais de Lauretta Bender (1938), até a consolidação de diversos sistemas de correção. Para este propósito foi feito levantamento bibliográfico em bancos de dados PsychInfo, Bireme, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) e CAPES, nos quais foi realizada pesquisa em nível nacional e internacional, no sentido de identificar as características dos estudos feitos com o teste nos últimos vinte anos. Concluiu-se este estudo acerca da diversidade de sistemas existentes na correção do instrumento desde sua construção, sendo que se identificou que a Escala de Maturação do Bender pelo método Koppitz é o mais utilizado pelos psicólogos brasileiros. Em função disto, as demais seções consistem em estudos empíricos desenvolvidos com o Bender, tendo como objetivo demonstrar evidências de validade para o método Koppitz. O segundo estudo consiste em pesquisa documental, de caráter exploratório, retrospectivo e quantitativo de associação entre medidas de avaliação, quais sejam o Bender, o WISC-III, as hipóteses diagnósticas e os dados de anamnese verificados em avaliações psicológicas. Foram analisados, por conveniência, 1111 protocolos de avaliação, compreendendo meninos e meninas na faixa etária entre cinco e doze anos, oriundos de arquivo de avaliações psicológicas cedido por uma psicóloga especialista na área. As associações significativas encontradas foram entre Bender e QI total (x2=62,913; P=0,000), Bender com hipóteses diagnósticas (x2=10,663; P=0,034) e Bender com dados de anamnese (P=0,000).Finalmente, um terceiro estudo abarcou os erros mais comuns cometidos pelas crianças avaliadas no momento da cópia das figuras do Bender. Esses erros foram associados com as variáveis idade e sexo, além de verificar a diferença entre as médias dos resultados produzidos em cada faixa etária. Para tanto, o procedimento estatístico utilizado frente aos erros mais cometidos consistiu na estatística descritiva de freqüência. Para analisar a associação entre os erros, a idade e o sexo foi utilizado o qui-quadrado pela Correlação Linear de Pearson e para verificar a diferença entre as médias dos resultados produzidos em cada faixa etária foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA). Ao associar o desempenho da criança frente a cada figura do Bender com a variável idade foi possível evidenciar resultados significativos (P=0,000), com exceção da Figura 3, item rotação, cuja associação não foi evidenciada (x2=7,655; P=0,366). Da mesma forma, a Figura 5, item distorção da forma não obteve associação com a variável idade (x2=22,469; P=0,097). O Bender não apresentou associação significativa com o sexo da criança, exceto na Figura 4, no item rotação (x2=10,944; P=0,004) e na Figura 7, item rotação (x2=14,397; P=0,001). Em relação à diferença entre as médias de pontuações do Bender e faixas etárias, evidenciou-se significância devido ao P<0,001. Conclui-se a respeito da evidência de que o Bender apresenta relação com a faixa etária da criança, sendo instrumento de avaliação maturacional. Nesta amostra clínica, também fica evidente o fato de quanto maior a idade da criança, maior a capacidade de o Bender captar dificuldades em sua maturação visomotora.

It is a frequent occurrence in accident cases involving alleged brain injury and attendant damage suits, for the defendant's attorney to charge the plaintiff in the case with malingering. At some time in the court proceedings it i.s also common that the plaintiff's psychologist will testify to the court that his client's brain damage is genuine, not feigned. but heretofore, clinicians have been able to speak to the court only from their own background of clinical experience, and clinicians have been known to disagree. They have not been able to refer to a body of research that has addressed itself to the question, Can Ss simulate brain damage on the Bender-Gestalt Test? This issue is particularly significant since many clinicians use the Bender to assess cases in which brain damage is suspected. Since the thrust of this study was exploratory, the answer to this experimental question is not totally conclusive. However, it was determined that college Ss of at least normal intelligence who did not present evidence of brain damage on an initial Bender screening could not simulate traumatic brain damage. Although there is little reason to believe that non-organic Ss from other kinds of educational backgrounds (excluding, possibly, Ss who are extremely knowledgeable about the Bender), ages and levels of intelligence could simulate traumatic brain damage successfully, this possibility exists and should be researched. The project consisted of a pilot study and a main study. In the pilot study 18 volunteers from an upper division psychology class were tested with a Bender in a group situation under standard instructions. Four weeks later they were . asked to simulate brain damage on the Bender. The test records of 18 organic Ss were used to form a criterion group. An ABPP certified clinical psychologist then attempted to sort the malingerers from the organics (Sort 1) and the normals from the organics (Sort 2). On the first sort, 2 of the 18 Ss in each group were missorted. On the second sort, 1 organic and 2 normals were missorted. The resulting Phi coefficients were .78 and .83, respectively. Since existing quantitative sorting methods (Le., the Pascal-Suttell system and the Canter system) were not able to validly differentiate malingerers from organics, it became necessary to spell out the implicit criteria which the clinician used as he performed his sorts. An analysis of the criteria then revealed that all of the missorts, except 1 organic S, involved confusions of "normal" Ss who were either borderline organics or mildly organic with organic S5 who were mildly organic. The main study was necessary to replicate the findings obtained from the pilot study since the criteria devised therefrom were formulated 'ex post facto.' The results obtained were generally comparable to those from the pilot study. In the main study, a second clinician independently sorted the groups in order to provide a reliability check on the sorting procedure. An analysis of the sorting decisions resulting from the criteria-based sorting procedure indicated that the sorting decisions of the 2 clinicians concurred on 84% of the protocols in the malingerer-organic sort and on 94% of the records in the normal-organic sort. A sort-resort operation by the first clinician on the malingerer-organic sort with one day intervening resulted in 100% agreement between his judgments.

