Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa e uma série de análises realizadas com a finalidade de entender melhor o uso das bicicletas próprias e compartilhadas em São Paulo, cidade em que a infraestrutura cicloviária e os sistemas de bicicletas compartilhadas são recentes e ainda limitados. Através de análises descritivas e de modelos estatísticos, (1) foi realizada uma comparação das características dos usuários de bicicletas próprias com as dos usuários de bicicletas compartilhadas; (2) foi analisado o perfil dos ciclistas antes e depois da expansão da infraestrutura cicloviária e foram identificadas as diferenças comportamentais entre ciclistas recentes e experientes; (3) foram analisados os fatores associados à frequência do uso da bicicleta com motivo trabalho ou estudo e para demais finalidades e (4) foi analisada a escolha do uso da bicicleta compartilhada ou própria para uma determinada viagem. Os resultados indicam que a expansão da oferta de infraestrutura cicloviária parece estimular segmentos menos representativos da população, como mulheres e indivíduos de baixa renda, os quais não consideravam utilizar a bicicleta sem a existência de ciclovias. O tempo de viagem parece influenciar significativamente na frequência de uso de bicicleta, indicando que esse modo pode ser competitivo com os veículos motorizados em cidades grandes, densas e congestionadas. Também se observou que os sistemas de bicicletas compartilhadas desempenham um papel fundamental nas viagens multimodais e na atração de novos ciclistas. Os resultados servem de subsídios para tomadores de decisão na definição de estratégias que visam incentivar o uso da bicicleta. Assim, o estudo pode auxiliar na elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas para a bicicleta; por exemplo, incentivo à expansão dos sistemas de bicicletas compartilhadas ou melhorias e expansão da infraestrutura cicloviária nas cidades. / The current study presents a survey and a series of analyses performed in an effort to better understand the use of private and shared bicycles in Sao Paulo, a city where bicycle infrastructure and bicycle-sharing systems are recent and still limited. Using descriptive analysis and statistical models, we (1) compare the characteristics of private bicycle users and shared bicycle users; (2) analyze the profile of bicyclists before and after the expansion of dedicated infrastructure and identify behavioral differences between newcomers and experienced bicyclists; (3) analyze factors associated with frequencies of work and non-work bicycle trips, and (4) analyze the choice between using a private or a shared bicycle for a given trip. The results show that the expansion of bicycle infrastructure seems to stimulate underrepresented segments of the population, such as women and low-income individuals, to start cycling. Travel time seems to be an important predictor of bicycling frequency for both work and non-work purposes, suggesting that this mode can be very competitive with cars and transit in large, dense and congested cities. We also observe that shared bicycle systems play a fundamental role in multi-modal travel and in introducing new users to the bicycle mode. Results may subsidize policy making in defining strategies to stimulate the use of bicycles, such as introducing bike sharing systems and expanding and qualifying the cycling infrastructure.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-10-30T12:05:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ertal de Vasconcelos Oliveira Junior_.pdf: 2130225 bytes, checksum: 354932969c3b6d01c2a9b8e1a64e9efe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-30T12:05:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ertal de Vasconcelos Oliveira Junior_.pdf: 2130225 bytes, checksum: 354932969c3b6d01c2a9b8e1a64e9efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Apresentar um diagnóstico com sugestões para implantação de políticas para a mobilidade sustentável em cidades de médio porte é o objetivo da presente pesquisa. As sugestões aqui colocadas intencionam a reestruturação do sistema de trânsito e de transporte, promovendo a inclusão social, priorizando para curtas e médias distâncias os modos a pé e bicicleta e para as distâncias maiores o transporte coletivo. Assim sendo, surge um conjunto de proposições com o intuito de alterar os padrões de mobilidade existentes, transformando-o dentro de uma lógica de sustentabilidade. Contudo, a principal contribuição deste estudo encontra-se no emprego de estratégias de mobilidade para cidades de médio porte, valorizando prioritariamente pedestres, ciclistas e usuários de transporte coletivo. Faz-se uso da pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa e estudo de caso. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os usuários do transporte público motorizado, não motorizado (ciclistas) e com portadores de necessidades especiais que usam o transporte coletivo. A amostra escolhida respondeu a um questionário estruturado com questões que objetivam identificar sua percepção em relação ao transporte utilizado. Também foram feitas entrevistas com portadores de necessidades especiais que utilizam o transporte coletivo, sendo utilizada a sede da ADFVFB, (Associação dos Deficientes Físicos e Visuais de Francisco Beltrão. As entrevistas direcionadas aos usuários da Ciclovia foram feitas com o Grupo de Ciclistas Pedala Beltrão. Cerca de 61% dos entrevistados não possui veículo próprio e necessitam de transporte coletivo para se deslocar no município; 58% avaliam como regulares as condições gerais do transporte público do município. A principal dificuldade encontrada no passeio público é para 34% dos entrevistados: a segurança, depois vem 25% que destacam ser a má conservação das calçadas, seguido por 18% que apontam a má sinalização para pedestres. Uma das maiores dificuldades de acessibilidade e mobilidade na cidade de Francisco Beltrão para o presidente da ADFVFB é o acesso, principalmente no comércio e em muitos órgãos públicos. E agora, uma outra grande dificuldade que vem surgindo atualmente é com relação a moradias, visto que não existem muitas opções de residências acessíveis para pessoas com deficiência, seja ela motora ou sensorial, no caso, visual ou auditiva. Ao final, o estudo apresentou sugestão de reestruturação do sistema de trânsito e de transporte, promovendo a inclusão social, priorizando para curtas e médias distâncias os modos a pé e bicicleta e para as distâncias maiores o transporte coletivo; ampliando o número de rotas do transporte coletivo; melhorando a qualidade do transporte coletivo; incentivando o uso de modos não motorizados; adaptando ruas para pedestres e cadeirantes e quadras em escala humana para incentivar o fluxo de pessoas; integrando o transporte de bicicleta com o transporte coletivo, entre outros. / To present a diagnosis with suggestions for implementing policies for sustainable mobility in medium-sized cities is the objective of this research. The suggestions put forward here intend to restructure the transit and transport system, promoting social inclusion, prioritizing for short and medium distances the modes on foot and bicycle and for the greater distances collective transportation. Thus, a set of propositions arises with the intention of changing the existing mobility patterns, transforming it within a logic of sustainability. However, the main contribution of this study is the use of mobility strategies for midsize cities, with priority being given to pedestrians, cyclists and users of public transport. We use qualitative and quantitative research and case study. Interviews were conducted with users of motorized, non-motorized public transport (cyclists) and with special needs users using public transport. The sample selected answered a questionnaire structured with questions that aim to identify their perception in relation to the transportation used. Interviews were also conducted with people with special needs who use public transport, and the headquarters of the ADFVFB (Association of Physically and Visually Impaired People of Francisco Beltrão) were used. The interviews directed to Ciclovia users were made with the Pedala Beltrão Cyclists Group. About 61% of the interviewees do not own their own vehicles and need public transportation to travel in the municipality, 58% evaluate how to regulate the general conditions of public transportation in the municipality. , Followed by 25%, which stands out due to the poor conservation of the sidewalks, followed by 18% of bad signposts for pedestrians. One of the biggest difficulties of accessibility and mobility in the city of Francisco Beltrão for the president of ADFVFB is access, mainly in commerce and In many public bodies. And now another major difficulty that is currently emerging is with regard to housing, there are not many options for affordable housing for people with disabilities, whether it is motor or sensory, in the visual or auditory case. At the end, the study presented a suggestion for the restructuring of the transit and transportation system, promoting social inclusion, prioritizing for short and medium distances the modes on foot and bicycle and for the greater distances collective transportation; Increasing the number of collective transportation routes; Improving the quality of collective transportation; Encouraging the use of non-motorized modes; Adapting streets for pedestrians and wheelchairs and blocks on a human scale to encourage the flow of people; Integrate bicycle transport with public transportation, among others.

Title: The Recumbent bicycle as a World Phenomenon. Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to map the situation of recumbent bicycles abroad and then to compare it with the situation in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the key differences are discussed. Methods: The thesis uses the method of quantitative data collection. The collection of data was done primarily and through half-structured questionnaires. In addition, the method of interview was applied as a supportive one. The Results: According to a qualified estimate there are about 550 - 600 thousand of recumbent cyclists. The biggest differences of both groups lie in the following aspects. Cyclists abroad possess of 21,7 % of recumbent bicycles of their own construction less (2,5 %) than the Czech cyclists do. 70 % of foreign cyclists ride their recumbent bicycles from 2 to 3 times per week or every day, the Czechs like these are of 36,4 %. 59,5 % of foreign cyclists state as a reason to ride their recumbent the health prevention. The Czechs do that only in 33,3 %. Conclusion: The research shows interesting connections between the Czech and the foreign cyclists of recumbent bicycles and, at the same time, some differences. The most interesting is the perception of the recumbent bicycle as a mean to strengthen one's health. The future...

