The seismic design of buildings is usually performed using one-way analysis for each of main axes independently. However, seismic events have fairly random behaviour and impose bidirectional solicitations on structures. In this work, the study of the response in structures subjects to earthquake loads with irregularity of l-shaped plan and soft story is carried out. For this, the linear time-story analysis (LTHA) of these has been carried out imposing seismic solicitations in two orthogonal directions. Thus, the structural response with incidence angle variations of 10 is obtained and compared with the response derived from the unidirectional analysis. Variations of up to 50% and 72% are obtained for model structures with l-shaped plan and soft story respectively.

[pt] Esta dissertação é um estudo sobre as mudanças ocorridas no Estado brasileiro diante da bidirecionaliade dos fluxos proporcionado pela globalização no que concerne a migração internacional, em específico a formação de novos sujeitos políticos, as comunidades brasileiras no exterior dos anos oitenta até o presente. Argumentamos que as organizações de emigrantes brasileiros foram institucionalizadas em meio a um processo de desnacionalização e de uma política externa que visava maior inserção do estado brasileiro em fóruns internacionais. Utilizamos a tipologia de Saskia Sassen para ilustrar o argumento de que a década de noventa representa uma época de construção de capacidades no preparo para uma mudança institucional do Estado na década seguinte, um ponto de inflexão na formalização de redes de aliança e articulação, assim iluminando rearranjos institucionais graduais no aparato estatal brasileiro em duas lógicas organizadoras diferentes: as escalas nacionais e globais. / [en] This dissertation aims to study the bidirectional globalization flows between the Brazilian communities abroad and the Brazilian State from the 1980s until present and the formation of new political subjects, the Brazilian communities abroad. The main argument is the increasing denationalization brought by globalization can be seen in the recognition of informal actors such as Brazilian immigrant communities abroad by the Brazilian State through a foreign policy whose purpose was to project Brazil as a player in the international arena. By using Saskia Sassen s terminology, the 1990s are seen therefore as a period of building capacities which prepared for the effective change occurring in 2002, the tipping point in the formalization of alliance networks, thus illuminating institutional rearrangements occurring in the Brazilian State apparatus in two different organizational logics — national and global scales.

Ces travaux de thèse traitent de la modélisation d’un interrupteur bipolaire commandable monolithique bidirectionnel en tension et en courant et s’inscrivent dans la gestion de l’énergie dans l’habitat. L’objectif est de concevoir un interrupteur à faible perte énergétique capable de s’intégrer au sein d’une électronique de commande intelligente.Ces travaux s’intéressent dans un premier temps aux différentes solutions existantes destinées à notre application. A travers cette étude, on présente ainsi les avantages et les inconvénients des interrupteurs discrets ou encore des solutions monolithiques. On s’intéresse ensuite à l’étude d’un transistor bipolaire de puissance symétrique vertical. A l’aide de simulations par éléments finis, une étude bidimensionnelle et statique a permis de valider sa fonctionnalité à savoir son aptitude à fonctionner sous le réseau alternatif domestique. L’étude se concentrera ensuite sur les différentes technologies destinées à l’améliorer. En optant pour des caissons fortement dopés judicieusement placés au niveau de la base, il est démontré que les performances d’un tel composant peuvent être augmentées grâce au phénomène d’autoblindage. Finalement, dans le but de simplifier la réalisation de cet interrupteur, la technologie du RESURF sur SOI a été retenue. La structure, latérale, a ensuite été étudiée grâce à des simulations statiques bidimensionnelles puis tridimensionnelles qui ont mis en valeur l’intérêt de cette technologie tant au niveau de la conception qu’au niveau de la réalisation de la structure. / This study deals with the modeling of a monolithic switch bidirectional in current and voltage with full turn-off control for household appliances. The goal is to design a low losses switch which can be integrated to smart electronics functions. These works are focused, first, on discrete and monolithic existing solutions designed for such appliances before pointing out their main advantages and drawbacks. Monolithic structures are preferred over discrete ones thanks to their easiness to be integrated among other structures on the same substrate. The study is focused then on a vertical and symmetrical power bipolar transistor. 2D static simulations in finite elements performed on the structure confirm its ability to work on the mains. Further studies underline the possibility to improve it. By implementing around the active base heavily doped caissons which create a shielding effect, one can increase the structure performances. Finally, to simplify the switch processing steps, SOI RESURF technology is chosen. The lateral structure is studied thanks to 2D and 3D simulations which emphasize the benefits of such technology on both its design and manufacturing process.

