Orientador: Cezinande de Meira / Resumo: Diferentes tratamentos hormonais com a utilização de estrógenos e progestágenos são comumente utilizados para aumentar a oferta de receptoras nos programas de TE. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre a ação destes hormônios na expressão gênica e proteica dos receptores endometriais de estrógeno e progesterona em éguas acíclicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de três tratamentos hormonais utilizados durante a preparação de éguas acíclicas sobre o edema, tônus uterino e expressão gênica e proteica de receptores de estrógeno e progesterona endometriais. Éguas em anestro foram divididas em três grupos: Dose Total 10 mg BE+P4, (n=7), Dose Total 5 mg BE+P4 (n=7), Priming Hormonal (n=7) e comparadas com o grupo de éguas cíclicas (n=7). Foram avaliados: a expressão proteica e gênica relativa dos transcritos para os receptores de estrógeno e progesterona presentes no endométrio por meio das técnicas de imunohistoquímica e RT-qPCR; e as características morfológicas do útero por palpação retal e ultrassonografia em modo B. Os tratamentos hormonais utilizados no presente estudo foram eficazes em promover edema e tônus uterinos semelhante ao que ocorre em éguas cíclicas. Adicionalmente, o grupo Priming Hormonal demonstrou induzir características uterinas similares as observadas nos grupos 5 mg BE+P4 e no grupo controle, após 14 dias de intervalo. O tratamento hormonal com dose total de 10 mg de BE+P4 LA utilizando para o preparo de éguas acíclicas, demonstrou ser similar ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Different hormonal treatments with the use of estrogen and progestogen are commonly used to increase the supply of receiving the TE programs. However, little is known about the effect of these hormones on gene and protein expression of endometrial receptors for estrogen and progesterone in non-cyclic mares. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three hormonal treatments used for the preparation of non-cyclic mares on the edema and uterine tone and gene and protein expression of estrogen and endometrial progesterone receptors. Mares anestrus were divided into three groups: total dose 10 mg EB + P4 (n = 7) total dose 5 mg EB + P4 (n = 7) Hormonal Priming (n = 7) and compared with the group of cyclic mares (n = 7). Were evaluated: protein expression and gene transcripts related to the estrogen and progesterone receptors present in the endometrium by the techniques of immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR; and the morphological characteristics of the uterus by rectal palpation and ultrasound in B mode. Hormonal treatments used in this study were effective in promoting edema and uterine tone similar to what occurs in cyclic mares. Additionally, the Hormonal Priming group demonstrated induce uterine similar characteristics observed in the groups 5 mg EB + P4 and control group, after 14 days apart. Hormonal treatment with a total dose of 10 mg EB + P4 LA using for the preparation of non-cyclic mares, was shown to be similar in tone and uterine edema, protein expression and relative... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ildenice.pdf: 920741 bytes, checksum: cb605055b3e79b9a2a27421635da66c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / The oil constituent of Cinnamomum zeylanicum were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil activity were also evaluated against larvae and engorged females Rhipicephalus microplus(cattle tick). The leaves oil showed a yeld of 1.03% and its main constituints were benzyl benzoate (65.39%), linalool (5.37%), E-cinnamaldeyde (3.97%), α-Pinene (3.95%), β-phellandrene (3.42%), Eugenol (3.36%) e Benzaldeyde (2.68%), corresponding approximately to 88% of the oil. Test package larvae and immersion test of engorged were performed. Similar tests were also performed for the standard benzyl benzoate, the main component of the essential oil. Lethal concentrations of the larvae test were 1.005 mg.mLˉ¹ and 3.368 mg.mLˉ¹ for the essential oil and the standard benzyl benzoate respectively, thus demonstrating that the oil had a better larvicidal activity against the R. microplus. As for the adult immersion test, it was observed that both the essential oil and the standard benzyl benzoate did not cause mortality in direct engorged female R. microplus, but interfered with the process of reproduction of ticks, causing a decrease in egg production and decreased hatchability and mortality of larvae, so thus presenting partial control over the cattle tick. / Os constituintes do óleo de Cinnamomum zeylanicum foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Também foi avaliada a atividade deste óleo essencial contra larvas e fêmeas de Rhipicephalus microplus (carrapato bovino). O óleo das folhas mostrou um rendimento de 1,03% e seus principais constituintes foram Benzoato