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Este trabalho teve como objetivo a prospecção e caracterização de enzimas fúngicas, que degradam a biomassa, visando à aplicação no biobranqueamento da polpa de celulose. Para isto, foram selecionados 13 fungos filamentosos da Micoteca e entre estes Aspergillus versicolor e A. brasiliensis foram aqueles que se sobressaíram quanto à produção de xilanase, amilase, CMCase, avicelase e ?-glucosidase. As melhores condições de produção enzimática corresponderam à utilização de bagaço de cevada como fonte de carbono em meio SR (Segato Rizzatti) para xilanase, amilase e ?- glucosidase e meio M5 para CMCase, avicelase e FPase, nos cultivos incubados por tempos variáveis de 72 a 168 horas. Para otimizar a concentração da fonte de carbono e a temperatura nos cultivos foi realizado um Delineamentro Composto Central Rotacional. Como resultante da otimização do bioprocesso foram obtidos os extratos brutos: (i) meio BSR, para a produção de xilanase por A. brasiliensis, com 96 horas de cultivo estático, a 30°C, com bagaço de cevada 3% em meio SR; (ii) Meio VSR para amilase e ?-glucosidase a partir do A. versicolor, com 120 horas de cultivo estático, a 35°C, com bagaço de cevada 3,41% em meio SR; (iii) Meio VM5 para CMCase, avicelase e FPase de A. versicolor com 120 horas de cultivo estático, a 30°C, com bagaço de cevada 2% em meio M5. Lacase foi produzida por Trametes versicolor (iv), cultivado por quinze dias em Fermentação Submersa estática, a 30°C, em meio contendo vinhaça e água destilada (1:5 v/v), 1% de algodão e 0,1% de peptona. Paralelamente, a produção de xilanases de A. tamarii Kita (v) com bagaço de cevada 2,9% foi otimizada em meio ADAMS por 129 horas (recebendo a denominação - meio TKADAMS). Quanto à caracterização das enzimas de A. versicolor (xilanase) e A. brasiliensis (demais enzimas) a temperatura ótima de xilanase foi 70°C; amilase 60-65°C; CMCase 65°C; avicelase 50°C; FPase e lacase 60°C e ?-glucosidase 70-75°C. Quanto à estabilidade térmica, xilanase mostrou-se com 60% de atividade relativa por até 24 horas à 40°C e 30 minutos à 50°C. A 60°C mostrou-se pouco estável. A amilase mostrou-se estável por 24 horas a 40 e 50°C, com 80% da atividade relativa. CMCase e FPase mostraram-se pouco estável nas temperaturas citadas. Avicelase apresentou ativação quando exposta ao aquecimento de 40, 50 e 60°C. ?-glucosidase foi estável a 40°C por até 24 horas, com atividade relativa de 80%; a 50°C apresentou 60% de atividade relativa por 180 minutos e a 60°C exibiu 40% por até 30 minutos. Lacase foi estável a 50°C, com um t50 de 60 minutos; a 60°C teve atividade relativa próxima de 30%, por até 240 minutos e a 70°C apresentou 40% de atividade por 30 minutos. Quanto ao pH, xilanase apresentou uma faixa ótima de 4,0-5,0 e também entre 7,0-8,0. Amilase, CMCase, avicelase, FPase, ?-glucosidase e lacase apresentaram atividades mais expressivas na faixa de pH 4,0-5,5. Com relação à estabilidade ao pH em 24 horas, xilanase foi mais estável nos pH 5,5-7,0, amilase nos pH 5,0-6,5, CMCase, FPase e lacase em pH 4,5, avicelase em pH 3,0 e ?-glucosidase em pH 5,0-5,5. Quanto ao efeito de íons, CMCase e ?-glucosidase foram ativadas por K+, Zn+ e Ba2+; CMCase, ?-glucosidase e lacase foram ativadas por NH4+ e Ca2+; amilase, CMCase, ?-glucosidase e lacase foram ativadas por Co2+; amilase, CMCase e ?- glucosidase foram ativadas por Al3+ e Fe2+; xilanase, avicelase, CMCase e ?-glucosidase foram ativadas por Mn+; avicelase e CMCase foram ativadas por Ag+; lacase por EDTA; ?-glucosidase e lacase por Mg2+, CMCase por Hg2+ e xilanase, ?-glucosidase e lacase por Cu2+. Os extratos foram utilizados na formulação de coquetéis enzimáticos para biobranqueamento da polpa de celulose. A aplicação dos extratos BSR, VSR, VM5 sobre a polpa marrom não resultou em uma redução significativa do número Kappa quando comparados ao controle, uma vez que todos os extratos apresentavam uma coloração muito escura, a qual fora originada por componentes e pigmentos provenientes dos meios de cultivo dos micro-organismos com bagaço de cevada e que, consequentemente, interferiram na determinação do número Kappa. Desta forma, o coquetel otimizado teve como formulação: 20,3 mL do meio TKADAMS e 10 mL do extrato do meio produtor de lacase para cada 4 gramas de polpa tratada, pH 5,5; 35,9ºC, 48 horas. Este tratamento resultou na redução de 1,83 pontos no número Kappa da polpa