Parenting is one of the most salient influences in children's development, particularly during early childhood. Substantial theoretical and empirical evidence has linked sociodemographic risk to compromised parenting, and has contributed to the development of two-generation programs to support low-income parents and their young children. Despite decades of research on these families, little is known about how styles of parenting change across time, how children's emotion regulation influences parenting styles, or how risks predict longitudinal stability and change to parenting. Furthermore, it is unclear how one two-generation program, Early Head Start, promotes positive parenting styles and buffers against contextual risks. The aim of the three papers in this dissertation study is to describe maternal parenting within a low-income sample, by linking longitudinal trajectories of parenting to contextual risks, Early Head Start, children's emotion regulation (ER), and risk for child maltreatment. Guided by the bioecological model, and components specific to the Ecological-Transactional Model of Child Maltreatment (Cicchetti et al., 2010), these three papers indicate specific risks that are most salient to exhibiting unsupportive parenting behaviors: family conflict, maternal depression, and attitudes and beliefs that indicate risk for child physical abuse. Furthermore, the papers highlight important methodological considerations for the study of parenting at risk, children's ER, as well as for clinicians assessing risk. The three papers, collectively, highlight the complex interplay of determinants of parenting, including sociodemographic characteristics, psychological factors, interpersonal relationships, child effects, family-level characteristics, and Early Head Start involvement.

S’inscrivant dans le cadre de la gestion de l’énergie dans l’habitat du programme SESAME du pôle de compétitivité S2E2, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier et de proposer une structure d’interrupteur commandable à l’ouverture et à la fermeture, bidirectionnel en tension et en courant et à faible perte énergétique, destiné à connecter tout type de charges sur le réseau alternatif 230V/50Hz. Il n’existe pas à l’heure actuelle de composants interrupteurs monolithiques de ce type. La première partie du mémoire présente les interrupteurs électroniques existants. La deuxième partie, traite des interrupteurs électroniques à base de transistors MOS et des limites de cette technologie unipolaire en termes de compromis de minimisation de surface de puces et de minimisation de la dissipation de puissance. Nous montrons ensuite que l’on peut repousser ces limites en adoptant des solutions à base de transistors bipolaires de puissances et notamment avec des bases fines autoprotégées (Transistors GAT). Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats d’une étude des caractéristiques à l’état passant et à l’état bloqué de transistors GAT et valide leur aptitude à fonctionner sur le réseau alternatif. Nous montrons plusieurs voies possibles d’amélioration des caractéristiques de ces transistors avant d’étudier leur comportement dans une fonction interrupteur. Nous terminons ce travail en démontrant l’intérêt de la commande des transistors GAT en mode de conduction inverse, intérêt qui nous conduit ensuite à proposer une structure d’interrupteur totalement novatrice, avec la réduction par deux du nombre de composants et donc une réduction accrue de la puissance dissipée dans l’interrupteur. / As part of the energy management for household appliances of the S2E2 competitive pole SESAME program, the objective of this thesis is to propose a bidirectional switch in current and voltage with full turn-off control and low energy loss, ensuring the control of all loads types connected to the mains. The first part of this thesis presents the advantages and disadvantages of discrete or monolithic switches. In the second part, we were interested in electronic switches composed of MOS transistors. Different associations strategies and controls will be tested to reduce the power dissipation of the switch on the one hand, and facilitate control of the device on the other hand. Then we turned to solutions based on power bipolar transistors. The last one, called GAT distinguished itself by its high current gain and its low voltage drop in the on state. By implementing around the active base heavily doped caissons which create a shielding effect, one can increase the structure performances. After the design of this component in our laboratory, the characteristics of the on state and the off state were improved to validate its functionality in AC mains. The study will then focus on different technologies to confirm its performances. Using low metallization resistance and assembly strategy intelligently defined, it has been demonstrated that the performance of this component can be increased. Finally, we proposed a new switch structure using only two transistors GAT. We show that the interesting GAT reverse mode characteristics permit to deflect the load current flowing in the diodes and delete them. So we reduced the important source of power dissipation in the switch.

