Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der wissensbasierten Modellierung von Audio-Signal-Klassifikatoren (ASK) für die Bioakustik. Sie behandelt ein interdisziplinäres Problem, das viele Facetten umfasst. Zu diesen gehören artspezifische bioakustische Fragen, mathematisch-algorithmische Details und Probleme der Repräsentation von Expertenwissen. Es wird eine universelle praktisch anwendbare Methode zur wissensbasierten Modellierung bioakustischer ASK dargestellt und evaluiert. Das Problem der Modellierung von ASK wird dabei durchgängig aus KDD-Perspektive (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) betrachtet. Der grundlegende Ansatz besteht darin, mit Hilfe von modifizierten KDD-Methoden und Data-Mining-Verfahren die Modellierung von ASK wesentlich zu erleichtern. Das etablierte KDD-Paradigma wird mit Hilfe eines detaillierten formalen Modells auf den Bereich der Modellierung von ASK übertragen. Neunzehn elementare KDD-Verfahren bilden die Grundlage eines umfassenden Systems zur wissensbasierten Modellierung von ASK. Methode und Algorithmen werden evaluiert, indem eine sehr umfangreiche Sammlung akustischer Signale des Großen Tümmlers mit ihrer Hilfe untersucht wird. Die Sammlung wurde speziell für diese Arbeit in Eilat (Israel) angefertigt. Insgesamt werden auf Grundlage dieses Audiomaterials vier empirische Einzelstudien durchgeführt: - Auf der Basis von oszillographischen und spektrographischen Darstellungen wird ein phänomenologisches Klassifikationssystem für die vielfältigen Laute des Großen Tümmlers dargestellt. - Mit Hilfe eines Korpus halbsynthetischer Audiodaten werden verschiedene grundlegende Verfahren zur Modellierung und Anwendung von ASK in Hinblick auf ihre Genauigkeit und Robustheit untersucht. - Mit einem speziell entwickelten Clustering-Verfahren werden mehrere Tausend natürliche Pfifflaute des Großen Tümmlers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden visualisiert und diskutiert. - Durch maschinelles mustererkennungsbasiertes akustisches Monitoring wird die Emissionsdynamik verschiedener Lauttypen im Verlaufe von vier Wochen untersucht. Etwa 2.5 Millionen Klicklaute werden im Anschluss auf ihre spektralen Charakteristika hin untersucht. Die beschriebene Methode und die dargestellten Algorithmen sind in vielfältiger Hinsicht erweiterbar, ohne dass an ihrer grundlegenden Architektur etwas geändert werden muss. Sie lassen sich leicht in dem gesamten Gebiet der Bioakustik einsetzen. Hiermit besitzen sie auch für angrenzende Disziplinen ein hohes Potential, denn exaktes Wissen über die akustischen Kommunikations- und Sonarsysteme der Tiere wird in der theoretischen Biologie, in den Kognitionswissenschaften, aber auch im praktischen Naturschutz, in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle spielen. / The present thesis is dedicated to the problem of knowledge-based modeling of audio-signal-classifiers in the bioacoustics domain. It deals with an interdisciplinary problem that has many facets. To these belong questions of knowledge representation, bioacoustics and algorithmical issues. The main purpose of the work is to provide and evaluate a scientific method in which all these facets are taken into consideration. In addition, a number of algorithms, which implement all important steps of this method, are described. The problem of modeling audio-signal-classifiers is regarded from the KDD-perspective (Knowledge-Discovery in Databases). The fundamental idea is to use modified KDD- and Data-Mining-algorithms to facilitate the modeling of audio-signal-classifiers. A detailed mathematical formalism is presented and the KDD-paradigm is adopted to the problem of modeling audio-signal-classifiers. 19 new KDD-procedures form a comprehensive system for knowledge-based audio-signal-classifier design. An extensive collection of acoustic signals of the bottlenose-dolphin was recorded in Eilat (Israel). It forms the basis of four empirical studies: A phenomenological classification of acoustic phenomena, an experimental evaluation of accuracy and precision of classifiers, a cluster analysis of whistle sounds and a monitoring study to examine the nature of click sounds. Both, method and algorithms can be adopted to other branches in bioacoustics without changing their fundamental architecture.

