Orientador: Carla Beatriz Collares Buzato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:01:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RicardoBeltramede_M.pdf: 4343326 bytes, checksum: c45de34d36b3510fa7bea078864506dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Tem havido um grande interesse na determinação das vias envolvidas na proliferação e função/disfunção da célula beta e a aplicação deste conhecimento em terapias moleculares e celulares da diabetes. A patogênese da diabetes melito tipo 2 (T2DM) é complexa, mas frequentemente está associada com obesidade e distúrbios do metabolismo de lipídios (hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia). A T2DM envolve o desenvolvimento de um quadro de resistência periférica à insulina parcialmente compensada por hiperinsulinemia e hiperplasia da célula beta pancreática, resultando em intolerância à glicose e hiperglicemia. Os mecanismos interligando os estados de obesidade/hipercolesterolemia e resistência à insulina ao fenômeno da hiperplasia da célula beta não são completamente conhecidos. A presente dissertação teve como objetivos: 1) caracterizar um modelo animal adequado para se estudar a proliferação e disfunção da célula beta pancreática, e 2) avaliar, no pâncreas endócrino desses animais, a possível ativação da via de sinalização Wnt/beta-catenina, conhecida por estar envolvida no processo de proliferação celular em outros tecidos/órgãos. Para tal, foram empregados camundongos C57BL/6, wild-type (WT) e knockout para receptor de lipoproteína LDL (LDLr-/-), os quais foram submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica (HF) por 60 dias. Após a dieta HF, os animais WT tornaram-se obesos e hipercolesterolêmicos, bem como moderadamente hiperglicêmicos, hiperinsulinêmicos, intolerantes à glicose e resistentes à insulina, caracterizando-os como pré-diabéticos. Além disso, os animais alimentados com dieta HF apresentaram uma diminuição significativa na resposta secretora das células beta à glicose. De modo geral, os animais LDLr-/- apresentaram uma susceptibilidade relativamente mais alta à dieta HF, sugerida pela acentuada hipercolesterolemia, intolerância à glicose, e reduzida secreção de insulina estimulada por glicose observadas nestes animais. No entanto, a dieta HF induziu, de forma semelhante em animais WT e LDLr-/-, uma diminuição significativa no conteúdo celular de Cx36, uma proteína associada à junção comunicante e um marcador de diferenciação terminal da célula beta. Ambos os grupos WT e LDLr-/- alimentados com dieta HF mostraram aumento na proliferação de células beta, como avaliada pela imunomarcação das ilhotas para a proteína Ki67, mas apenas os animais WT exibiram alterações morfométricas indicativas de hiperplasia do pâncreas endócrino, tais como aumento na massa total de ilhotas e de células beta. Uma vez estabelecido que camundongos WT alimentados com dieta HF por 60 dias consistiam em um modelo adequado para a segunda etapa deste estudo, fomos investigar a possível ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina nas ilhotas pancreáticas desses animais, avaliando-se a distribuição e expressão celular das proteínas beta-catenina total, beta-catenina ativada, c-Myc e ciclina D. A análise por imunofluorescência para beta-catenina não mostrou acúmulo citoplasmático ou translocação para o núcleo desta proteína em ilhotas pancreáticas, que poderia indicar ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina no nosso modelo de hiperplasia do pâncreas endócrino. No entanto, a análise por Western Blot revelou um aumento significativo na expressão de beta-catenina ativada e ciclina D em ilhotas de animais alimentados com dieta HF em relação ao grupo controle. Concluindo, a dieta HF por 60 dias induz alterações metabólicas típicas da pré-diabetes em animais WT e LDLr-/-. O estado de pré-diabetes está associado a uma diminuição da expressão de Cx36 nas células beta pancreáticas, sugerindo um possível papel da comunicação intercelular mediada pelas junções comunicantes na patogênese da T2DM. A maior susceptibilidade metabólica à dieta HF apresentada por camundongos LDLr-/-, em relação aos WT, pode ser explicada pela maior deficiência na secreção de insulina em resposta à glicose e ausência de hiperplasia compensatória do pâncreas endócrino. Ainda, a análise preliminar de expressão protéica de algumas proteínas da via Wnt/beta-catenina sugere que esta via parece estar ativada durante o processo de hiperplasia do pâncreas endócrino observada no nosso modelo animal / Abstract: The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often associated with obesity and dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia). T2DM involves intolerance to glucose and insulin resistance partially compensated by hyperinsulinemia and pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia. The mechanisms linking obesity/hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance to beta cell hyperplasia are not fully known. The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway has been