de Benzila (65,39%), Linalol (5,37%), E-Cinamaldeido (3,97%), α-Pineno (3,95%), β-Felandreno (3,42%), Eugenol (3,36%) e Benzaldeido (2,68%), correspondendo aproximadamente a 88% do óleo. Teste de pacote de larvas e teste de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas foram realizados. Testes semelhantes também foram feitos para o padrão Benzoato de Benzila, componente principal do óleo essencial. As concentrações letais do teste de larvas foram de 1,005 mg.mLˉ¹ e 3,368 mg.mLˉ¹ para o óleo essencial e para o padrão Benzoato de Benzila, respectivamente, demonstrando assim que o óleo teve uma melhor atividade larvicida contra o R. microplus. Já para o teste de imersão de adultos, foi observado que, tanto o óleo essencial como o padrão Benzoato de Benzila não ocasionaram mortalidade direta nas fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus, mas interferiram no processo de reprodução dos carrapatos, ocasionando diminuição na produção de ovos e diminuição na eclodibilidade e mortalidade das larvas, portanto, apresentando assim, um controle parcial sobre o carrapato bovino.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre as perdas de matéria seca, perfil fermentativo, valor nutritivo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. A variedade utilizada para confeccionar os silos laboratoriais foi RB-72454 com 12 meses de idade fisiológica. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo seis tratamentos, com quatro repetições cada. Além da silagem de cana-de-açúcar controle, foram utilizados dois aditivos microbianos: Lactobacillus plantarum e o conjunto de bactérias L. plantarum + Streptococcus faecium + Pediocccus acidilactici (BAL). Esses dois aditivos microbianos também foram aplicados associados a duas doses de benzoato de sódio, 0,01 e 0,05% da massa verde (MV). Os aditivos microbianos foram aplicados à contagem de 5 x 104 ufc/g de forragem. As variáveis analisadas foram: perdas totais e gasosas, produção de efluente, recuperação de matéria seca, perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo no momento da abertura dos silos e durante o ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia. As maiores perdas fermentativas e gasosas foram observadas para o tratamento da associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV. No entanto, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para as variáveis do perfil fermentativo. Com relação ao valor nutritivo, as silagens que foram tratadas com associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV, apresentaram no momento da abertura maior concentração de componentes fibrosos e menores coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca. A maioria dos tratamentos apresentou desempenho semelhante ao tratamento controle no valor nutritivo no momento da abertura dos silos. Com relação ao ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia na associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV, foi observado o menor acúmulo de temperatura nos primeiros cinco dias após abertura (ADITE-5) e menor pico de temperatura da massa exposta ao ar. Da mesma forma, as silagens tratadas com esses aditivos mantiveram estável o valor de pH e apresentaram maior recuperação de matéria seca das silagens nos primeiros cinco dias pós-abertura. Todavia, não houve diferenças significativas entres os tratamentos para as outras variáveis analisadas na fase aeróbia. Com relação ao valor nutritivo das silagens no momento da abertura, associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV apresentou menores valores da fração fibrosa e maior digestibilidade da matéria seca nos primeiros cinco dias da fase aeróbia. Para a avaliação químico-bromatológicas, não foram encontradas diferença nos teores de carboidratos solúveis e proteína bruta entre os tratamentos. De forma geral, a analise conjunta dos experimentos mostra que as silagens tratadas com associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV, apresentaram melhor desempenho na fase aeróbia que na fase fermentativa. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and microbial additives on dry matter losses, fermentative profile, nutritive value and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages. The variety used to ensiling was RB-72454, harvested with 12 months of regrowth. It was analyzed as a completely randomized model, with six treatments and four replications for each treatment. Besides the control sugarcane silage, were tested two types of microbial additives: Lactobacillus plantarum and the association of L. plantarum and Streptococcus faecium and Pediocccus acidilactici (BAL). Moreover these two microbial additives were associated with two levels of sodium benzoate, 0.01 or 0.05% of fresh matter. The microbial additives were applied trying to reach 5 x 104 UFC/g of forage. The variables analyzed were: total dry matter losses, gases