This study attempted to define creativity in terms of objective, visible products of behavior. An existing psychological instrument, the Bender-Gestalt Test (BGT) was modified in presentation and scoring methods into a test of creative production. This test was chosen because of its similarity to some existing tests of creative production and its theoretical relationship to the associative model of creative production. It was combined with the Making Objects Test (MO) and the Remote Associations Test (RAT) into a three test battery and administered to 90 college students. The three tests were scored and the results correlated with each other to determine the degree of relationship.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the differences in performance of a sample of children with organically based test behavior and learning disabilities and those children whose disorders are functional in origin. It is the purpose of this paper to determine if there exists a particular profile on the Bender Gestalt and the WISC that would help to differentiate these two diagnostic categories which at some levels of behavior are quite similar. The present study is an attempt to compare the WISC and the BGT of emotionally disturbed children with the WISC and the BGT of those children who have been diagnosed as neurologically impaired. It is more important today than ever before to ascertain a correct estimate of ability, the reasons for difficulties in learning and behavioral problems of young school age children, while at the same time taking into consideration the global intelligence and potentials of the individual. This eminates from the growing interest in, and work with, the different diagnostic categories of children by clinics and schools. This increased interest is evident in the larger number of diagnostic personnel associated with the school systems and more individualized types of instruction for the child with unusual difficulties or abilities.

Dentre outras questões em saúde pública, o tabagismo e a depressão se constituem em situações que ocupam os profissionais de saúde que buscam elaborar medidas preventivas auxiliares no tratamento destas. O tempo de duração, as recaídas e os problemas, físicos e mentais, que sofrem as pessoas, portadoras destes transtornos mentais, constituem um grande desafio no tratamento dos mesmos. Buscar instrumentos de avaliação psicológica que auxiliem neste processo é o principal objetivo. Este trabalho verificou indicadores de depressão em pessoas portadoras de dependência de nicotina (tabagistas), por meio do Teste de Bender e do Método de Rorschach, que podem mensurar traços do funcionamento da personalidade, contribuindo para o entendimento destas características de personalidade, auxiliando na compreensão dos processos psíquicos do indivíduo tabagista, informações que podem auxiliar nos processos preventivos. Os participantes são tabagistas e não tabagistas que estavam cursando algum curso superior e sem histórico de tratamento de depressão ou outro transtorno mental. A coleta de dados foi realizada individualmente com cada um dos participantes (n=60). Os instrumentos utilizados foram entrevista preliminar; a Adaptação Hutt do Teste de Bender e o Método de Rorschach. Os principais resultados se referem ao Teste de Bender e ao Método de Rorschach pelo Sistema Compreensivo de Exner. No Bender são relevantes os dados relativos à análise configuracional da Depressão da Escala de Psicopatologia; no Rorschach são ressaltados os itens que compõe o Índice de Depressão. Concluiu-se que o Teste de Bender, com a escala de avaliação de aspectos psicopatológicos, e o Método de Rorschach, no Sistema Compreensivo, podem auxiliar nos trabalhos preventivos, trazendo indicadores do funcionamento psíquico do indivíduo tabagista. Por outro lado, também se verificou a necessidade de aprofundamento dos estudos nesta área, ampliando o número de participantes e realizando estudos longitudinais / Among other public health issues, smoking and depression are situations that worry health professionals. Thus, they try to take measures to provide against them and help in their treatment. The duration, relapses, and the mental and physical problems of people who present these mental disorders go through present a big challenge to the treatment. Searching for ways to evaluate psychologically and, therefore, help in this process is the main goal. This work detected depression symptoms in people addicted to nicotine (tobacco users) by using the Bender Test and the Rorschach Method, which can measure aspects of the personality, contributing to the understanding of these personality traits. It can help us understand the psychological processes of the tobacco users, helping in the prevention processes. The participants were smokers and non smokers; they were college students and had never undergone any depression or mental disorder treatment. The data collection was carried out individually with each one of the participants (n=60). Preliminary interviews, the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender Test, and the Rorschach Method, Comprehensive System were used. The main results refer to the Bender Test and the Rorschach Method. In the Bender Test, the data related to the configuration in the analysis of depression from the psychopathology; in the Rorschach Method the items that comprise the Depression Index. It was concluded that the Bender Test, with the scale of evaluation of psychopathologic aspects, and the Rorschach Method can help in the prevention procedures, showing how the psychological functioning of smokers work. On the other hand, it became clear that a deep study in this area is necessary, increasing the number of participants and carrying out longitudinal studies