To positively identify marine mammals using passive acoustics, large volumes of data are often collected that need to be processed by a trained analyst. To reduce acoustic analyst workload, an automatic detector can be implemented that produces many detections, which feed into an automatic classifier to significantly reduce the number of false detections. This requires the development of a robust classifier capable of performing inter-species classification as well as discriminating cetacean vocalizations from anthropogenic noise sources. A prototype aural classifier was developed at Defence Research and Development Canada that uses perceptual signal features which model the features employed by the human auditory system. The dataset included anthropogenic passive transients and vocalizations from five cetacean species: bowhead, humpback, North Atlantic right, minke and sperm whales. Discriminant analysis was implemented to replace principal component analysis; the projection obtained using discriminant analysis improved between-species discrimination during multiclass cetacean classification, compared to principal component analysis. The aural classifier was able to successfully identify the vocalizing cetacean species. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is used to quantify the two-class classifier performance and the M-measure is used when there are three or more classes; the maximum possible value of both AUC and M is 1.00 – which is indicative of an ideal classifier model. Accurate classification results were obtained for multiclass classification of all species in the dataset (M = 0.99), and the challenging bowhead/ humpback (AUC = 0.97) and sperm whale click/anthropogenic transient (AUC = 1.00) two-class classifications.

Citizen science, which uses volunteer observers in research, is fast becoming standard practice in ecology. In this thesis, I begin with an essay reviewing the benefits and limitations of citizen science, and then measure the influence of several forms of observer error that might bias ornithological citizen science. Using an internet-based survey, I first found that observer skill level can predict the nature of false-positive detections, where self-identified experts tend to falsely detect more rare species and moderately-skilled observers tend to falsely detect more common species. I also found that overconfidence is widespread among all skill levels, and hence that observer confidence is an unreliable indication of data quality. Using existing North American databases, I then found that older observers tend to detect fewer birds than younger observers -- especially if the birds' peak call frequencies exceed 6 kHz -- and that published long-term population trend estimates and high-pitched (>= 6 kHz) peak bird vocalization frequencies are negatively correlated. Taken together, these data suggest that both hearing loss and other sensory changes might be negatively biasing long-term trend estimates. In the next chapter, I measured how observer experience can bias detection data. In solitary observers, I found that detections tend to increase over the first 5 years of service (e.g. learning effects), after which they decline consistently (e.g. observer senescence). Conversely, among survey groups that may be motivated to exceed a previous year's species count, I found that species richness tends to increase consistently with consecutive survey years. In this case, individual sensory deficits may be offset by group participation. Lastly, I re-evaluated the established assumption that the quality of new volunteers on North American Breeding Bird Survey routes is increasing over time. I showed that the existing measure of “quality” ignores variable lengths of observer service, and that, after accounting for this variable, “quality” is unchanging. Throughout this thesis, I also show how generalized additive mixed models can address these biases statistically. My findings offer new opportunities to improve the accuracy and relevance of citizen science, and by extension, the effectiveness of wildlife conservation and management.

