This study explored the relationship between the dramatic and the educational theories developed by Bertolt Brecht and selected twentieth-century theories of pedagogy. A survey of Brecht's life and works revealed that although the stimulus-response theories of the associationist psychologists were inappropriate to Brecht's concepts, the three principal aspects of Gestaltism—perception, insight, and life space, as formulated by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Lewin—seemed profoundly related to Brecht's concern with man's ability to perceive and to learn about his environment. Brecht strove to create perceptual images of historical environments. The characters, who represented various ideologies and philosophies in situations which stimulated insightful learning, struggled with life spaces that accurately resembled life outside the theatre. Thus, Brecht utilized elements of the theories of perception, insight, and life space in his dramas as he strove to force his audiences to perceive the characters' environments, to grasp the significance and relationships between the characters' environments and their own social milieu, and to recognize those influences in one's life space which attract or repel the individual. The study also suggested that Brecht's works might be amenable to empirical study.

This study analyses five British translations of Bertolt Brecht's 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder'. Two of these translations were written by speakers of German, and three by well-known British playwrights with no knowledge of the source text language. Four have been produced in mainstream British theatres in the past twenty-five years. The study applies translation studies methodology to a textual analysis which focuses on the translation of techniques of linguistic "Verfremdung", as well as linguistic expression of the comedy and of the political dimension in the work. It thus closes the gap in current Brecht research in examining the importance of his idiosyncratic use of language to the translation and reception of his work in the UK. The study assesses the ways in which the translator and director are influenced by Brecht's legacy in the UK and in turn, what image of Brecht they mediate through the production on stage. To this end, the study throws light on the formation of Brecht's problematic reputation in the UK, and it also highlights the social and political circumstances in early twentieth century Germany which prompted Brecht to develop his theory of an epic theatre. The focus on a linguistic examination allows the translator's contribution to the production process to be isolated. Together with an investigation of the reception of each performance text, this in turn facilitates a more accurate assessment of the translator and director's respective influence in the process of transforming a foreign-language text onto a local stage. The analysis also sheds light on the different approaches taken by speakers of German, and playwrights creating an English version from a literal translation. It pinpoints losses in translation and adaptation, and suggests how future versions may avoid these.

No description available.

Makala haya yanalenga kuchambua fani na maudhui, muundo na dhamira za tamthilia za Kiswahili zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI, hasa tamthilia kutoka Tanzania, na uhusiano baina ya VVU/UKIMWI na mila za jadi kama sherehe za jando na unyago. Dhamira muhimu ya kujadili ugonjwa katika kazi za fasihi barani Afrika ilichimbuka katika sanaa za maonyesho ya jadi ya Kiafrika yaani katika shughuli za ngoma na miviga ya kidini kama matambiko kwa miungu, kumtolea Mungu kafara ili mgonjwa apate dawa au kupona. Maudhui yanayohusu ugonjwa yameingia katika tamthilia mamboleo kwa nia ya kuoanisha tamthilia ya kigeni na ngoma ya kijadi, hasa baada ya miaka ya 1980 (ling. Mlama 1983; Hussein 1983). Katika tamthilia za Tanzania za kisasa magonjwa yanayozungumziwa ni mengi, lakini kuanzia miaka ya themanini ugonjwa mpya, yaani VVU/UKIMWI, unachukua nafasi ya dhamira kuu katika kazi nyingi. Lengo kuu la makala haya ni kuchambua na kuhakiki tamthilia teule sita zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI na kuandikwa zote na waandishi wa kutoka Tanzania. Ninachambua vipengele mbalimbali vya fani na maudhui nikiangalia uhusiano baina ya sifa za kimapokeo na za mamboleo. Ninafafanua pia athari za kimagharibi kutoka tamthilia ya Wayunani yaani vigezo vya Aristotle na dhana ya tanzia. Kwa kuunganisha nadharia za kale za Kimagharibi na za kisasa kutoka Afrika Mashariki, nitatumia pia nadharia ya korasi (Mutembei 2012), na vilevile kuchambua athari za ki-Brecht yaani ukengeushi ambazo zimekuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kwa tamthilia ya kutoka nchini kwingi Afrika na ulimwenguni kote.