abstract: Photosystem I (PSI) is a multi-subunit, pigment-protein complex that catalyzes light-driven electron transfer (ET) in its bi-branched reaction center (RC). Recently it was suggested that the initial charge separation (CS) event can take place independently within each ec2/ec3 chlorophyll pair. In order to improve our understanding of this phenomenon, we have generated new mutations in the PsaA and PsaB subunits near the electron transfer cofactor 2 (ec2 chlorophyll). PsaA-Asn604 accepts a hydrogen bond from the water molecule that is the axial ligand of ec2B and the case is similar for PsaB-Asn591 and ec2A. The second set of targeted sites was PsaA-Ala684 and PsaB-Ala664, whose methyl groups are present near ec2A and ec2B, respectively. We generated a number of mutants by targeting the selected protein residues. These mutations were expected to alter the energetics of the primary charge separation event. The PsaA-A684N mutants exhibited increased ET on the B-branch as compared to the A-branch in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. The transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed the formation of increased B-side radical pair (RP) at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence decay measurement of the PsaA-A684N and PsaB-A664N showed a slight deceleration of energy trapping. Thus making mutations near ec2 on each branch resulted into modulation of the charge separation process. In the second set of mutants, where ec2 cofactor was target by substitution of PsaA-Asn604 or PsaB-Asn591 to other amino acids, a drop in energy trapping was observed. The quantum yield of CS decreases in Asn to Leu and His mutants on the respective branch. The P700 triplet state was not observed at room and cryogenic temperature for these mutants, nor was a rapid decay of P700+ in the nanosecond timescale, indicating that the mutations do not cause a blockage of electron transfer from the ec3 Chl. Time-resolved fluorescence results showed a decrease in the lifetime of the energy trapping. We interpret this decrease in lifetime as a new channel of excitation energy decay, in which the untrapped energy dissipates as heat through a fast internal conversion process. Thus, a variety of spectroscopic measurements of PSI with point mutations near the ec2 cofactor further support that the ec2 cofactor is involved in energy trapping process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2014

Submitted by TAHENA SILVA FERREIRA null (tahena_sf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-10T15:09:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao com correcoes apos defesa_24-07-17.pdf: 1293788 bytes, checksum: 68a919fab3a3a8499bbc31493ce8fc05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-15T19:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_ts_me_bauru.pdf: 1293788 bytes, checksum: 68a919fab3a3a8499bbc31493ce8fc05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T19:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_ts_me_bauru.pdf: 1293788 bytes, checksum: 68a919fab3a3a8499bbc31493ce8fc05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A literatura aponta que uma interação satisfatória entre mãe e filho pode ser considerada um preditor do bom desenvolvimento infantil, pois, pode atenuar os efeitos dos fatores de risco. A chegada de um bebê que apresente algum tipo de deficiência, pode se configurar em um momento de tensão para essa mãe, pois requer adaptações e apresenta desafios ainda mais intensos. Dentre as inúmeras condições que podem afetar a infância, a Síndrome de Down (SD) destaca-se por provocar alterações globais no desenvolvimento e ter uma alta incidência na população mundial e nacional. O presente trabalho objetivou descrever, comparar e correlacionar os comportamentos interativos e não-interativos infantis e maternos, considerando os grupos de mães e bebê com e sem SD, com base em grandes categorias e subcategorias comportamentais. Participaram do estudo, 50 díades mãe-bebê com idade entre quatro e seis meses, divididas em dois grupos: 25 mães e seus bebês com SD e 25 mães e seus bebês sem SD. Foi utilizado um Instrumento para Coleta de Informações Sociodemográficas (ICIS) elaborado para este estudo e para análise da interação mãe-bebê foi utilizado o Sistema de Codificação da Interação Mãe-Criança Revisado (CITMI-R), versão brasileira, adaptado de