reported to be involved in cell growth and differentiation in several tissues/organs but its role in endocrine pancreas development and function is still unclear. This work aimed at: 1) establishing an appropriate animal model of T2DM to study pancreatic beta cell proliferation and dysfunction and, 2) investigating a putative involvement of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in the beta cell hyperplasia in this model. To this end, we employed C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and LDL lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLr-/-) mice, fed a high fat (HF) diet for 60 days. After feeding a HF diet, WT mice became obese, hypercholesterolemic and moderately hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, glucose intolerant and insulin resistant, characterizing them as pre-diabetics. Moreover, animals fed a HF diet showed a significant decrease in beta-cell secretory response to glucose. In general, LDLr-/- animals showed a relatively higher susceptibility to HF diet, as suggested by a marked hypercholesterolemia, glucose intolerance and reduced insulin secretion stimulated by glucose observed in these animals as compared to the control ones. However, HF diet induced similarly in both WT and LDLr-/- mice a significant decrease in cellular content of Cx36, a gap junctional protein and marker of terminally differentiated beta cell. Both WT and LDLr-/- fed a HF diet showed increased proliferation of beta cells, as assessed by Ki67 immunostaining, but only WT mice exhibited morphometric changes indicative of endocrine pancreas hyperplasia, such as increased total islet and beta cell masses. After we investigated a possible activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in these hyperplasic pancreatic islets of WT animals fed a HF diet. This was done by assessing the distribution and cellular protein expression of some proteins associated to this pathway (i.e., total and activated beta-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D) in islets of our animal model. Beta-catenin immunofluorescence showed no cytoplasmic accumulation or translocation into the nucleus of beta cells in HF-fed mice. However, immunoblotting revealed a significant increase of unphosphorylated beta-catenin (activated) and cyclin D expression in islets of HF diet-fed animals when compared to its control group. In conclusion, a HF diet for 60d induced pre-diabetes state in both WT and LDLr-/- mice. The pre-diabetes state is associated with a decreased expression of Cx36 in pancreatic beta cells, suggesting a possible role of intercellular communication mediated by gap junctions in the pathogenesis of T2DM. The relatively high metabolic susceptibility to the HF diet showed by LDLr-/- mice, as compared to WT, may be explained by a marked impairment of glucosestimulated insulin secretion and a lack of compensatory hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas. In addition, the protein expression analysis suggests that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may be activated during the islet hyperplasia process in our animal model / Mestrado / Histologia / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) résulte de l’incapacité des cellules β sécrétrices d’insuline à compenser la résistance à l’insuline qui s’installe chez les patients obèses. Un traitement potentiel viserait donc à augmenter la sécrétion d’insuline. Dans ce sens, les récepteurs aux acides gras GPR120 et GPR40 potentialisent la sécrétion d’insuline. Cependant, la signalisation GPR120 dans les îlots est méconnue. L’activation de GPR120 diminue la sécrétion de somatostatine (SST), un inhibiteur de la sécrétion d’insuline, par les cellules δ. Ces deux récepteurs régulent l’homéostasie du glucose et sont donc possiblement complémentaires. Nos objectifs étaient d’étudier la signalisation GPR120 dans les îlots pancréatiques, ainsi que la complémentarité des récepteurs GPR120 et GPR40 dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie glucidique. À l’aide d’îlots isolés de souris n’exprimant pas GPR120, constitutivement ou uniquement dans les cellules δ, nous avons étudié le rôle de GPR120 dans les sécrétions d’insuline, glucagon et de SST. Nous avons ensuite étudié des souris n’exprimant pas GPR40, GPR120 ou les deux, sous une diète riche en gras pendant 12 semaines pour étudier la complémentarité des deux récepteurs. L’activation de GPR120 diminue la sécrétion de SST et stimule les sécrétions d’insuline et de glucagon dans les îlots isolés. Cet effet est aboli par la délétion de GPR120 dans les cellules δ in vitro, et la double délétion de GPR120 et GPR40 ne révèle pas d’action complémentaire dans l’homéostasie glucidique. Ces résultats suggèrent que la signalisation GPR120 dans les cellules δ est responsable de l’amélioration de la fonction des îlots. Une meilleure compréhension du rôle joué par GPR120 dans la fonction des îlots et l’homéostasie du glucose est cruciale et pourrait permettre le développement de nouvelles options thérapeutiques dans le traitement