Ce mémoire porte sur deux textes théâtraux tirés du répertoire de Bertolt Brecht, Mère Courage et ses enfants et La Vie de Galilée. Le choix de ces deux pièces tient à la place qu'y occupe l'Histoire : la première prend place au cours de la guerre de Trente ans, la seconde met en scène des éléments biographiques de la vie du véritable Galilée. L'objectif de notre réflexion est d'établir un modèle éthique de l'intrigue, c'est-à-dire de schématiser, dans ses mécanismes et ses enjeux, le problème éthique tel qu'il advient dans ces textes. Notre réflexion se découpe en trois parties, chacune d'elles articulée sur un principe précis : l'Histoire, l'éthique et la notion de sujet. Nous démontrons que l'éthique, telle qu'elle se présente chez dans ces textes de Brecht, est liée à l'inscription du sujet (du personnage principal) dans l'Histoire. Les pièces exposent des personnages confrontés, au niveau moral et éthique, à des situations dont l'ampleur et la portée sont historiques. Les actions des héros, ainsi que les rapports qu'ils entretiennent avec autrui, sont régis par cette responsabilité : les gestes et paroles des personnages ont un impact sur le cours des choses, sur le déroulement des événements et la collectivité. Cette inscription dans l'Histoire et la responsabilité qu'elle engendre ouvrent plusieurs questions, notamment celle de la fonction cognitive de l'éthique. L'éthique chez Brecht devient un outil explicatif, le moyen d'une démonstration didactique; elle vise à éveiller la conscience du spectateur, à susciter sa participation active dans le spectacle. À partir des situations (à la fois éthiques et historiques) qui lui sont présentées, le spectateur est amené à reconnaître les mécanismes et les enjeux qui fondent sa propre condition, à en prendre conscience et à trouver les moyens de l'améliorer. C'est à ce niveau que nous pouvons parler de modèle éthique : le modèle qui se profile dans les textes reproduit des structures sociales qui le débordent tout à fait, et résonnent dans le contexte de réception.

Trata-se aqui de uma pesquisa intercultural e interdisciplinar envolvendo teatro e literatura em que foram aproximados os romances Os anos de aprendizagem de Wilhelm Meister (1795-6), de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), e Grande Sertão: Veredas (1956), de João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967), por meio de uma ideia de formação desenvolvida a partir da relação entre Bildung e uma tradição intelectual brasileira de ensaios de formação. Aliaram-se a esse estudo as teorias sobre o Teatro de Aprendizagem de Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956). Esse aparato teórico é utilizado para analisar uma oficina teatral baseada em uma adaptação de Grande Sertão: Veredas, oficina realizada em diversos locais do Brasil e da Europa entre 2004 e 2006. Através do desenvolvimento e aprofundamento de elementos estéticos e teóricos presentes nessa oficina, intitulada atores da violência atores do diálogo, juntamente com a análise de sua recepção, buscou-se entender e organizar essa experiência cênica com vistas à proposição de um método pedagógico. / This text is the result of an intercultural and interdisciplinary research involving theater and literature in which an approach has been made between the novels Wilhelm Meister Apprenticeship (1795-6), by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), and Grande Sertão: Veredas (1956), by João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967), using the formation concept developed from the relationship between Bildung and the Brazilian intellectual tradition of formation essays. Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) theories about his Learning Theater have been allied to this study. This theoretical apparatus is used to analyze a theatrical workshop based on a Grande Sertão: Veredas adaptation. This workshop was performed in several places in Brazil and Europe between 2004 and 2006. Through the development and deepening of theoretical and aesthetic elements presented in this workshop, with the title actors of violence actors of dialogue, along with the analysis of its reception, we sought to understand and organize this theatrical experience targeting the proposition of a pedagogical method.