losses, effluent yield, dry matter recovery rate, fermentative profile, aerobic stability and nutritive value when the silos were opened and during the aerobic stability trial. The greatest fermentative and gaseous losses were observed in silages treated with L. plantarum associated with 0.05% of sodium benzoate. However, there is no difference among treatments regarding the fermentative profile. The silages added with L. plantarum associated to 0.05% of sodium benzoate showed highest cell wall content and lowest in vitro dry matter digestibility. Most of the treatments showed similar nutritive value as control silages. Regarding the aerobic stability assay, L. plantarum associated to 0.05% of sodium benzoate had highest accumulated temperature in the first five days (ADITE-5) and the lowest temperature pick. Similarly, these silages remained the pH stable and showed highest dry matter recovery rate in the first five days during aerobic trial. Although, there were no differences in the other variables in aerobic assay. In terms of nutritive value, the treatment of L. plantarum associated 0.05% of sodium benzoate, showed lowest fiber content and highest in vitro dry matter digestibility during the first five days of aerobic stability trial. There were no differences in the water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein content among treatments. In general, considering the whole trial, the treatment with L. platarum associated with 0.05% of sodium benzoate had better performance during the aerobic phase than the fermentative one.

<p>The German cockroach (<em>Blattella germanica</em>) is one of the most critical urban pests globally due to the health risks, such as asthma, it imposes on people. Insecticides are known to manage their large population sizes, but the rapid rate at which cockroaches develop resistance is a continuing problem. This can be expensive and time-consuming for both the consumer and the pest management professional (PMP) applying the treatment. Each cockroach population is unique because different strains have different resistance profiles, so resistance profiles must be considered. This thesis addressed this little-studied issue in a controlled laboratory setting. Cockroach strains from Indianapolis, Indiana, Danville, Illinois, and Baltimore, Maryland, were used. Fifteen insecticide active ingredients most used by consumers and PMPs were selected for testing in vial bioassays to establish resistance profiles. No choice and choice feeding assays with four currently registered bait products were performed to assess the impacts of competing food and circadian rhythms on bait resistance levels. Selected population growth characteristics were compared in virgin females and nymphs in each cockroach strain to determine if certain population traits were associated with insecticide resistance. The results indicate that emamectin benzoate is the most effective active ingredient in causing the highest mortality in all strains in vial bioassays. No choice assays confirmed vial assay results the best, with Optigard (emamectin benzoate) being the most effective bait in all strains. The time a female carries its egg case and takes for a nymph to become an adult was significantly different across all strains, suggesting possible fitness costs for higher-level multi-resistance. The results acquired from these studies can help develop rapid tests to use in the field based on the no choice feeding assay while also adding more information supporting current resistance and cross-resistance evolution theories.</p>

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Yes / The synthesis of ethyl benzoate (EtBZ) via esterification of benzoic acid (BeZ) with ethanol in a reactive distillation is challenging due to complex thermodynamic behaviour of the chemical reaction and the difficulty of keeping the reactants together in the reaction zone (ethanol having the lowest boiling point can separate from the BeZ as the distillation proceeds) causing a significant decrease in the conversion of BeZ in a conventional reactive distillation column (batch or continuous). This might be the reason of not reporting the use of reactive distillation for EtBZ synthesis although the study of BeZ esterification reaction is available in the public literature. Our recently developed Integrated Conventional Batch Distillation (i-CBD) column offers the prospect of revisiting such reactions for the synthesis of EtBZ, which is the focus of this work. Clearly, i-CBD column outperforms the Conventional Batch Distillation (CBD) column in terms of product amount, purity and conversion of BeZ and eliminates the requirement of excess use of ethanol. For example, compared with CBD column, the i-CBD operation can yield EtBZ at a much higher purity (0.925 compared to 0.730) and can convert more benzoic acid (93.57% as opposed to only 74.38%).