du diabète. / In obese patients, type 2 diabetes stems from the failure of the insulin-secreting beta cells to compensate for insulin resistance. Increasing insulin secretion is therefore a viable treatment strategy. In this regard, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are proven therapeutic targets. Activation of the GPCR for long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid GPR40 and GPR120 increase insulin secretion in response to glucose. However, exactly how GPR120 potentiates insulin secretion is unknown. GPR120 and GPR40 both regulate glucose homeostasis and therefore could act in a complementary manner. We aimed to decipher GPR120 signalling in the pancreatic islets and study the complementary roles of GPR120 and GPR40 in maintaining glucose homeostasis. To this aim, we first measured insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion following GPR120 activation in isolated islets from mice with a global or somatostatin-cell-specific knock-out of GPR120. Then we studied glucose metabolism in mice with global deletion of GPR120, GPR40 or both, under a high fat diet for 12 weeks. We observed increased insulin and glucagon secretions mirrored by a decreased in somatostatin release following GPR120 activation in isolated islets, an effect abolished by a global or δ-specific deletion of GPR120. A double deletion of GPR120 and GPR40 did not have more impact on glucose metabolism or beta-cell function compared to a simple deletion of either receptor. A better understanding of the GPR120 role in islet function is crucial and could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic options.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterised by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. It is a long-term process initiated months or even years prior to the clinical onset. The main role in the pathogenesis is played by T lymphocytes but other cell types are involved as well. The presence of autoantibodies in the circulation is typical even before the disease onset. Nowadays, intensive research is focused on finding individuals at risk and developing an effective prevention. During my postgraduate studies I was involved mainly in the research of T1D prediction and prevention. We investigated the relationship of established autoimmune markers - autoantibodies - and the cellular reactivity to GAD65 and IA2 autoantigens. We discovered that the reaction to autoantigens is very individual and it is influenced by the patient's autoantibody profile. These results could be relevant in planning antigen-specific immunointervention studies and improving their efficacy. We also made an attempt to improve specificity and sensitivity of a beta cell destruction marker (specifically demethylated DNA), which would enable better understanding of the beta cell decline and identification of individuals at risk of T1D development. In...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Glucose homeostasis is maintained through the coordinated actions of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and insulin action in peripheral tissues. Dysfunction of insulin action yields insulin resistance, and when coupled with altered insulin secretion, results in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Exocytosis of intracellular vesicles, such as insulin granules and glucose transporter (GLUT4) vesicles is carried out by similar SNARE (soluble NSF attachment receptor) protein isoforms and Munc18 proteins. An additional regulatory protein, Doc2b, was implicated in the regulation of these particular exocytosis events in clonal cell lines, but relevance of Doc2b in the maintenance of whole body glucose homeostasis in vivo remained unknown. The objective of my doctoral work was to delineate the mechanisms underlying regulation of insulin secretion and glucose uptake by Doc2b in effort to identify new therapeutic targets within these processes for the prevention and/or treatment of T2D. Towards this, mice deficient in Doc2b (Doc2b-/- knockout mice) were assessed for in vivo alterations in glucose homeostasis. Doc2b knockout mice were highly susceptible to preclinical T2D, exhibiting significant whole-body glucose intolerance related to insulin secretion insufficiency as well as peripheral insulin resistance. These phenotypic defects were accounted for by defects in assembly of SNARE complexes. Having determined that Doc2b was required in the control over whole body glycemia in vivo, whether Doc2b is also limiting for these mechanisms in vivo was examined. To study this, novel Doc2b transgenic (Tg) mice were engineered to express ~3 fold more Doc2b exclusively in pancreas, skeletal muscle and fat tissues. Compared to normal littermate mice, Doc2b Tg mice had improved glucose tolerance, related to concurrent enhancements in insulin mumsecretion from beta cells and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle. At the molecular level, Doc2b overexpression promoted SNARE complex assembly, increasing exocytotic capacities in both cellular processes. These results unveiled the concept that intentional elevation of Doc2b could provide a means of mitigating two primary aberrations underlying T2D development.