O objetivo deste trabalho é questionar a imagem cristalizada da ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco, usualmente polarizada em passional-satírico, lágrima-riso, sério-cômico, ou, em termos camilianos, coração-estômago, procurando mostrar que romances de classificações distintas podem ter mais semelhanças do que aparentam. Para isso, analisaremos a mais famosa obra de Camilo e principal representante da chamada tendência passional, Amor de Perdição, e um dos mais importantes exemplares da tendência satírica, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, além de uma obra menos conhecida e de definição controversa, O Que Fazem Mulheres, ressaltando neles a mistura do sério e do cômico. Assim, buscaremos enfocar no que acreditamos ser uma característica comum nos três romances: o diálogo crítico de Camilo com os discursos ideológico-culturais e literários de seu tempo, construído através da paródia e do comentário metaliterário. Dessa forma, tencionamos propor uma reflexão sobre a estética camiliana, cujos recursos literários que produzem a quebra da tensão dramática podem ser aproximados do efeito de distanciamento utilizado por Bertolt Brecht em seu teatro épico. Finalmente, é nosso intuito discutir que, devido ao seu olhar distanciado, Camilo pode ser associado à tradição da sátira menipéia, cujos meios e fins são distintos da sátira de cunho moral. / The objective of this work is to question the crystallized image of Camilo Castelo Brancos fiction, usually polarized in passionate-satirical, tear-laughter, serious-comic, or, in camilian terms, heart-stomach, trying to show that novels of distinct classifications may have more similarities than they look like. In order to show it, we will analyze the Camilos most famous work and main representative of the so-called passionate tendency, Amor de Perdição, and one of the most important exemplars of the satirical tendency, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, and also a less known work, of controversial definition, O Que Fazem Mulheres, giving prominence to the mixture of the serious and the comic at them. Thus, we will attempt to focus in what we believe that is a common characteristic in the three novels: Camilos critical dialogue with the ideological-cultural and literary discourses of his time, constructed through parody and metaliterary comment. Therefore, we intend to propose a reflection about the camilian aesthetics, which literary resources that produce the break of dramatic tension may be approximated to the estrangement effect used by Bertolt Brecht in his epic theater. Finally, it is our aim to discuss that, due to his distanced gaze, Camilo may be associated to the tradition of menippean satire, which means and ends are distinct of the moral type satire.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar, nos filmes e na obra escrita de Glauber Rocha, a presença de elementos da estética de Bertolt Brecht. Foram selecionadas seqüências de O dragão da maldade contra o santo guerreiro e de Der leone have sept cabezas para análises mais detidas, passando-se em seguida a uma observação mais geral dos procedimentos e conceitos brechtianos na obra de Glauber Rocha. A análise dos filmes levou ao encontro da história do Brasil, da América Latina em sua relação com a África, da guerrilha, do pensamento político e da figura mítica de Che Guevara. A observação de recursos do teatro épico em uma obra cinematográfica gerou a apreciação das especificidades do cinema na busca por uma participação reflexiva e crítica do espectador, e o aprofundamento na compreensão da relação entre cinema e teatro. / This research is an attempt at finding, in the films and written work of Glauber Rocha, elements of Bertolt Brecht`s aesthetics. Scenes from O dragão da maldade contra o santo guerreiro and Der leone have sept cabezas were selected for deeper analysis, then moving on to a broader observation of brechtian concepts and procedures in Glauber Rocha`s work. The film analyses have led to the study of Brazillian history, Latin American history and their ties with Africa, with gerrilla warfare tactics and the mythical character of Che Guevara, whose political thoughts are also looked into in this study. By observing epic theatre techniques at work in a film, we could better appreciate cinema`s specific traits employed in its search for the reflexive and critical participation of its viewer, leading to a deeper understanding of the relationship between cinema and theatre.