marrom, representando uma eficiência de 20,3%, e aumento de 4,65 na alvura, em relação ao controle. A aplicação do coquetel nos resíduos lignocelulósicos ocasionou a formação máxima de 85 mg/mL de açúcares redutores, em 24 horas no tratamento do bagaço de cevada, e 25 mg/mL de açúcares redutores, em 3 horas no tratamento do bagaço de cana. A aplicação do coquetel nas polpas de papel reciclado ocasionou um maior destintamento. A aplicação do coquetel desenvolvido na polpa de celulose, nos resíduos lignocelulósicos e fibras secundárias mostrou-se promissora para biobranqueamento, biodegradação e destintamento destes, respectivamente. A aplicação de enzimas no processo de biobranqueamento da polpa de celulose é uma alternativa viável e que auxilia a redução de custos, água, energia e colabora com o meio ambiente. A lacase foi importante no biobranqueamento da polpa de celulose sendo que o aumento da escala de produção do T. versicolor para biorreator levou a uma produção 6,25 vezes maior comparada aquela em Erlenmeyer, provavelmente devido a aeração constante / This work aimed to prospect and characterize fungal enzymes, which break biomass, looking for the cellulose pulp biobleaching application. For this, 13 filamentous fungi of the Fungi Library were selected and among them Aspergillus versicolor and A. brasiliensis were those that stood out as inducers of xylanase, amylase, CMCase, avicelase and ?-glucosidase production. The use of barley bagasse as carbon source was the best condition for xylanase, amylase and ?-glucosidase production in SR medium (Segato Rizzatti) and M5 medium was the best for CMCase, avicelase and FPase production, in cultures incubated for 72-168 h. In order to optimize the concentration of the carbon source and the temperature of the cultures, a Central Composite Rotational Design was elaborated. (i) BSR extract, in SR medium for the xylanase production by A. brasiliensis, 96 hours, in static culture, at 30°C with barley bagasse 3%; (ii) VSR extract, in SR medium, for the amylase and ?-glucosidase from A. versicolor, 120 hours in static culture, at 35°C, with barley bagasse 3.41%. (iii) VM5 extract, in M5 medium for CMCase, avicelase and FPase from A. versicolor, 120 hours of static culture, at 30°C with barley bagasse 2%. Lacase was produced by Trametes versicolor (iv), in a medium containing vinasse and distilled water (1:5 v/v), cotton 1% and peptone 0.1%, for 15 days at 30ºC. In parallel, the production of a xylanase from A. tamarii Kita (v) with barley bagasse 2.9% was optimized in ADAMS medium for 129 hours (designated - TKADAMS medium). The thermal stability study showed that xylanase was stable with 60% of relative activity at 40°C for up to 24 hours and for 30 minutes at 50°C. At 60°C the enzyme was poorly stable. Amylase was stable for 24 hours at 40 and 50°C, with 80% of relative activity. CMCase and FPase was poorly stable at all temperatures tested. Avicelase was activated by the exposure at 40, 50 and 60°C. ?-glucosidase was stable at 40°C for up to 24 hours, with 80% of relative activity; at 50°C it showed a relative activity of 60% for 180 minutes and at 60° it showed 40% of relative activity for 30 minutes. Laccase was stable at 50°C with t50 for 60 minutes. At 60°C it showed an activity of 30% for up to 240 minutes and at 70°C it showed 40% of activity for 30 minutes. As for pH, xylanase showed the best activity in a range of pH 4.0-5.0 and 7.0-8.0. Amylase, CMCase, avicelase, FPase, ?-glucosidase and laccase showed expressive activities in a range of pH 4.0-5.5. The tests of pH stability in 24 hours showed that xylanase was stable at pH 5.5-7.0, amylase at pH 5.0-6.5, CMCase, FPase and laccase at pH 4.5, avicelase at pH 3.0 and ?-glucosidase at pH 5.0-5.5. The effect of ions showed that CMCase and ?-glucosidase were activated by K+, Zn+ and Ba2+; CMCase, ?-glucosidase and lacase were activated by NH4+ and Ca2+; amylase, CMCase, ?-glucosidase and lacase were activated by Co2+; amylase, CMCase and ?-glucosidase by Al3+ and Fe2+; xylanase, avicelase, CMCase and ?-glucosidase by Mn+; avicelase and CMCase by Ag+; lacase by EDTA; ?-glucosidase e lacase by Mg2+, CMCase by Hg2+ and xylanase, ?