Les systèmes de vélos en libre-service ont connu ces dernières années un développement sans précédent. Bien que les premières tentatives de mise en place remontent aux années 60, l'arrivée de technologies permettant un suivi des différents véhicules mis à la disposition du grand public et de l'état des bornes de stationnement en temps réel a rendu ces systèmes plus attractifs. Plus de 200 villes disposent de tels systèmes et cette tendance se poursuit avec l'entrée en fonctionnement du système de New York prévue pour mars 2013. La fin de l'année 2011 a été marquée par l'arrivée d'un nouvel avatar de ce type de transport avec la mise en place d'Autolib à Paris. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des algorithmes d'aide à la décision pour l'optimisation de réseaux de transport en libre-service. L'exploitation de ces systèmes, qui fleurissent actuellement un peu partout dans le monde, pose en effet de nombreux problèmes, l'un des plus cruciaux étant celui de la régulation. Cette dernière a pour objectif de maintenir dans chaque station un nombre de vélos ni trop faible, ni trop élevé, afin de satisfaire au mieux la demande. Cette régulation se fait souvent par le biais de camions qui effectuent des tournées sur le réseau. Il apparaît rapidement que la question d'une régulation optimale à l'aide d'une flotte fixée de camions est une question difficile. La thèse est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, le cas “statique” est considéré. Les déplacements de véhicules dus aux usagers sont négligés. Cela traduit la situation la nuit ou lorsque le système est fermé à la location. L'opérateur doit redistribuer les véhicules afin que ceux-ci soient disposés selon une répartition définie. Les problèmes de rééquilibrage avec un ou plusieurs camions sont traités. Pour chacun des deux cas, un algorithme est proposé et utilisé pour résoudre des instances de tailles variées. La seconde partie traite du cas “dynamique” dans lequel les utilisateurs interagissent avec le système. Afin d'étudier ce système complexe, un simulateur a été développé. Il est utilisé pour comparer différentes stratégies de redistribution des véhicules. Certaines utilisent des camions se déplaçant dans la ville pendant la journée. D'autres tentent d'organiser une régulation intrinsèque du système par le biais d'une politique d'incitation : des prix mis à jour régulièrement encouragent les usagers à rendre leur véhicule dans certaines stations. Enfin, si on choisit de ne pas utiliser de camion durant la journée, la question de la détermination du nombre optimal de véhicules à disposer à chaque station se pose. Deux méthodes de recherche locale visant à minimiser le temps total perdu par les usagers sont présentées. Les résultats obtenus peuvent servir pour la définition des répartitions cibles de la première partie. Durant ma thèse, j'ai pu participer à deux challenges EURO/ROADEF, celui de 2010 proposé par EDF et celui de 2012 proposé par Google. Dans les deux cas, mon équipe a atteint les phases finales. Lors de l'édition de 2010, notre méthode est arrivée quatrième et a donné lieu à une publication. En 2012, notre méthode est arrivée dix-huitième sur tous les participants. Les travaux menés dans ces cadres sont ajoutés en annexe / Bikes sharing systems have known a growing success all over the world. Several attempts have been made since the 1960s. The latest developments in ICT have enabled the system to become efficient. People can obtain real-time information about the position of the vehicles. More than 200 cities have already introduced the system and this trend keeps on with the launching of the NYC system in spring 2013. A new avatar of these means of transportation has arrived with the introduction of Autolib in Paris end of 2011.The objective of this thesis is to propose algorithms that may help to improve this system efficiency. Indeed, operating these systems induces several issues, one of which is the regulation problem. Regulation should ensures users that a right number of vehicles are present at any station anytime in order to fulfill the demand for both vehicles and parking racks. This regulation is often executed thanks to trucks that are travelling the city. This regulation issue is crucial since empty and full stations increase users' dissatisfaction. Finding the optimal strategy for regulating a network appears to be a difficult question. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the “static” case. In this part, users' impact on the network is neglected. This is the case at night or when the system is closed. The operator faces a given repartition of the vehicles. He wants the repartition to match a target one that is known a priori. The one-truck and multiple-truck balancing problems are addressed in this thesis. For each one, an algorithm is proposed and tested on several instances. To deal with the “dynamic” case in which users interact with the system, a simulator has been developed. It is used to compare several strategies and to monitor redistribution by using trucks. Strategies not using trucks, but incentive policies are also tested: regularly updated prices are attached to stations to deter users from parking their vehicle at specified stations. At last, the question to find the best initial inventory is also addressed. It corresponds to the case when no truck are used within the day. Two local searches are presented and both aim at minimizing the total time lost by users in the system. The results obtained can be used as inputs for the target repartitions used in the first part. During my thesis, I participated to two EURO-ROADEF challenges, the 2010 edition proposed by EDF and the 2012 one by Google. In both case, my team reached the final phase. In 2010, our method was ranked fourth over all the participants and led to the publication of an article. In 2012, we ranked eighteenth over all the participants. Both works are added in the appendix