O objetivo deste trabalho é questionar a imagem cristalizada da ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco, usualmente polarizada em passional-satírico, lágrima-riso, sério-cômico, ou, em termos camilianos, coração-estômago, procurando mostrar que romances de classificações distintas podem ter mais semelhanças do que aparentam. Para isso, analisaremos a mais famosa obra de Camilo e principal representante da chamada tendência passional, Amor de Perdição, e um dos mais importantes exemplares da tendência satírica, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, além de uma obra menos conhecida e de definição controversa, O Que Fazem Mulheres, ressaltando neles a mistura do sério e do cômico. Assim, buscaremos enfocar no que acreditamos ser uma característica comum nos três romances: o diálogo crítico de Camilo com os discursos ideológico-culturais e literários de seu tempo, construído através da paródia e do comentário metaliterário. Dessa forma, tencionamos propor uma reflexão sobre a estética camiliana, cujos recursos literários que produzem a quebra da tensão dramática podem ser aproximados do efeito de distanciamento utilizado por Bertolt Brecht em seu teatro épico. Finalmente, é nosso intuito discutir que, devido ao seu olhar distanciado, Camilo pode ser associado à tradição da sátira menipéia, cujos meios e fins são distintos da sátira de cunho moral. / The objective of this work is to question the crystallized image of Camilo Castelo Brancos fiction, usually polarized in passionate-satirical, tear-laughter, serious-comic, or, in camilian terms, heart-stomach, trying to show that novels of distinct classifications may have more similarities than they look like. In order to show it, we will analyze the Camilos most famous work and main representative of the so-called passionate tendency, Amor de Perdição, and one of the most important exemplars of the satirical tendency, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, and also a less known work, of controversial definition, O Que Fazem Mulheres, giving prominence to the mixture of the serious and the comic at them. Thus, we will attempt to focus in what we believe that is a common characteristic in the three novels: Camilos critical dialogue with the ideological-cultural and literary discourses of his time, constructed through parody and metaliterary comment. Therefore, we intend to propose a reflection about the camilian aesthetics, which literary resources that produce the break of dramatic tension may be approximated to the estrangement effect used by Bertolt Brecht in his epic theater. Finally, it is our aim to discuss that, due to his distanced gaze, Camilo may be associated to the tradition of menippean satire, which means and ends are distinct of the moral type satire.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar, nos filmes e na obra escrita de Glauber Rocha, a presença de elementos da estética de Bertolt Brecht. Foram selecionadas seqüências de O dragão da maldade contra o santo guerreiro e de Der leone have sept cabezas para análises mais detidas, passando-se em seguida a uma observação mais geral dos procedimentos e conceitos brechtianos na obra de Glauber Rocha. A análise dos filmes levou ao encontro da história do Brasil, da América Latina em sua relação com a África, da guerrilha, do pensamento político e da figura mítica de Che Guevara. A observação de recursos do teatro épico em uma obra cinematográfica gerou a apreciação das especificidades do cinema na busca por uma participação reflexiva e crítica do espectador, e o aprofundamento na compreensão da relação entre cinema e teatro. / This research is an attempt at finding, in the films and written work of Glauber Rocha, elements of Bertolt Brecht`s aesthetics. Scenes from O dragão da maldade contra o santo guerreiro and Der leone have sept cabezas were selected for deeper analysis, then moving on to a broader observation of brechtian concepts and procedures in Glauber Rocha`s work. The film analyses have led to the study of Brazillian history, Latin American history and their ties with Africa, with gerrilla warfare tactics and the mythical character of Che Guevara, whose political thoughts are also looked into in this study. By observing epic theatre techniques at work in a film, we could better appreciate cinema`s specific traits employed in its search for the reflexive and critical participation of its viewer, leading to a deeper understanding of the relationship between cinema and theatre.