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Diabetes mellitus is a group of related metabolic diseases that share a common pathological mechanism: insufficient insulin signaling. Insulin is a hormone secreted from pancreatic β cells that promotes energy storage and consequently lowers blood glucose. In contrast, the hormone glucagon, released by pancreatic α cells, plays a critical complementary role in metabolic homeostasis by releasing energy stores and increasing blood glucose. Restoration of β cell mass in diabetic patients via β cell regeneration is a conceptually proven approach to finally curing diabetes. Moreover, in situ regeneration of β cells from endogenous sources would circumvent many of the obstacles encountered by surgical restoration of β cell mass via islet transplantation. Regeneration may occur both by β cell self-duplication and by neogenesis from non-β cell sources. Although the mechanisms regulating the β cell replication pathway have been highly investigated, the signals that regulate β cell neogenesis are relatively unknown. In this dissertation, I have used zebrafish as a genetic model system to investigate the process of β cell neogenesis following insulin signaling depletion by various modes. Specifically, I have found that after their ablation, β cells primarily regenerate from two discrete cellular sources: differentiation from uncommitted pancreatic progenitors and transdifferentiation from α cells. Importantly, I have found that insulin and glucagon play crucial roles in controlling β cell regeneration from both sources. As with metabolic regulation, insulin and glucagon play counter-balancing roles in directing endocrine cell fate specification. These studies have revealed that glucagon signaling promotes β cell formation by increasing differentiation of pancreas progenitors and by destabilizing α cell identity to promote α to β cell transdifferentiation. In contrast, insulin signaling maintains pancreatic progenitors in an undifferentiated state and stabilizes α cell identity. Finally, I have shown that insulin also regulates pancreatic exocrine cell development. Insufficient insulin signaling destabilized acinar cell fate and impairs exocrine pancreas development. By understanding the roles of pancreatic hormones during pancreas development and regeneration can provide new therapeutic targets for in vivo β cell regeneration to remediate the devastating consequences of diabetes.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In response to glucose, pancreatic islet beta cells secrete insulin in a biphasic manner, and both phases are diminished in type 2 diabetes. In beta cells, cortical F-actin beneath the plasma membrane (PM) prevents insulin granule access to the PM and glucose stimulates remodeling of this cortical F-actin to allow trafficking of insulin granules to the PM. Glucose stimulation activates the small GTPase Cdc42, which then activates p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1); both Cdc42 and PAK1 are required for insulin secretion. In conjunction with Cdc42-PAK1 signaling, the SNARE protein Syntaxin 4 dissociates from F-actin to allow SNARE complex formation and insulin exocytosis. My central hypothesis is that, in the pancreatic beta cell, glucose signals through a Cdc42-PAK1-mediated pathway to remodel the F-actin cytoskeleton to mobilize insulin granules to SNARE docking sites at the PM to evoke glucose stimulated second phase insulin secretion. To investigate this, PAK1 was inhibited in MIN6 beta cells with IPA3 followed by live-cell imaging of F-actin remodeling using the F-actin probe, Lifeact-GFP. PAK1 inhibition prevented normal glucose-induced F-actin remodeling. PAK1 inhibition also prevented insulin granule accumulation at the PM in response to glucose. The ERK pathway was implicated, as glucose-stimulated ERK activation was decreased under PAK1-depleted conditions. Further study showed that inhibition of ERK impaired insulin secretion and cortical F-actin remodeling. One of the final steps of insulin secretion is the fusion of insulin granules with the PM which is facilitated by the SNARE proteins Syntaxin 4 on the PM and VAMP2 on the insulin granule. PAK1 activation was also found to be critical for Syntaxin 4-F-actin complex dynamics in beta cells, linking the Cdc42-PAK1 signaling pathway to SNARE-mediated exocytosis. Syntaxin 4 interacts with the F-actin severing protein Gelsolin, and in response to glucose Gelsolin dissociates from Syntaxin 4 in a calcium-dependent manner to allow Syntaxin 4 activation. Disrupting the interaction between Syntaxin 4 and Gelsolin aberrantly activates endogenous Syntaxin 4, elevating basal insulin secretion. Taken together, these results illustrate that signaling to F-actin remodeling is important for insulin secretion and that F-actin and its binding proteins can impact the final steps of insulin secretion.