Individuals of a given population share more behavioural traits with each other than with members of other populations. For example, in humans, traditions are specific to regions or countries. These cultural relationships can tell us about the history of the populations, their origin and the amount of exchange between them. In birds, regional dialects have been described in many species. However, the mechanisms with which dialects form in populations is not fully understood because it is difficult to analyse experimentally. Translocated populations, with their known histories, offer an opportunity to study these mechanisms. From the study of bird vocalisations we can make inferences regarding population structure and relationships as well as their history, individual behavioural state, neuronal and physiological mechanisms or development of neuronal learning. Too achieve this, cross-disciplinary approaches are necessary, combining field work, bioacoustic methods, statistical tools such as machine learning, ecological knowledge and phylogenetic methods. Here, I will describe computational methods for the treatment and classification of bird vocalisations and will use them to depict the relationships between bird populations. First, I discretise the data in order to define the cultural traits. Then phylogenetic tree-building methods are used. Two approaches are possible, first to map these traits onto known phylogenies and, second, to directly build the phylogeny of these traits. I describe the application of these methods to test several hypothesis on bird songs evolution related to both their history and the mechanisms with which they evolve. Evidence for the presence of dialects in the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis) is provided on the basis of the syllable content of the songs. The absence of vocal sexual dimorphism is reported in the Australasian gannet (or takapu, Morus serrator), a member of the Sulidae family for which extensive sexual dimorphism has been reported in other species. Subsequently, convergence between the begging calls of several cuckoo species and their respective hosts is suggested by various bioacoustic methods. In addition, the male calls of the hihi (or stitchbird, Notiomystis cincta) is analysed in an island population. The corresponding pattern of variation suggests a post-dispersal acquisition of calls via learning which is in agreement with the most related species in the revised phylogeny of the hihi. Finally, the mechanisms of song evolution are depicted in translocated populations of tieke (or saddleback, Philesturnus carunculatus rufusater), resulting in the development of island dialects.

No description available.

O trabalho foi conduzido na EEA-UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS, entre jan/2009 e fev/2010 com o objetivo de avaliar as relações entre comportamento ingestivo, consumo de forragem, oferta diária de forragem e as variáveis da estrutura do pasto a fim de definir ambientes adequados ao pastejo em pastagem natural complexa. Para avaliar o tempo diário das atividades de novilhas de corte, verificou-se o potencial de um método acústico, enquanto que para avaliar o consumo de matéria seca utilizou-se a técnica dos alcanos, a partir da teoria do duplo alcano. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com duas repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram dos seguintes níveis de oferta diária de forragem aplicados desde 1986: 4, 8, 12 e 16 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, ou % PV. Foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças com 15 meses de idade e 152±4,0 kg, alocadas na área em Nov/2008. As variáveis utilizadas para descrever a estrutura dos pastos foram: massa de forragem, altura do pasto e frequência de touceiras. As variáveis de comportamento ingestivo consideradas foram: tempo de pastejo, deslocamento e taxa de deslocamento diário em pastejo. Já as variáveis de consumo estudadas foram: consumo e taxa de consumo diário de forragem e de nutrientes. Os resultados apontaram que o manejo da oferta de forragem, mesmo modificando a abundância de forragem e determinando ambientes alimentares contrastantes, não permite controle estrito, tampouco predição, da estrutura do pasto, principalmente nos níveis moderados e altos de oferta de forragem (e.g., 12 e 16% PV). As relações demonstram que elevados níveis de consumo diário estão associados com o aumento na abundância de forragem e com a estrutura do pasto. Ofertas de forragem muito baixas ou altas podem comprometer a taxa de consumo de nutrientes. Elevado tempo de pastejo diário esteve associado com elevados deslocamentos, o que pode gerar maiores gastos energéticos. Os menores valores de tempo de pastejo diário estiveram associados às estruturas de pasto que apresentaram massa de forragem entre 1400-2200 kg de MS/ha e altura do pasto entre 8-13 cm, sendo que a ocorrência de touceiras não ultrapassou 35%. Já as condições de pasto que promoveram maiores consumo diário e elevada taxa de consumo foram observadas quando a oferta de forragem esteve em torno de 11% PV, situação em que a massa de forragem situava-se em 1800 kg de MS/ha, a altura do pasto encontrava-se em 11,9 cm e a presença de touceiras era de 30%. Dentro dessas amplitudes também se configurou elevado consumo de nutrientes, indicando que tais parâmetros caracterizam um ambiente pastoril desejável tanto do ponto de vista de bem-estar quanto em nível de produção animal. / The experiment was carried out at the Research Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from Jan/2009 to Feb/2010, in order to assess the relationship of ingestive behaviour and forage intake with the daily herbage allowance and variables of sward structure aiming to define suitable environments to grazing on complex natural grassland. The usefulness for an acoustic method to assess the time of daily activities was studied, while for assessing dry matter intake the technique of alkanes from the theory of the double alkane was performed. A completely randomized block design with two replicates (paddocks) was used. The treatments were levels of daily herbage allowance applied since 1986: 4, 8, 12 and 16 kg DM/100 kg BW, or BW %. The experimental animals were crossbred heifers with 15 months of age and 152±4.0 kg that entered in the experimental area in Nov/2008. The variables used to describe the sward structure were: herbage mass, sward height and the frequency of tussocks. The variables of ingestive behaviour measured and used were: grazing time, displacement and daily displacement rate at grazing. The variables of daily intake studied were: the amount and rate of daily forage intake and nutrients. The results showed that the management of herbage allowance, even changing the abundance of forage and determining contrasting environments, does not allow for a strict control and prediction of sward structure, mainly for levels moderate to high of allowance. The relationships presented demonstrate that high levels of daily intake are associated with an increase in the abundance of forage and sward structure. Herbage allowance excessively low or high may provide lower intake rates of nutrients. High daily grazing time was associated with higher displacements, which can generate higher energy costs. The lowest values of daily grazing time was associated with structures that contained herbage mass between 1400-2200 kg DM/ha and sward height between 8-13 cm, whereas tussocks levels did not exceed 35%. The sward conditions that promoted high daily intake and high intake rate was observed when herbage allowance was around 11% BW, herbage mass was 1800 kg DM/ha, the sward height was 11,9 cm and the occurrence of tussocks of 30%. Within these ranges it has also become a high intake of nutrients indicating those parameters can characterize a suitable grazing environment both for animal welfare as well as for animal production aspects.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-28T18:58:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by GUILHERME SEMENTILI CARDOSO null (guisemcar@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-02T17:21:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Guilherme_biblioteca.pdf: 3396397 bytes, checksum: d445e38209f4ffe6e3bc7cb908f14709 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-04T18:22:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_gs_me_bot.pdf: 3396397 bytes, checksum: d445e38209f4ffe6e3bc7cb908f14709 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T18:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_gs_me_bot.pdf: 3396397 bytes, checksum: d445e38209f4ffe6e3bc7cb908f14709 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A variação vocal é um dos processos que pode levar a especiação em aves. A divergência das características vocais pode levar ao isolamento reprodutivo, uma vez que indivíduos de uma mesma espécie não seriam capazes de reconhecer seus pares que emitam sinais vocais alterados. Sabendo-se que o ambiente exerce uma pressão seletiva importante na transmissão do som, os indivíduos tendem a alterar a estrutura acústica de suas vocalizações, aprimorando a transmissão sonora. Assim, indivíduos de uma mesma espécie que habitam ambientes distintos tendem a apresentar diferenças vocais. Este estudo analisou as vocalizações de T. major oriundas de diversas localidades da região Neotropical para identificar possíveis variações vocais entre as diversas subespécies. Estas variações foram correlacionadas com as coordenadas geográficas, com altitude e com a distribuição espacial das subespécies de T. major. Foram coletadas 119 vocalizações de indivíduos distintos, que tiveram as suas variáveis temporais e espectrais analisadas por meio do espectrograma e do espectro de amplitude, tomando um limite de -42 dB como referência. Tais características foram correlacionadas com as variáveis de latitude, longitude e altitude. Ao total, foram obtidas quatro subespécies. As variáveis foram reduzidas por uma análise de Componente Principal, e depois classificadas por uma Análise de Função Discriminante. A partir das correlações, observou-se uma relação inversa entre características espectrais e temporais. Valores de frequência decrescem com o aumento da latitude, enquanto os valores temporais aumentam. Do mesmo modo, os valores de frequência tendem a aumentar com o acréscimo da longitude, enquanto os valores temporais decrescem. Algo semelhante ocorre com os grupos atribuídos às subespécies, pois aquelas amostras que estão mais a Noroeste (T. m. semifasciatus e T. m. melanurus) apresentam menores frequências e maiores durações, enquanto aquelas que se situam mais a sudeste (T. m. major e T. m. stagurus) apresentam maiores frequências e menores durações. Este efeito pode estar vinculado às características do hábitat, pois as subespécies T. m. semifasciatus e T. m. melanurus estão situadas em regiões de predomínio da Floresta Ombrófila Densa da bacia Amazônica. Deste modo, vocalizações com menores valores de frequência e maiores valores de tempo sofrem menor atenuação sonora que seria causada pela alta densidade de obstáculos para a transmissão. Este tipo de variação vocal é bem documentado, sendo suportado pela Hipótese da Adaptação Acústica. / The vocal variation is one of the processes that can lead to speciation in birds. The divergence of the vocal features can drive the reproductive isolation, since individuals of the same species will not be able to recognize their mates, which emit altered voice signals. The environment make a significant selective pressure on sound transmission. Thus, individuals tend to change the acoustic structure of their vocalizations to improve the sound transmission. Individuals of the same species that inhabit different environments tend to display vocal differences. This study surveyed the vocalizations of T. major from several locations in the Neotropical region to identify possible vocal variations between different subspecies. These variations were correlated with the geographic coordinates, with altitude and with the spatial distribution of subspecies. We collected 119 vocalizations of different individuals. Vocalizations had their temporal and spectral variables measured through the espectrogram and the power spectrum, taking a -42 dB as reference limit. These variables were correlated with latitude, longitude and altitude. From these same data, we identified the predominant subspecies the location of sampling. In total, four subspecies were obtained. The variables were reduced by a principal component analysis. Then, they were classified by a discriminant function analysis. From the correlations, we found an inverse relationship between spectral and temporal characteristics. Frequency values decrease with increasing latitude, while time values increase. Moreover, the frequency values tend to increase with the increase in longitude, while time values decrease. Something similar occurs with the groups assigned to the subspecies, for the northwestern samples (attributed to T. m. semifasciatus and T. m. melanurus) have lower frequencies and longer durations, while the southeastern ones (attributed to T. m. major and T. m. stagurus) have higher frequencies and shorter durations. This effect is linked to habitat features, since the subspecies T. m. semifasciatus and T. m. melanurus are located predominantly in regions of dense rain forest of the Amazon basin. Thus, vocalizations with lower frequency values and greater time values suffer less sound attenuation caused by the high density of obstacles to transmission. This kind of vocal variation is well documented, and supported by the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis. / CNPq: 133992/2014-4