Creating a bicycle with a rideable geometry is more complicated than it may appear, with today’s mainstay designs having evolved through years of iteration. This slow evolution coupled with the bicycle’s intricate mechanical system has lead most builders to base their new geometries off of previous work rather than expand into new design spaces. This crutch can lead to slow bicycle iteration rates, often causing bicycles to all look about the same. To combat this, several bicycle design models have been created over the years, with each attempting to define a bicycle’s handling characteristics given its physical geometry. However, these models often analyze a single bicycle at a time, and as such, using them in an iterative design process can be cumbersome. This work seeks to improve an existing model used by the Cal Poly Mechanical Engineering department such that it can be used in a proactive, iterative fashion (as opposed to the reactive, single-design paradigm that it currently supports). This is accomplished by expanding the model’s inputs to include more bicycle components as well as differently sized riders. This augmented model is then incorporated into several search platforms ranging from a brute-force implementation to several variants using genetic algorithm concepts. These models allow the designer to specify a bicycle design search space as well as a set of riders upfront, from which the algorithms search out and find strong candidate designs to return to the user. This in turn reduces the overhead on the designer while also potentially discovering new bicycle designs which had not been considered previously viable. Finally, a front-end was created to make it easier for the user to access these algorithms and their results.

La presente investigación se titula “Importación y venta de kits para conversión de bicicletas convencionales a eléctricas y bicicletas eléctricas como una alternativa de transporte ecológico en Lima Metropolitana”. Dicha idea de negocio surgió como una iniciativa de los ejecutores del proyecto para hacer frente a la necesidad de buscar un medio de transporte para mitigar el problema de la congestión vehicular en Lima Metropolitana. Uno de los problemas que aqueja a la ciudad de Lima es la congestión vehicular, esto produce estrés por el mayor tiempo invertido para trasladarse de un lugar a otro; ante ello, el presente estudio brinda una alternativa ante este problema social. Durante el año 2020, la demanda sobre el uso de las bicicletas eléctricas se ha convertido en muy buena alternativa para movilizarse, asimismo sería una respuesta eficaz a raíz de la pandemia que se está viviendo a nivel mundial. La finalidad de disminuir la posibilidad del contagio del Covid-19, reducir la congestión, el consumo de combustible, la contaminación y los tiempos de desplazamientos. / The present research is entitled “Import and sale of kits for conversion from conventional bicycles to electric bicycles and electric bicycles as an alternative for ecological transport in Metropolitan Lima”. This business idea emerged as an initiative of the project's executors to address the need to seek a means of transport that to mitigate the traffic congestion that exists in Metropolitan Lima. One of the problems that binds the city of Lima is the vehicle congestion, this causes stress for the longer time spent to move from one place to another; before this, the present study provides an alternative to this social problem. During 2020, demand for the use of electric bicycles has become a very good alternative for mobilization, and it would also be an effective response to the pandemic that is being experienced worldwide. The aim is to reduce the possibility of covid-19 transmission, reduce congestion, fuel consumption, pollution and travel times. / Trabajo de investigación

The sale of electrically assisted bicycles (‘e-bikes’) is growing at a rapid rate across Europe. Whereas market data is available describing sales trends, there is limited understanding of the experience of early adopters of e-bike technology. This paper investigates the motives for e-bike purchase, rider experience and perceived impact on mobility, health and wellbeing through in-depth interviews with e-bike owners in the Netherlands and the UK. Findings revealed that the motive for purchasing e-bikes was often to allow maintenance of cycling against a backdrop of changing individual or household circumstances. E-bikes also provided new opportunities for people who would not otherwise consider conventional cycling. Perceptions of travel behaviour change revealed that e-biking was replacing conventional cycling but was also replacing journeys that would have been made by car. There was also a perception that e-biking has increased, or at least allowed participants to maintain, some form of physical activity and had benefitted personal wellbeing. Technological, social and environmental barriers to e-biking were identified. These included weight of bicycle, battery life, purchase price, social stigma and limitations of cycle infrastructure provision. Additional research is necessary to quantify actual levels of mode substitution and new journey generation among new e-bike owners and the impact of e-biking on promoting physical health and mental wellbeing.