El estudio tiene por objetivo contrastar la efectividad de calificadores sin entrenamiento específico en el test gestáltico visomotor de Bender, 2.a edición (Bender-II), usando un método para calificar el grado de exactitud de los dibujos reproducidos propio de este instrumento (sistema de calificación global). Algunos estudios previos han demostrado buenos niveles de confiabilidad intercalificador, pero no se verificó el efecto de la falta de entrenamiento específico. En el estudio participaron 75 niños divididos en dos grupos (34 y 41) de edad y cuatro calificadores (dos estudiantes y dos egresados, todos de psicología). Después de aplicar el test individualmente, los calificadores recibieron la instrucción de puntuar los dibujos usando únicamente el manual como guía, sin interactuar entre ellos. Se hicieron comparaciones intragrupo e intergrupos. Aunque los resultados indicaron algunas diferencias moderadas entre los grupos, principalmente se hallaron niveles altos de acuerdo y consistencia; y comparado con los estudios previos, las diferencias generalmente no fueron sustanciales. Se concluye que el puntaje visomotor del Bender-II puede alcanzar buenos niveles de confiabilidad. / Revisión por pares

Dentre outras questões em saúde pública, o tabagismo e a depressão se constituem em situações que ocupam os profissionais de saúde que buscam elaborar medidas preventivas auxiliares no tratamento destas. O tempo de duração, as recaídas e os problemas, físicos e mentais, que sofrem as pessoas, portadoras destes transtornos mentais, constituem um grande desafio no tratamento dos mesmos. Buscar instrumentos de avaliação psicológica que auxiliem neste processo é o principal objetivo. Este trabalho verificou indicadores de depressão em pessoas portadoras de dependência de nicotina (tabagistas), por meio do Teste de Bender e do Método de Rorschach, que podem mensurar traços do funcionamento da personalidade, contribuindo para o entendimento destas características de personalidade, auxiliando na compreensão dos processos psíquicos do indivíduo tabagista, informações que podem auxiliar nos processos preventivos. Os participantes são tabagistas e não tabagistas que estavam cursando algum curso superior e sem histórico de tratamento de depressão ou outro transtorno mental. A coleta de dados foi realizada individualmente com cada um dos participantes (n=60). Os instrumentos utilizados foram entrevista preliminar; a Adaptação Hutt do Teste de Bender e o Método de Rorschach. Os principais resultados se referem ao Teste de Bender e ao Método de Rorschach pelo Sistema Compreensivo de Exner. No Bender são relevantes os dados relativos à análise configuracional da Depressão da Escala de Psicopatologia; no Rorschach são ressaltados os itens que compõe o Índice de Depressão. Concluiu-se que o Teste de Bender, com a escala de avaliação de aspectos psicopatológicos, e o Método de Rorschach, no Sistema Compreensivo, podem auxiliar nos trabalhos preventivos, trazendo indicadores do funcionamento psíquico do indivíduo tabagista. Por outro lado, também se verificou a necessidade de aprofundamento dos estudos nesta área, ampliando o número de participantes e realizando estudos longitudinais / Among other public health issues, smoking and depression are situations that worry health professionals. Thus, they try to take measures to provide against them and help in their treatment. The duration, relapses, and the mental and physical problems of people who present these mental disorders go through present a big challenge to the treatment. Searching for ways to evaluate psychologically and, therefore, help in this process is the main goal. This work detected depression symptoms in people addicted to nicotine (tobacco users) by using the Bender Test and the Rorschach Method, which can measure aspects of the personality, contributing to the understanding of these personality traits. It can help us understand the psychological processes of the tobacco users, helping in the prevention processes. The participants were smokers and non smokers; they were college students and had never undergone any depression or mental disorder treatment. The data collection was carried out individually with each one of the participants (n=60). Preliminary interviews, the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender Test, and the Rorschach Method, Comprehensive System were used. The main results refer to the Bender Test and the Rorschach Method. In the Bender Test, the data related to the configuration in the analysis of depression from the psychopathology; in the Rorschach Method the items that comprise the Depression Index. It was concluded that the Bender Test, with the scale of evaluation of psychopathologic aspects, and the Rorschach Method can help in the prevention procedures, showing how the psychological functioning of smokers work. On the other hand, it became clear that a deep study in this area is necessary, increasing the number of participants and carrying out longitudinal studies

The problem of this study was to isolate a constellation of "signs" or items of behavior of individuals on the Bender-Gestalt test and to determine if these signs will discriminate significantly between one patient category, paranoid schizophrenia, and three other major diagnostic categories.

No description available.