<p>  </p> <p>Diabetes, a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, arises when pancreatic β-cells lose capacity to produce a robust, dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) response. Accurate measurement of β-cell health and function <em>ex vivo</em> is thus fundamental to diabetes research, including studies evaluating disease mechanisms, novel drug candidates, and replacement β-cell populations. However, present-day dynamic GSIS assays typically represent end-point measurements, involve expensive commercial perifusion machines, and require time-consuming enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for insulin detection. Microfluidic devices developed as accessible, low-cost alternatives still rely on secondary ELISAs and suspend islets in liquid medium, limiting their survival <em>in vitro</em>. Here, we present a novel, 3D-printed microphysiological system (MPS) designed to recreate components of <em>in-vivo</em> microenvironments through encapsulation in fibrillar type I collagen and restoration of favorable molecular transport conditions. Following computational-informed design and rapid prototyping, the MPS platform sustained collagen-encapsulated mouse islet viability and cytoarchitecture for 5 days and supported <em>in-situ</em> measurements of dynamic β-cell function. To rapidly detect insulin secretion from β-cells in the MPS, we then developed a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for zinc (Zn2+), co-released with insulin, based on glassy carbon electrodes modified with bismuth and indium and coated with Nafion. Finally, we validated sensor detection of Zn2+ released from glucose-stimulated INS-1 β-cells and primary mouse islets, finding high correlation with insulin as measured by standard ELISA. Together, the 3D MPS and Zn2+ sensor developed in this dissertation represent novel platforms for evaluating β-cell health and function in a low-cost, user-friendly, and physiologically-relevant manner. </p>

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Le diabète est une maladie métabolique qui se caractérise par une résistance à l’insuline des tissus périphériques et par une incapacité des cellules β pancréatiques à sécréter les niveaux d’insuline appropriés afin de compenser pour cette résistance. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes déficients dans les cellules β des patients diabétiques, il est nécessaire de comprendre et de définir les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose. Dans les cellules β pancréatiques, le métabolisme du glucose conduit à la production de facteurs de couplage métabolique, comme l’ATP, nécessaires à la régulation de l’exocytose des vésicules d’insuline. Le mécanisme par lequel la production de l’ATP par le métabolisme oxydatif du glucose déclenche l’exocytose des vésicules d’insuline est bien décrit dans la littérature. Cependant, il ne peut à lui seul réguler adéquatement la sécrétion d’insuline. Le malonyl-CoA et le NADPH sont deux autres facteurs de couplage métaboliques qui ont été suggérés afin de relier le métabolisme du glucose à la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Les mécanismes impliqués demeurent cependant à être caractérisés. Le but de la présente thèse était de déterminer l’implication des navettes du pyruvate, découlant du métabolisme mitochondrial du glucose, dans la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Dans les cellules β, les navettes du pyruvate découlent de la combinaison des processus d’anaplérose et de cataplérose et permettent la transduction des signaux métaboliques provenant du métabolisme du glucose. Dans une première étude, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la navette pyruvate/citrate dans la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose, puisque cette navette conduit à la production dans le cytoplasme de deux facteurs de couplage métabolique, soit le malonyl-CoA et le NADPH. De plus, la navette pyruvate/citrate favorise le flux métabolique à travers la glycolyse en réoxydation le NADH. Une étude effectuée précédemment dans notre laboratoire avait suggéré la présence de cette navette dans les cellules β pancréatique. Afin de tester notre hypothèse, nous avons ciblé trois étapes de cette navette dans la lignée cellulaire β pancréatique INS 832/13, soit la sortie du citrate de la mitochondrie et l’activité de l’ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) et l’enzyme malique (MEc), deux enzymes clés de la navette pyruvate/citrate. L’inhibition de chacune de ces étapes par l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur pharmacologique ou de la technologie des ARN interférant a corrélé avec une réduction significative de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la navette pyruvate/citrate joue un rôle critique dans la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose. Parallèlement à notre étude, deux autres groupes de recherche ont suggéré que les navettes pyruvate/malate et pyruvate/isocitrate/α-cétoglutarate étaient aussi importantes pour la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose. Ainsi, trois navettes découlant du métabolisme mitochondrial du glucose pourraient être impliquées dans le contrôle de la sécrétion d’insuline. Le point commun de ces trois navettes est la production dans le cytoplasme du NADPH, un facteur de couplage métabolique