Unlike motor-vehicle transport, the implementation of lnformation and Communications Technologies (ICT) and Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) in cycling has not been comprehensively investigated [1]. Cycling offers several benefits both to society and the environment and is one of the most sustainable and green transportation modes [2]. Many people worldwide have been switching to bicycles during the last decades, and this has increased even more due to the Covid pandemic [3]. Furthermore, the number of people who ride an e-bike is also rising [ 4]. Thus, the number of cyclists is increasing and, in turn, the number of cycling accidents is increasing too. For instance, in the Netherlands, one of the most cycling-friendly countries, 31 % of all road fatalities in 2019 were cyclists (203 fatalities), while in 2020, it was 37% (229 fatalities). One-third of these fatalities were e-bike users [5]. Despite the constantly evolving landscape of cycling and electric bike adoption, applications of new technologies in bicycles are still immature. In recent years, academic research on new technologies related to cyclists' comfort and safety is growing [6, 7, 8]. Furthermore, many studies focus on technologies affecting cyclists' road safety; however, it is unclear what type of technologies are implemented for bicycles. To the best of the authors' knowledge, a comprehensive review of such studies is lacking. Additionally, a clear definition of a 'smart bike'- a concept gaining popularity nowadays, is missing in the literature. To address this gap, the objective of this paper is two fold: 1) to review the state-of-the-art technologies implemented in bicycles to improve cyclists' safety, and 2) to propose an original classification for the levels of smartness of newly emerging 'smart bikes'.

Interpreting the subtleness and complexity of vulnerable road user (VRU) behaviour is still a significant challenge for automated vehicles (AVs). Solutions for facilitating safe and acceptable interactions in future automated traffic include equipping AVs and VRUs with human-machine interfaces (HMl.s), such as awareness and notification systems, and connecting road users to a network of A Vs and infrastructure. The research on these solutions, however, primarily focuses on pedestrians. There is no overview ofthe type of systems or solutions supporting cyclists in future automated traffic. The objective ofthe present study is to synthesise current literature and provide an overview ofthe state-ofthe-art support systems available to cyclists. The aim is to identify, classify, and count the types of communicative technologies, systems, and devices capable of supporting the safety of cyclists in automated traffic. The overall goal is to understand A V-cyclist interaction better, pinpoint knowledge gaps in current literature, and develop strategies for optimising safe and pleasant cycling in future traffic environments with AVs.

O objetivo desta dissertação é traçar a situação e a perspectiva da inserção da bicicleta no planejamento de mobilidade em São Paulo e no Brasil. Para tal, estudou-se o processo de formação da cidade e dos elementos de mobilidade urbana na cidade capitalista. Também buscou-se identificar o processo histórico de reprodução da sociedade brasileira, a acumulação entravada. Foram estudados os modelos de implantação de políticas nacionais e os motivos que tornaram alguns países referência em modelo de planejamento cicloviário. Identificou-se o impacto do Protocolo de Quioto na política pró-bicicleta, apresentando elementos do maior impacto mundial, as bicicletas púbicas, ou compartilhamento de bicicletas. Simultaneamente, foi estudada e analisada a produção de uma consultoria, por mim fundada, especializada em planos e projetos cicloviários, com elaboração de projetos em todas as regiões do Brasil. Apresenta-se também a metodologia de planejamento cicloviário que se faz cada vez mais necessária e fomentada pela nova Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana, lei que será aplicada a partir de 2015. Por fim, é apresentado um metaprojeto na Avenida Paulista, que demonstra diferentes soluções devido a possibilidades com diversos cenários, e as considerações finais acerca do impacto da política cicloviária na organização e qualificação do espaço. / The objective of this thesis is to outline the situation and the prospect of bicycle integration in mobility planning in São Paulo and Brazil. Therefore, we studied the formation process of the city and the elements of urban mobility in the capitalist city. We also sought to identify the historical process of reproduction of Brazilian society --the impeded accumulation. Models of implementation of national policies and the reasons that made some countries reference in bicycle planning model were studied. We identified the impact of the Kyoto Protocol in the pro bike policies, featuring elements of the its most profound impact: pubic bikes, or bike-sharing. At the same time, was studied and analyzed the work of a consultancy --founded by me-- specialized on cycling plans and projects, with projects done to all regions of Brazil. Then, we introduce the cycling planning methodology, that is increasingly required and encouraged by the new National Policy of Urban Mobility, law that will apply on 2015. Finally, we present a meta project on Paulista Avenue, which demonstrates different solutions due to possibilities according to several scenarios, and the final considerations about the impact of cycling policy on the organization and qualification of space.