-glucosidase and lacase by Cu2+. The extracts were used in the formulation of enzymatic cocktails for cellulose pulp biobleaching. The application of BSR, VSR and VM5 extracts on the brown pulp did not result on a significant reduction of the Kappa number when compared to the control, on account of the dark coloration of these extracts caused by the components and pigments from the cultivation with the microorganisms and barley bagasse, which as a consequence, interfered in the determination of the Kappa number. Thus, an optimized cocktail was formulated: for each 4 grams of treated pulp 20.3 mL of TKADAMS extract and 10 mL of laccase extract, pH 5.5; 35.9°C, 48 hours. This treatment resulted in the reduction of 1.83 points in the Kappa number of the brown pulp, representing an efficiency of 20.3%, and a brightness increase of 4.65 when compared to the control. The application of the cocktail in the lignocellulosic residues resulted in the formation of 85 mg/mL of reducing sugars in barley bagasse treatment for 24 hours and, 25 mg/ml of reducing sugars in sugarcane bagasse treatment for 3 hours. The application of the cocktail in the recycled paper pulps caused a greater deinking. The application of the formulated cocktail in the cellulose pulp, lignocellulosic residues and secondary fibres was promising for biobleaching, biodegradation and deinking, respectively. The enzyme application in cellulose biobleaching is a viable alternative, which helps reducing costs, water, energy and collaborates with the environment. Laccase was important in the cellulose biobleaching and the increase of its production by T. versicolor through bioreactor led to a production 6.25 times higher than that in Erlenmeyer, probably due to the constant aeration

This research project originated from interest in assessing the potential of enzyme technology (particularly laccase-based systems) for the biomodification of sisal specialty fibres by using environmentally friendly processes. This doctoral work focused on two different research lines, namely: biobleaching and enzymatic functionalization of sisal pulp fibres. The study was started by assessing the use of natural, potentially cost-effective phenolic compounds as substitutes for expensive, potentially toxic laccase mediators. The tendency of natural phenols to either promote delignification or couple onto pulp was examined with a view to assessing their potential for either bleaching or functionalizing sisal fibres. In the biobleaching study, totally chlorine free (TCF) sequences were implemented in order to compare the efficiency of a selected natural mediator and a well-known synthetic mediator, both in the presence and absence of a xylanase pre-treatment. The effluents resulting from each stage in the sequence were analysed with a view to assessing the environmental impact of the laccase treatments ¿a scarcely explored aspect of biobleaching sequences. The xylanase stage proved highly efficient in reducing the HexA content of sisal fibres and in boosting the bleaching effect of the laccase treatments. The proposed TCF sequences provided high-cellulose sisal pulp with brightness above 80% ISO and a reduced HexA content; also, they exhibited improved performance and a reduced impact on effluent properties relative to the use of the synthetic mediator. Two different approaches to fibre functionalization were explored, namely: lignin modification (biografting) and cellulose modification (laccase¿TEMPO oxidation). Biografting of phenolic compounds was for the first time studied in sisal pulp. Covalent binding of the originally assayed phenolic compounds to sisal fibres during the laccase treatment was exposed by a novel analytical approach based on pyrolysis-GC/MS. The phenolic compound showing the highest tendency to couple to fibres was selected to investigate biografting under different reaction conditions and to evaluate the extent of phenol coupling via various pulp properties. Biografting efficiency was enhanced by refining the fibres prior to the enzyme treatment, which provided improved strength-related properties in the resulting paper. The use of the laccase-TEMPO system to oxidatively modify cellulose and improve strength-related properties in sisal pulp was for the first time evaluated as an environmentally friendly alternative to existing halide-based systems. The first part of this study revealed that the laccase¿TEMPO system considerably improved wet strength in sisal pulp by effect of the formation of a substantial amount of aldehyde groups in cellulose chains that facilitated inter-fibre bonding through hemiacetal linkages. The influence of process