Alvarenga e Cerezzo (2013). O instrumento prevê categorias gerais, referentes aos comportamentos infantis (interativos: Aproximação Social Positiva, Negativa e Neutra e, nãointerativos: Jogo, Regulação, Choro ou Protesto, Apatia e Movimentos de Protesto) e, referentes ao comportamento materno (interativos: Sensível Positivo, Negativo e Neutro e, nãointerativos: Protetivo e não responsivo). Os resultados apontaram que embora o grupo de mães de bebês sem SD tenha apresentado maior variabilidade comportamental, os grupos não apresentaram diferenças qualitativas significativas nos comportamentos analisados. Em relação aos comportamentos infantis, ainda que tenham sido observadas diferenças, elas não foram estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Considerando os comportamentos maternos, as diferenças estatísticas demostraram que as mães do G1 são mais Sensíveis Positivas (utilizaram mais sorrisos, vocalizações com conteúdo positivo e brinquedos), enquanto as mães do G2 são mais Sensíveis Neutras e Negativas (utilizaram mais vocalizações com conteúdo neutro, interromperam mais o fluxo de atividade de seus filhos com toques bruscos e olharam mais para outros locais da sala). Verificou-se ainda que o comportamento positivo emitido por um dos integrantes da díade criou condições favoráveis para que o outro integrante apresentasse comportamentos dessa mesma ordem. Concluiu-se que a similaridade dos comportamentos infantis apresentados pelos grupos possa ter ocorrido em função da adaptação materna frente as dificuldades dos bebês com SD, visto que, na presente amostra, todas as mães contavam com uma rede de apoio ofertada pelas instituições nas quais seus filhos eram assistidos. Diante disso, as limitações do presente estudo estiveram se referem a faixa etária específica dos bebês que compuseram a amostra (quatro a seis meses) e a atenção especializada dirigida às mães de bebês com SD. Por fim, é reconhecida a necessidade de novos estudos, especialmente longitudinais, com a ampliação da amostra e que considerem variáveis como: contato visual, sorriso, saúde mental materna e rede de apoio. / The literature indicates that a satisfactory interaction between mother and child can be considered a predictor of child development and may attenuate the risk factors. The arrival of a baby that presents some type of disability, can be configured in a moment of tension for this mother, because it requires adaptations and presents even more intense challenges. Among the many conditions that can affect childhood, Down Syndrome (DS) stands out because it causes global changes in development and presents a high incidence in the world and national population. The present work aimed to describe, compare and correlate the interactive and noninteractive infant and maternal behaviors, considering the groups of mothers and babies with and without SD, based on behavioral categories and subcategories. Participated in the study, 50 mothers and their infants between four and six months of age, divided into two groups: 25 mothers and their babies with SD and 25 mothers and their babies without SD. An Instrument for Collecting Sociodemographic Information (ICIS), prepared for this study was used and for the analysis of the interaction, Early Mother-Child Interaction Coding System (CITMI-R), Brazilian version, adapted from Alvarenga and Cerezzo (2013). The instrument provides for general categories related to children's behaviors (interactive: Positive Social Approach, Negative and Neutral and noninteractive: Game, Regulation, Cry or Protest, Apathy and Protest Movements) and, referring to maternal behavior (interactive: Sensitive Positive, Negative and Neutral and non-interactive: Protective and non-responsive). The results showed that although the group of mothers of infants without SD had higher behavioral variability, the groups did not show marked qualitative differences in the behaviors analyzed. Regarding children's behaviors, although differences were observed, they were not statistically significant between the groups. Concerning maternal behaviors, statistical differences showed that G1 mothers are more Sensitive Positives (they used more smiles, positive containing vocalizations and toys), while G2 mothers are more Neutral and Negative Sensitive (they used more neutral vocalizations, they interrupted more the activity flow of their children