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) regulations for juice manufacture require the application of a process that will result in a 5-log reduction (99.999%) of the pertinent pathogen in the juice being processed. The use of ultraviolet (UV) light, as an alternative to traditional thermal processing, has been adopted by some juice processors as a means of meeting the HACCP 5-log performance standard. However, little research had been performed to determine the effect of UV when used in combination with antimicrobial agents that are commonly added to juice products. Therefore, the objectives of this work were (1) to determine if chemical preservatives and ultraviolet light have a combined effect on the reduction of Escherichia coli in apple cider, and (2) to determine the influence of adding chemical preservatives at different points in the processing of juice (i.e., either prior to or after ultraviolet light processing) on the reduction of Escherichia coli in apple cider. In this study, refrigerated (4°C) pasteurized apple cider that contained no added preservatives was inoculated with E. coli ATCC 25922, a surrogate strain for E. coli O157:H7, and exposed to UV (peak output: 254 nm). The following chemical preservatives were added to apple cider either prior to or after UV exposure: dimethyl dicarbonate (75 and 150 ppm), hydrogen peroxide (75 and 150 ppm), potassium sorbate (1000 and 2000 ppm), and sodium benzoate (1000 and 2000 ppm). Following UV exposure and chemical preservative application, inoculated juices were stored at 4°C for 72 hours. Samples were collected prior to and immediately after UV exposure and at 24, 48, and 72 hours of storage. At each sampling point, juice portions (0.1 ml) were serially diluted in peptone diluent (0.1%) and surface plated onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA). Counts of the bacterial colonies were made 48 hours after incubating plates at 35°C. Overall, reductions of E. coli were greater in cider treated with preservatives after UV processing than when preservatives were added prior to UV processing (P < 0.05). Furthermore, dimethyl dicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide were more effective than potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in reducing E. coli populations in conjunction with UV (P < 0.05). When added prior to UV exposure, potassium sorbate was the least effective, allowing for the greatest survival (P < 0.05). This study describes the use of UV in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide and dimethyl dicarbonate as an effective method for producing a 5-log or greater reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider. / Master of Science

Yes / The extraction of bioactive compounds, produced by plant cell cultures, directly from their culture medium, which contains other by-products, is a great challenge. Resveratrol extraction from its grapevine cell cultures is considered here as an example to improve the extraction processes from plant cell cultures using solubility parameters. Successive liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes were exploited to extract resveratrol from the culture medium with an extraction ratio approaching 100%, high selectivity and minimum amounts of solvents. The calculations of partition coefficients as a function of solubility parameters demonstrated that benzyl benzoate is the most suitable intermediate solvent to extract resveratrol from its aqueous medium. The calculations also illustrated the high ability of methanol and ethanol to extract resveratrol from benzyl benzoate. The physicochemical properties of benzyl benzoate and processing conditions were exploited to separate it from aqueous media and organic solvents. The agitation method, component ratios and extraction time were studied to maximize the extraction yield. Under the best studied conditions, the recovery of resveratrol from different culture media approached ∼100% with a selectivity of ∼92%. Ultimately, the improved extraction processes of resveratrol are markedly efficient, selective, rapid and economical. / Mohammad Amin Mohammad gratefully acknowledges CARA (The Council for At-Risk Academics, Stephen Wordsworth and Ryan Mundy) for providing the financial support for an academic fellowship.