variables on various properties of the oxidized fibres and resulting paper was assessed by using a three-variable statistical plan. The conditions maximizing functionalization and the improvement in paper strength properties were used to design treatments of increased efficiency that exposed the potential of laccase¿TEMPO oxidation for biorefining pulp fibres. Analytical methods including pyrolysis-GC/MS, polyelectrolyte titration, conductimetric titration, carbohydrate determination by HPLC, fibre morphology analysis by SEM and thermogravimetry were used to both characterize the raw material and gain a better understanding of the reaction mechanisms behind the different laccase-based treatments. Some of the analyses were performed by collaborating research groups at IRNAS (Seville, Spain) and the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Huelva (Spain). Also, part of this doctoral work was conducted at the Institute of Paper Science and Technology of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, USA).

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-24T14:48:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Carolina Feil Kmetzski.pdf: 812447 bytes, checksum: 2d488034b2c65ee35de1c24cddd5d26d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T14:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Carolina Feil Kmetzski.pdf: 812447 bytes, checksum: 2d488034b2c65ee35de1c24cddd5d26d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / The pulp and paper industry is a globally expanding segment. Focusing on economic profitability and environmental preservation, the paper industry has been looking for viable alternatives to enhance the Kraft process. The chlorine bleaching conventional method, although highly efficient, causes environmental pollution due to the discharge of organochlorine compounds into effluents. The use of enzymes microorganisms, especially xylanases, has emerged as a promising alternative for the bleaching processes. These enzymes could considerably help reduce environmental pollution, reducing the use of organochlorine compounds, which acts as a bleaching chemical for pulps and causes the formation of organochlorine residual compounds, which are extremely harmful to the environment and give the pulp industry one of the most polluting. Therefore, studies that provide the use of enzymatic processes in the Kraft pulp bleaching stage by the industry will always be relevant, mainly in order to reduce the discharge of contaminating material into effluents. In this context, this review will discuss the characteristics of the constitution of the raw material for the pulp kraft paper industry, as well as the enzymatic properties of fungal xylanases cellulase-free tested on cellulose pulps, kraft and waste straw, which have potential for future use by paper industry. / A indústria de papel e celulose é um segmento em ampla expansão mundial. Com foco na rentabilidade econômica e preservação ambiental, a indústria papeleira tem buscado alternativas viáveis para aprimorar a etapa do processo da polpa Kraft. O método convencional de branqueamento da polpa com cloro, embora altamente eficiente, causa poluição ambiental devido à descarga de compostos organoclorados em efluentes. A utilização de enzimas de micro-organismos, em especial as xilanases, têm surgido como uma alternativa promissora para o processo de branqueamento da polpa Kraft. Essas enzimas podem auxiliar consideravelmente na redução da poluição ambiental, com diminuição da utilização de compostos organoclorados, que atuam como agentes químicos branqueadores das polpas e ocasionam a formação de compostos residuais que são extremamente prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e conferem às indústrias de celulose a condição de ser uma das mais poluidoras. Em razão disso, estudos que proporcionam o uso de processos enzimáticos na cadeia de branqueamento da polpa Kraft pela indústria serão sempre relevantes, principalmente com o intuito de reduzir a descarga de material contaminante em efluentes. Dentro desse contexto, essa revisão abordará sobre as características da constituição da matéria-prima para obtenção da polpa celulose pela indústria papeleira, bem como, as propriedades enzimáticas das xilanases fúngicas isentas de celulases testadas em polpas de celulose, kraft e palhas de resíduos que apresentam potencial para uso futuro pelas indústrias papeleiras.