with abrupt touches and looked more to other places in the room). It was also verified that positive behaviors emitted by one of the members of the dyad created favorable conditions for the other member to present behaviors of the same order. It was concluded that the similarity of the children's behaviors presented by the groups may have occurred due to the maternal adaptation to the difficulties of the infants with DS, since in the present sample all mothers had a support network offered by the institutions in which their children were assisted. Therefore, the limitations of the present study were related to the specific age range of the babies composing the sample (four to six months) and the specialized attention directed to the mothers of infants with DS. Finally, the need for further studies, especially longitudinal ones, with the widening of the sample and considering variables such as: eye contact, smile, maternal mental health and support network is recognized. / FAPESP: 2015/11205-8

Dans un contexte de développement des énergies renouvelables, les énergies marines suscitent un grand intérêt. Parmi elles, les courants de marée paraissent constituer une ressource intéressante du fait de la densité de l'eau de mer et de la possibilité de prévoir les oscillations de marée à un endroit donné. Pour une turbine à axe vertical et en accord avec le partenaire industriel, les contraintes à l'échelle de la section de pale incluent la bidirectionnalité de l'écoulement, l'état de surface ainsi que la turbulence amont. La première partie du travail présentée ici s'est donc attachée à étudier deux solutions permettant de répondre à la bidirectionnalité de l'écoulement à l'échelle d'une section de pale. Un profil bidirectionnel spécifique a ainsi été comparé à un NACA 0015 en écoulement directe et inversé. La seconde partie s'est attachée à caractériser l'effet de la rugosité de surface et de la turbulence amont sur les propriétés d'un profil unidirectionnel spécifiquement développé pour les turbines à axe horizontal. Les deux sujets ont été abordés sur des profils académiques 2D, au travers d'une approche expérimentale originale et d'étude numériques. Des calculs tout turbulents et avec prise en compte de la transition ont été comparés à des mesures d'effort par balance, couplés à des observations de l'écoulement par PIV. Le foil bidirectionnel ainsi que le foil NACA en écoulement direct et inversé ont montrés des comportements singuliers qui pénalisent leurs performances dans l'optique d'une utilisation en tant que section de pale. A partir d'une valeur seuil, la hauteur de la rugosité de surface a montré engendrer un changement profond de la nature de l'écoulement autour du foil unidirectionnel. Finalement, il a été observé que la turbulence amont modifiait modérément les propriétés de ce type de foils, mais de façon moins significative à l'échelle de la pale. / In a context of development of renewable energies, there is a growing interest in marine energies. Among them, tidal currents are promising due to the density of seawater and the predictability of tidal oscillations at a given location. For horizontal axis tidal turbines and according to the industrial partner, constraints at the blade section scale include bi-directionality of the flow, surface roughness and upstream turbulence. The first part of the present work studied two solutions to achieve bi-directionality of the flow at the blade section scale. A specific bi-directional hydrofoil was compared to a NACA 0015 in forward and reversed flow. The second part focussed on the effect of surface roughness and upstream turbulence on a unidirectional blade section designed for current turbines. Both studies were carried out on academic two-dimensional hydrofoils, using both numerical investigation and a specifically developed experimental approach. Computations using fully turbulent and transition models were compared to balance force measurements coupled with PIV flow observations. The bidirectional foil as well as the NACA foil in forward and reversed flow, showed specific behaviours that could considerably reduce their performances for a use as a tidal turbine rotor. Roughness height was also observed to deeply change the foil properties, beyond a critical height. Finally, upstream turbulence resulted in moderate performance changes, less significant at the machine scale.