O trabalho foi conduzido na EEA-UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS, entre jan/2009 e fev/2010 com o objetivo de avaliar as relações entre comportamento ingestivo, consumo de forragem, oferta diária de forragem e as variáveis da estrutura do pasto a fim de definir ambientes adequados ao pastejo em pastagem natural complexa. Para avaliar o tempo diário das atividades de novilhas de corte, verificou-se o potencial de um método acústico, enquanto que para avaliar o consumo de matéria seca utilizou-se a técnica dos alcanos, a partir da teoria do duplo alcano. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com duas repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram dos seguintes níveis de oferta diária de forragem aplicados desde 1986: 4, 8, 12 e 16 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, ou % PV. Foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças com 15 meses de idade e 152±4,0 kg, alocadas na área em Nov/2008. As variáveis utilizadas para descrever a estrutura dos pastos foram: massa de forragem, altura do pasto e frequência de touceiras. As variáveis de comportamento ingestivo consideradas foram: tempo de pastejo, deslocamento e taxa de deslocamento diário em pastejo. Já as variáveis de consumo estudadas foram: consumo e taxa de consumo diário de forragem e de nutrientes. Os resultados apontaram que o manejo da oferta de forragem, mesmo modificando a abundância de forragem e determinando ambientes alimentares contrastantes, não permite controle estrito, tampouco predição, da estrutura do pasto, principalmente nos níveis moderados e altos de oferta de forragem (e.g., 12 e 16% PV). As relações demonstram que elevados níveis de consumo diário estão associados com o aumento na abundância de forragem e com a estrutura do pasto. Ofertas de forragem muito baixas ou altas podem comprometer a taxa de consumo de nutrientes. Elevado tempo de pastejo diário esteve associado com elevados deslocamentos, o que pode gerar maiores gastos energéticos. Os menores valores de tempo de pastejo diário estiveram associados às estruturas de pasto que apresentaram massa de forragem entre 1400-2200 kg de MS/ha e altura do pasto entre 8-13 cm, sendo que a ocorrência de touceiras não ultrapassou 35%. Já as condições de pasto que promoveram maiores consumo diário e elevada taxa de consumo foram observadas quando a oferta de forragem esteve em torno de 11% PV, situação em que a massa de forragem situava-se em 1800 kg de MS/ha, a altura do pasto encontrava-se em 11,9 cm e a presença de touceiras era de 30%. Dentro dessas amplitudes também se configurou elevado consumo de nutrientes, indicando que tais parâmetros caracterizam um ambiente pastoril desejável tanto do ponto de vista de bem-estar quanto em nível de produção animal. / The experiment was carried out at the Research Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from Jan/2009 to Feb/2010, in order to assess the relationship of ingestive behaviour and forage intake with the daily herbage allowance and variables of sward structure aiming to define suitable environments to grazing on complex natural grassland. The usefulness for an acoustic method to assess the time of daily activities was studied, while for assessing dry matter intake the technique of alkanes from the theory of the double alkane was performed. A completely randomized block design with two replicates (paddocks) was used. The treatments were levels of daily herbage allowance applied since 1986: 4, 8, 12 and 16 kg DM/100 kg BW, or BW %. The experimental animals were crossbred heifers with 15 months of age and 152±4.0 kg that entered in the experimental area in Nov/2008. The variables used to describe the sward structure were: herbage mass, sward height and the frequency of tussocks. The variables of ingestive behaviour measured and used were: grazing time, displacement and daily displacement rate at grazing. The variables of daily intake studied were: the amount and rate of daily forage intake and nutrients. The results showed that the management of herbage allowance, even changing the abundance of forage and determining contrasting environments, does not allow for a strict control and prediction of sward structure, mainly for levels moderate to high of allowance. The relationships presented demonstrate that high levels of daily intake are associated with an increase in the abundance of forage and sward structure. Herbage allowance excessively low or high may provide lower intake rates of nutrients. High daily grazing time was associated with higher displacements, which can generate higher energy costs. The lowest values of daily grazing time was associated with structures that contained herbage mass between 1400-2200 kg DM/ha and sward height between 8-13 cm, whereas tussocks levels did not exceed 35%. The sward conditions that promoted high daily intake and high intake rate was observed when herbage allowance was around 11% BW, herbage mass was 1800 kg DM/ha, the sward height was 11,9 cm and the occurrence of tussocks of 30%. Within these ranges it has also become a high intake of nutrients indicating those parameters can characterize a suitable grazing environment both for animal welfare as well as for animal production aspects.