possiblement très important pour la sécrétion d’insuline. Dans les navettes pyruvate/malate et pyruvate/citrate, le NADPH est formé par MEc, alors que l’isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDHc) est responsable de la production du NADPH dans la navette pyruvate/isocitrate/α-cétoglutarate. Dans notre première étude, nous avions démontré l’importance de l’expression de ME pour la sécrétion adéquate d’insuline en réponse au glucose. Dans notre deuxième étude, nous avons testé l’implication de IDHc dans les mécanismes de régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose. La diminution de l’expression de IDHc dans les INS 832/13 a stimulé la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose par un mécanisme indépendant de la production de l’ATP par le métabolisme oxydatif du glucose. Ce résultat a ensuite été confirmé dans les cellules dispersées des îlots pancréatiques de rat. Nous avons aussi observé dans notre modèle que l’incorporation du glucose en acides gras était augmentée, suggérant que la diminution de l’activité de IDHc favorise la redirection du métabolisme de l’isocitrate à travers la navette pyruvate/citrate. Un mécanisme de compensation à travers la navette pyruvate/citrate pourrait ainsi expliquer la stimulation de la sécrétion d’insuline observée en réponse à la diminution de l’expression de IDHc. Les travaux effectués dans cette deuxième étude remettent en question l’implication de l’activité de IDHc, et de la navette pyruvate/isocitrate/α-cétoglutarate, dans la transduction des signaux métaboliques reliant le métabolisme du glucose à la sécrétion d’insuline. La navette pyruvate/citrate est la seule des navettes du pyruvate à conduire à la production du malonyl-CoA dans le cytoplasme des cellules β. Le malonyl-CoA régule le métabolisme des acides gras en inhibant la carnitine palmitoyl transférase 1, l’enzyme limitante dans l’oxydation des acides gras. Ainsi, l’élévation des niveaux de malonyl-CoA en réponse au glucose entraîne une redirection du métabolisme des acides gras vers les processus d’estérification puis de lipolyse. Plus précisément, les acides gras sont métabolisés à travers le cycle des triglycérides/acides gras libres (qui combinent les voies métaboliques d’estérification et de lipolyse), afin de produire des molécules lipidiques signalétiques nécessaires à la modulation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Des études effectuées précédemment dans notre laboratoire ont démontré que l’activité lipolytique de HSL (de l’anglais hormone-sensitive lipase) était importante, mais non suffisante, pour la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Dans une étude complémentaire, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle d’une autre lipase, soit ATGL (de l’anglais adipose triglyceride lipase), dans la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose et aux acides gras. Nous avons démontré que ATGL est exprimé dans les cellules β pancréatiques et que son activité contribue significativement à la lipolyse. Une réduction de son expression dans les cellules INS 832/13 par RNA interférant ou son absence dans les îlots pancréatiques de souris déficientes en ATGL a conduit à une réduction de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose en présence ou en absence d’acides gras. Ces résultats appuient l’hypothèse que la lipolyse est une composante importante de la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline dans les cellules β pancréatiques. En conclusion, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse suggèrent que la navette pyruvate/citrate est importante pour la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose. Ce mécanisme impliquerait la production du NADPH et du malonyl-CoA dans le cytoplasme en fonction du métabolisme du glucose. Cependant, nos travaux remettent en question l’implication de la navette pyruvate/isocitrate/α-cétoglutarate dans la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Le rôle exact de IDHc dans ce processus demeure cependant à être déterminé. Finalement, nos travaux ont aussi démontré un rôle pour ATGL et la lipolyse dans les mécanismes de couplage métabolique régulant la sécrétion d’insuline. / Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by a combination of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues with an inappropriate amount of insulin secreted by the pancreatic β-cells to overcome this insulin resistance. In order to help find a cure for diabetic patients, we need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the proper control of insulin secretion in response to glucose. In pancreatic β-cells, glucose metabolism leads to the production of metabolic coupling factors, like ATP, implicated in the regulation of insulin vesicle exocytosis. The mechanism linking ATP production by the oxidative metabolism of glucose to the triggering of insulin release that involves Ca2+ and metabolically sensitive K+ channels is relatively well known. Other mechanisms are also involved in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose and other nutrients, such as fatty acids and some amino acids. Malonyl-CoA and NADPH are two metabolic coupling factors that have been suggested to be implicated in the transduction of metabolic signaling coming from glucose metabolism to control the release of insulin granules. However, the mechanisms implicated remained to be defined. The goal of the present thesis was to further our understanding of the role of the pyruvate shuttles, derived from mitochondrial glucose metabolism, in the regulation of insulin secretion. In pancreatic β-cells, pyruvate shuttles are produced by the combination of anaplerosis and cataplerosis processes and are thought to link glucose metabolism to the regulation of insulin secretion by the production metabolic coupling factors. In our first study, we wished to determine the role of the pyruvate/citrate shuttle in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. The pyruvate/citrate shuttle leads to the production in the cytoplasm of both malonyl-CoA and NADPH and also stimulates the metabolic flux through the glycolysis by re-oxidating NADH. A previous study done in the group of Dr Prentki has suggested the feasibility of the pyruvate/citrate shuttle in pancreatic β-cells. To investigate our hypothesis, we inhibited three different steps of this shuttle in INS 832/13 cells, a pancreatic β-cell line. Specifically, we repressed, using pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference technology, the mitochondrial citrate export to the cytoplasm and the expression of malic enzyme (MEc) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), two key enzymes implicated in the pyruvate/citrate shuttle. The inhibition of each of those steps resulted in a reduction of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Our results underscore the importance of the pyruvate/citrate shuttle in the pancreatic β-cell signaling and the regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose. Other research groups are also interested in studying the implication of pyruvate cycling processes in the regulation of insulin exocytosis. They suggested a role for the pyruvate/malate and the pyruvate/isocitrate/α-ketoglutarate shuttles. Therefore, three different shuttles derived from the mitochondrial glucose metabolism could be implicated in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin release. All those three shuttles can produce NADPH in the cytoplasm. In the pyruvate/malate and the pyruvate/citrate shuttles, the NADPH is formed by cytosolic malic enzyme (MEc), whereas in the pyruvate/isocitrate/α-ketoglutarate, NADPH is produced by cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenease (IDHc). In our first study, we established the importance of MEc expression in the regulation of insulin secretion. In our second study, we wanted to investigate the importance of IDHc expression in glucose-induced insulin secretion. The reduction of IDHc expression in INS 832/13 cells stimulated insulin release in response to glucose by a mechanism independent of ATP production coming from glucose oxidative metabolism. This stimulation was also observed in isolated rat pancreatic cells. IDHc knockdown cells showed elevated glucose incorporation into fatty acids, suggesting that isocitrate metabolism could be redirected into the pyruvate/citrate shuttle in these cells. Taken together, these results suggest that IDHc is not essential for glucose-induced insulin secretion and that a compensatory mechanism, probably involving the pyruvate/citrate shuttle, explains the enhanced insulin secretion in IDHc knockdown cells . The pyruvate/citrate shuttle is the only pyruvate shuttle that is linked to the production of malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is a known inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, the raising level of malonyl-CoA in response to glucose redirects the metabolism of fatty acids into the triglycerides/free fatty acids cycle which combine esterification and lipolysis processes. Previous studies done in the laboratory of Dr Prentki supported the concept that lipolysis of endogenous lipid stores is an important process for the appropriate regulation of insulin secretion. A first lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), has been identified in pancreatic β-cells. HSL expression is important, but not sufficient, for the β-cell lipolysis activity. In a complementary study, we have investigated the role of another lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose and to fatty acids. We first demonstrated the expression and the activity of ATGL in pancreatic β-cells. Reducing ATGL expression using shRNA in INS 832/13 cells caused a reduction in insulin secretion in response to glucose and to fatty acids. Pancreatic islets from ATGL null mice also showed defect in insulin release in response to glucose and to fatty acids. The results demonstrate the importance of ATGL and intracellular lipid signaling in the regulation of insulin secretion. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis suggests a role for the pyruvate/citrate shuttle in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose. This mechanism possibly implicates the production of NADPH and malonyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. The results also points to a re-evaluation of the role of IDHc in glucose-induced insulin secretion. The precise role of IDHc in pancreatic β-cells needs to be determined. Finally, the data have also documented a role of lipolysis and ATGL in the coupling mechanisms of insulin secretion in response to both fuel and non-fuel stimuli.

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