En un análisis sísmico tradicional, se considera principalmente la existencia de fuerzas sísmicas que actúan unidireccionalmente en dos o tres direcciones independientes. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que la naturaleza del movimiento sísmico es errática, es decir, que las acciones sísmicas actúan en diferentes direcciones hacia la estructura. En el presente estudio, se analizó las respuestas de 4 modelos estructurales con una geometría arquitectónica escalonada usando un Análisis Modal Espectral (AME) y un Análisis Lineal Tiempo Historia (ALTH), con ángulos de incidencia con incrementos cada 10°, de manera que se evidencie los efectos de la bidireccionalidad sísmica frente al unidireccional a través de las respuestas máximas de los modelos. Para el ALTH, se consideraron 3 registros sísmicos ocurridos en Lima-Perú en un tipo de suelo rígido obtenidos a través de la red acelerográfica nacional peruana CISMID. Los resultados alcanzados muestran que, para el Análisis Modal Espectral (AME) el ángulo de incidencia mayor donde se presentan mayores repuestas es 45° para los 4 modelos, y para el ALTH los ángulos de incidencia son variables. Asimismo, en ambos análisis dinámicos, evaluando la bidireccionalidad sísmica se obtienen respuestas de 10 a 40% más que un análisis unidireccional. / In a traditional seismic analysis, it is mainly considered the existence of seismic forces that work unidirectionally in two or three independent directions. However, it has been demonstrated that the nature of the seismic movement is erratic, that is to say, that the seismic actions act in different directions towards the structure. In the present study, the responses of 4 structural models with a staggered architectural geometry were analyzed using a Spectral Modal Analysis (SMA) and a Linear Time History Analysis (ALTH), with incidence angles increased every 10°, so as to evidence the effects of the seismic bidirectionality against the unidirectional one through the maximum responses of the models. For the ALTH, 3 seismic records were considered, which occurred in Lima-Peru in a type of rigid soil obtained through the Peruvian national accelerographic network CISMID. The results achieved show that, for the Spectral Modal Analysis (SMA), the incidence angle where the greatest responses are presented is 45° for the 4 models, and for the ALTH the incidence angles are variable. Moreover, in both dynamic analyses, evaluating the seismic bidirectionality, responses are obtained from 10 to 40% more than a unidirectional analysis. / Trabajo de investigación

Ces travaux traitent de la réalisation d’un prototype d’interrupteur monolithique bidirectionnel à base de transistor bipolaire. A terme, l’objectif est de développer un interrupteur intelligent à faible perte, complètement intégrable dans l’habitat. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux composants bidirectionnels existants. Nous présentons ensuite deux transistors bipolaires bidirectionnels. Le premier à base large, de fabrication aisée. Le second, symétrique, latéral, sur substrat SOI, à base fine, verticale, autoprotégée, très novateur. Nous les comparons et optons pour le transistor latéral à base fine, puis discutons les différentes étapes de sa fabrication et montrons qu’elle constitue un véritable challenge. Ensuite, nous détaillons une méthodologie analytique 1D permettant de déterminer les éléments clefs de fabrication de la partie active du transistor. L’étude est validée par des simulations 2D numériques par éléments finis. Nous continuons par une réflexion sur la périphérie du composant et sa métallisation. Nous détaillons les variantes de réalisation envisagées et montrons que ce composant est robuste vis-à-vis des désalignements entre les masques lors de la fabrication. Finalement, nous caractérisons les transistors fabriqués. Initialement le dispositif est parasité par des effets de ségrégation des dopants aux interfaces SiO2 / Si. Nous expliquons qu’il est possible de contrecarrer ces effets, pour finalement valider le concept de transistor bipolaire symétrique latéral sur substrat SOI, à base fine, verticale, autoprotégée. / This study deals with the realization of a prototype of a low losses monolithic bidirectional switch. It is based on a SOI symmetrical and lateral bipolar transistor with a thin, vertical and shielded base. The goal is to produce a switch which can be integrated to smart electronics functions. First, we compare the existing bidirectional solutions. We then introduce two bidirectional bipolar transistors: one with a wide base, easy to realize, and the other one, patented, symmetrical and lateral, using a SOI substrate, with a thin, vertical and shielded base. We compare these two devices and choose the novel and patented lateral bipolar transistor. We then discuss the challenge of its fabrication. We then detail a 1D analytical methodology allowing to define rapidly the key steps of the active area transistor realization. The study is then confirmed by finite element 2D numerical simulations (Sentaurus). Next, we discuss the periphery and metallization of the device. We detail the variant of process introduced. We finally show that this component is robust to masks misaligning during its fabrication. To the end, the transistors are realized and analyzed. We show that, initially, the segregation of dopants at SiO2 / Si interfaces implies a parasiting canal in parallel of the transistor. We then explain how to reduce these parasiting effects, to finally validate the concept of a symmetrical and lateral bipolar transistor on a SOI substrate, with a thin, vertical, shielded base.