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Apresenta um comportamento altamente versátil e generalista, e encontra alimento facilmente em qualquer hábitat, tendo uma ampla distribuição geográfica, sendo encontrado do Texas ao sul da Argentina. No Brasil ocorrem quatro subespécies, que apresentam diferenciações nas cores da plumagem do dorso e do ventre. Inserido na Classe Aves, ordem Passeriformes, subordem Suboscines, tem o seu canto considerado inato, já que se desenvolve normalmente na ausência de um modelo auditivo. As aves Suboscines são bons modelos de análise vocal entre populações, já que quaisquer diferenças entre suas vocalizações não poderiam ser atribuídas aos padrões culturais de aprendizado. Considerando-se que o ambiente exerce uma seletividade na transmissão do som, indivíduos de uma mesma espécie podem apresentar diferenças vocais por estarem em ambientes diferentes; sendo assim, a localização pode exercer uma padronização ou diferenciação nas vocalizações das aves. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas 288 vocalizações de Pitangus sulphuratus, os quais foram classificados de acordo com sua sintaxe. Realizaram-se análises estruturais acústicas para a comparação e identificação de possíveis variações vocais entre as populações das subespécies presentes no Brasil e correlação com a altitude, latitude, longitude, bem como variáveis bioclimáticas (temperatura e precipitação). Foram identificadas oito sílabas diferentes, que combinadas compõem os três tipos de vocalizações presentes no repertório da espécie. A vocalização principal e a vocalização da aurora apresentaram sintaxe combinatória, que ocorre quando a ave muda a posição das sílabas nas vocalizações. O tempo entre as sílabas A e B relacionou-se positivamente com a longitude; já o tempo da sílaba A teve relação negativa. Ou seja, quanto maior a longitude, maior o tempo entre A e B e menor o tempo de A. Já as variáveis de tempo das sílabas B, C e tempo total do trecho se relacionaram negativamente com a latitude, apresentando menor duração conforme o indivíduo se aproxima da linha do Equador. Os valores de frequência se relacionaram negativamente com a altitude e com a temperatura e positivamente com a umidade, portanto, conforme aumenta a umidade, e ocorre a diminuição da temperatura, os valores de frequência tendem a aumentar, e quanto maior a altitude menores as frequências. Já as diferenças vocais e as distâncias geográficas, que representavam as localidades das subespécies, não apresentaram relação. Isto indica que as diferenças nas vocalizações não estão relacionadas com as populações das subespécies, podendo ser uma variação individual. / The Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, is one of the most common birds in almost all Brazil, appearing in almost the entire Brazilian territory and considered the most popular of this country. It presents a highly versatile and generalist behavior, and finds food easily in any habitat, having a wide geographical distribution, being found from Texas to the south of Argentina. In Brazil there are four subspecies, which show differences in the colors of the plumage of the back and the belly. It is classified in the Order Passeriformes, suborder Suboscines, its song is considered innate, since it develops normally in the absence of an auditory model. Suboscine birds are good models of vocal analysis among populations, since any differences between their vocalizations could not be attributed to cultural patterns of learning. Considering that the environment exerts selectivity in sound transmission, individuals of the same species may present vocal differences because they are in different environments. Thus, localization can exert a standardization or differentiation in the vocalizations of birds. In this work 288 vocalizations of Pitangus sulphuratus were used, which were classified according to their syntax. Acoustic structural analysis was performed for the comparison and identification of possible vocal variations between subspecies populations in Brazil and correlation with altitude, latitude, longitude, as well as bioclimatic variables (temperature and precipitation). Eight different syllables were identified, which combined make up the three types of vocalizations present in the repertoire of the species. The main vocalization and dawn song presented combinatorial syntax, which occurs when the bird changes the position of the syllables in the vocalizations. The time between the syllables A and B was positively related to the longitude. However, the time of syllable A had negative relation. That is, the longer the length, the longer the time between A and B and the shorter the time of A. The time variables of the syllables B, C and total time of the section were negatively related to the latitude, presenting a shorter duration according to the individual is approaching the Equator. Frequency values are negatively related to altitude and temperature and positively to humidity, therefore, as humidity increases, and temperature decreases, frequency values tend to increase, and the higher the altitude, the lower the frequencies. The vocal differences and the geographical distances, that represented the localities of the subspecies, did not present relation. This indicates that the differences in vocalizations are not related to subspecies populations, and may be an individual variation.

O canto de anúncio é o principal sinal emitido pelos machos durante a estação reprodutiva e geralmente apresenta duas funções básicas: a atração de fêmeas coespecíficas receptivas sexualmente e o anúncio da posição de um macho para outros machos coespecíficos / heteroespecíficos, ajudando a manter o espaçamento entre os indivíduos vocalizando. A importância do canto de anúncio em anuros como mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo foi extensivamente documentado na literatura e, em decorrência disso, os cantos tem se mostrado altamente valiosos na determinação da identidade das espécies, com aplicação potencial em abordagens macroevolutivas e zoogeográficas. O gênero Leptodactylus atualmente abriga 89 espécies, distribuídas do sul da América do Norte e ao longo de toda a extensão neotropical, do México e Antilhas até a Argentina e Uruguai, cujas espécies são atualmente classificadas em cinco grupos fenéticos. O grupo de L. fuscus é formado por 27 espécies que se distribuem desde o sul do México até o sul do Uruguai e norte da Argentina. Leptodactylus cunicularius foi descrito da Serra do Cipó, área serrana pertencente à porção meridional do complexo da Serra do Espinhaço, e posteriormente, citado de outras três regiões serranas do estado de Minas Gerais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo específico acessar dados bioacústicos e morfológicos/morfométricos de populações previamente atribuídas a Leptodactylus cunicularius, visando a caracterização de populações e o reconhecimento de espécies potencialmente novas. Para isso, analisamos espécimes adultos e cantos de anúncio de oito populações, incluindo a população topotípica, sendo que algumas populações foram previamente atribuídas a L. cunicularius, e outras populações eram desconhecidas até o presente momento. Cinco populações foram reconhecidas como distintas de L. cunicularius através de dados morfológicos/morfométricos e/ou bioacústicos. As outras duas populações ainda estão sob análise. Regiões serranas podem representar áreas de endemismo para anfíbios anuros, ao passo que em algumas delas, é possível detectar congruência biogeográfica para outros grupos de anuros, incluindo espécies próximas e populações confinadas a essas regiões sob complexos de espécies ainda não estudados. / The advertisement call is the main acoustic signal emitted by males during the reproductive season, and usually plays two basic roles: the attraction of conspecific females sexually receptive, and the advertisement of a males position to other conspecific / heteroespecific males, contributing to keep the distance among calling individuals. The importance of the advertisement call in anurans as a primary mechanism of reproductive isolation has been extensively documented in the literature, so that calls have been recognized as very useful to the recognition of species identity, in addition to potential application on macro-evolutionary and zoogeographic approaches. The genus Leptodactylus currently comprises 89 species, distributed from southern North America and throughout the Neotropics, from Mexico and Antilles to Argentina and Uruguay, whose species are today encompassed within five phonetic groups. The L. fuscus group includes 27 species distributed from southern Mexico to southern Uruguay and northern Argentina. Leptodactylus cunicularius was described from the Serra do Cipó, a montane region belonging to the southern secton of the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range, and later, cited from other three montane regions in the State of Minas Gerais. The aim of the present study is to assess bioacoustic and morphological/morphometric data of populations previously assigned to Leptodactylus cunicularius so as to the characterization of populations and the recognition of potentially new species. We analyzed adult specimens and advertisement calls of eight populations, including the topotypic population, considering that some populations were previously assigned to L. cunicularius, and other populations have been unreported so far. Five populations were recognized as different from L. cunicularius based on morphological/morphometric and/or bioacoustic data. The other two populations are still under analysis. Montane regions might represent endemism areas for anuran amphibians, since in some regions, it is already possible to detect biogeographic congruence concerning other anuran groups, including related species and populations restricted to these regions under complex of species unstudied.