Orientador: Pedro de Oliva Neto / Resumo: Desejando ao final do trabalho obter um bioprocesso integrado usando palha de cana-de-açúcar (PC), este trabalho teve início com a utilização desse substrato para produção de enzimas fribrolíticas, xilanases e celulases, em culturas axênicas, incluindo espécies de Trichoderma e Aspergillus. A triagem para o melhor produtor foi realizada em “shaker” em fermentação submersa. A cultura do fungo T. reesei QM9414 alcançou a melhor produção de enzimas, e em tanque agitado, utilizando um biorreator de 3 L, mostrou o mesmo perfil de produção (~90 U/mL, 0.6 FPU/mL para xilanase e celulases, respectivamente). Em relação a este resultado, a produção de enzimas para as misturas binárias e ternárias destes fungos foi menor, sendo que a melhor combinação, T. reesei QM 9414+A. fumigatus M51, alcançou 60 U/mL e 0.08 FPU/mL respectivamente. Com intuito de otimizar a produção de enzimas utilizando um mix de substratos: palha de cana, como principal componente, e o farelo de trigo e a polpa cítrica, como supostos indutores de atividade enzimática, foi realizado um delineamento de misturas do tipo D-optimal. O resultado da otimização da mistura dos substratos mostrou que o trigo e a polpa cítrica não tiveram um efeito indutivo na produção das enzimas tendo a palha de cana como principal substrato. A enzima xilanase foi caracterizada em seu pH e temperatura ótimos (pH 5, e 50 ºC respectivamente), bem como a estabilidade da enzima nestes parâmetros. Alguns íons e EDTA foram aplicados para determin... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to obtain an integrated bioprocess using Sugarcane Straw (SS), this work began with the use of this substrate for the fibrolytic enzymes production, xylanases and cellulases, in axenic fungal cultures, including Trichoderma and Aspergillus species. The screening for the best producer was performed in shaker under submerged fermentation. The T. reesei QM9414 culture achieved the best enzyme production, and in a stirred tank using a 3 L bioreactor showed the same production profile (~90 U/mL and 0.6 FPU/mL for xylanase and cellulase, respectively). Regarding this result, the enzyme production by binary and ternary mixtures of these fungi was lower, as example the best combination T. reesei QM 9414+A. fumigatus M51, reached 60 U/mL and 0.08 FPU/mL, respectively. Aiming optimize the enzyme production by a mix of substrates using SS as the main substrate, and wheat bran and citrus pulp as supposed enzyme inductors, a D-optimal mixture design was performed. The mixture substrates optimization showed that wheat bran and citrus pulp did not have an inductive effect on the enzymes production. The enzyme xylanase was characterized by its optimal pH and temperature (pH 5 and 50 ºC, respectively, as well as the stability of the enzyme in these parameters. Some ions and EDTA were applied to determine the xylanase stability under these conditions, and the ion Mn2+ was the best inductor, 49% (10 mM). The extract containing xylanases, produced under previous optimized conditions was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor