L’objectif de la thèse est la synthèse et l’optimisation des supports monolithiques et l’évaluation de leur efficacité en cuisson kraft et lors du recyclage (essai des catalyseurs dans un réacteur de capacité 5 kg). Lors de cette thèse, nous avons montré que l’utilisation des monolithes styréniques anthraquinoniques à base de diméthacrylate de diéthylèneglycol et de divinylbenzène en cuisson permettent d’économiser de l’alcali actif consommé et d’augmenter le rendement en pâtes à des indices kappa faibles. Les monolithes à base de diméthacrylate de diéthylèneglycol sont plus efficaces en cuisson que ceux à base de divinylbenzène, avec des gains comparables à l’effet de l’anthraquinone commerciale et gardent leur activité catalytique lors du recyclage. / The objective of the thesis is the synthesis and optimization of monolithic supports and the evaluation of their efficiency in the kraft process and after recycling (test of catalysts inside a 5 kg capacity reactor). In this work, we showed that the presence of monoliths styrene-anthraquinone-diethyleneglycoldimethacrylate or styrene-anthraquionone-divinylbenzene in the kraft process could save up the active alkali consumed and could increase the yield in pulp at low indice kappa. The monoliths styrene-anthraquionone-diethyleneglycoldimethacrylate are more efficiently in cooking process than those containing divinylbenzene. Their performance is closed of that of the commercial anthraquinone and this catalytic activity persists even after recycling.

The reduction of mill effluent discharge as a result of stringent environmental legislations can have a significant impact on sodium (Na) and sulfur (S) balances in the kraft pulping process. In order to maintain a proper balance of Na and S, kraft mills may need to adopt different makeup strategies. For this purpose, a dynamic model was developed to predict the Na and S balance in the kraft recovery cycle, as well as the accumulation of undesirable non-process elements such as chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K). The model was developed using the CADSIM software and was validated using data obtained from a Brazilian bleached kraft pulp mill. The calculated data from the model showed good agreement with mill data with respect to all parts of the mill simulated. Dynamic tests designed to calculate the white liquor sulfidity over specific periods of time also presented good agreement. The result indicates that the model is able to describe the balance of chlorine, potassium, sodium and sulfur in the kraft process. A study conducted to evaluate the Cl and K accumulation agrees with the expected behaviour observed in mill data. The presence of ash treatment systems allow to reduce Cl and K contents in recovery boiler precipitator ash from 4.2 mol% Cl(Na+K) to 1.25 mol % and from 2.25 mol % K/(Na+K) to 0.8 mol% for 100% ash treated. The tests performed for Na and S balances focused in the makeup requirement for two situations: ash purging and ash treatment to control Cl and K levels. The use of ash treatment systems reduced Na and S makeup requirement from 5 to 50% depending on the amount of ash treated. A simple mathematical model was then used to estimate the Cl balances around the recovery cycle. Given that the proper simplifications are applied, the CADSIM model and the CSTR model presented good agreement in estimating the Cl balances. This result provided not only another method for the CADSIM model to be validated but also a way to calculate a rough estimate for Cl balance.

The reduction of mill effluent discharge as a result of stringent environmental legislations can have a significant impact on sodium (Na) and sulfur (S) balances in the kraft pulping process. In order to maintain a proper balance of Na and S, kraft mills may need to adopt different makeup strategies. For this purpose, a dynamic model was developed to predict the Na and S balance in the kraft recovery cycle, as well as the accumulation of undesirable non-process elements such as chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K). The model was developed using the CADSIM software and was validated using data obtained from a Brazilian bleached kraft pulp mill. The calculated data from the model showed good agreement with mill data with respect to all parts of the mill simulated. Dynamic tests designed to calculate the white liquor sulfidity over specific periods of time also presented good agreement. The result indicates that the model is able to describe the balance of chlorine, potassium, sodium and sulfur in the kraft process. A study conducted to evaluate the Cl and K accumulation agrees with the expected behaviour observed in mill data. The presence of ash treatment systems allow to reduce Cl and K contents in recovery boiler precipitator ash from 4.2 mol% Cl(Na+K) to 1.25 mol % and from 2.25 mol % K/(Na+K) to 0.8 mol% for 100% ash treated. The tests performed for Na and S balances focused in the makeup requirement for two situations: ash purging and ash treatment to control Cl and K levels. The use of ash treatment systems reduced Na and S makeup requirement from 5 to 50% depending on the amount of ash treated. A simple mathematical model was then used to estimate the Cl balances around the recovery cycle. Given that the proper simplifications are applied, the CADSIM model and the CSTR model presented good agreement in estimating the Cl balances. This result provided not only another method for the CADSIM model to be validated but also a way to calculate a rough estimate for Cl balance.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-24T14:48:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Carolina Feil Kmetzski.pdf: 812447 bytes, checksum: 2d488034b2c65ee35de1c24cddd5d26d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T14:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Carolina Feil Kmetzski.pdf: 812447 bytes, checksum: 2d488034b2c65ee35de1c24cddd5d26d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / The pulp and paper industry is a globally expanding segment. Focusing on economic profitability and environmental preservation, the paper industry has been looking for viable alternatives to enhance the Kraft process. The chlorine bleaching conventional method, although highly efficient, causes environmental pollution due to the discharge of organochlorine compounds into effluents. The use of enzymes microorganisms, especially xylanases, has emerged as a promising alternative for the bleaching processes. These enzymes could considerably help reduce environmental pollution, reducing the use of organochlorine compounds, which acts as a bleaching chemical for pulps and causes the formation of organochlorine residual compounds, which are extremely harmful to the environment and give the pulp industry one of the most polluting. Therefore, studies that provide the use of enzymatic processes in the Kraft pulp bleaching stage by the industry will always be relevant, mainly in order to reduce the discharge of contaminating material into effluents. In this context, this review will discuss the characteristics of the constitution of the raw material for the pulp kraft paper industry, as well as the enzymatic properties of fungal xylanases cellulase-free tested on cellulose pulps, kraft and waste straw, which have potential for future use by paper industry. / A indústria de papel e celulose é um segmento em ampla expansão mundial. Com foco na rentabilidade econômica e preservação ambiental, a indústria papeleira tem buscado alternativas viáveis para aprimorar a etapa do processo da polpa Kraft. O método convencional de branqueamento da polpa com cloro, embora altamente eficiente, causa poluição ambiental devido à descarga de compostos organoclorados em efluentes. A utilização de enzimas de micro-organismos, em especial as xilanases, têm surgido como uma alternativa promissora para o processo de branqueamento da polpa Kraft. Essas enzimas podem auxiliar consideravelmente na redução da poluição ambiental, com diminuição da utilização de compostos organoclorados, que atuam como agentes químicos branqueadores das polpas e ocasionam a formação de compostos residuais que são extremamente prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e conferem às indústrias de celulose a condição de ser uma das mais poluidoras. Em razão disso, estudos que proporcionam o uso de processos enzimáticos na cadeia de branqueamento da polpa Kraft pela indústria serão sempre relevantes, principalmente com o intuito de reduzir a descarga de material contaminante em efluentes. Dentro desse contexto, essa revisão abordará sobre as características da constituição da matéria-prima para obtenção da polpa celulose pela indústria papeleira, bem como, as propriedades enzimáticas das xilanases fúngicas isentas de celulases testadas em polpas de celulose, kraft e palhas de resíduos que apresentam potencial para uso futuro pelas indústrias papeleiras.

The kraft process is a complex system with many variables, and though the process is fairly well understood, there is still much we do not know.      This thesis examines some aspects of the kraft process that could prove to be of interest for the pulp and paper industry, specifically, the impact of wood chip impregnation and of the chemical structure of xylan on spruce kraft pulp. The intent is to suggest modifications to the kraft process as it is used today.      The effect of wood chip impregnation varies with the prevalent conditions, and increases the effect of the subsequent kraft cook. Longer impregnation at a lower temperature was found to increase screened pulp yield, reduce shives content, make it possible to reach a certain kappa number at a lower H-factor, and make it possible to reach a certain kappa number at a lower total alkali consumption.      Xylan has previously been found to have a strength-enhancing effect on pulp, and the chemical structure of the xylan in question was found to be the main strength-enhancing factor. For spruce xylan, the structure that provides the largest increase in strength is not the same as the structure that increases the yield the most. Removing xylan was determined to have a negative impact on pulp strength.      Xylan extracted from agro waste can be used as an additive to increase pulp strength. This could be viable, especially when combined with the production of green plastics from hemicelluloses extracted from the agro waste.      A suggested configuration of a future pulp mill is presented, incorporating the following modifications to the now standard kraft cooking system: impregnation at a lower temperature for a longer time; extracting xylan-enriched black liquor at an early stage of the impregnation or cook, and adding this liquor at a late stage of the cook; terminating the cook at a higher kappa number; increasing oxygen delignification to compensate for the increased kappa number at the end of the cook, keeping the kappa number constant going into the bleaching plant; and adding agro-waste xylan during oxygen delignification. / <p>QC 20150525</p>

Now when the interest is increasing to reach a sustainable infrastructure, one possibility SCA is experimenting with is the possibility to produce renewable hydrocarbons from black liquor which can be extracted from a Kraft process. However, when extracting the black liquor, a lot of sodium-based compounds are removed from the recovery process and when hydrocarbons are produced in SCA’s biorefinery, these compounds are caught in an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution is received at 50°C, and the sodium-based compounds are mainly sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate, where the solution do also contain organic compounds and a solvent that is used in the biorefinery.  This thesis focused on building a concept to extract sodium sulfate from the aqueous solution. The thesis did also include if any additional preparatory work needs to be done to the solution before extracting sodium sulfate. Finally, a flow chart that maps the energy needed for the process was created.  The method that was used was crystallisation by cooling the solution. By cooling the solution, sodium sulfates solubility decreases which will result in that sodium sulfate falls out of the solution as crystals. It was determined that the solvent that the solution contains should be extracted if the solvents boiling temperature is below 100°C. Further, by cooling the solution under stirring to 15°C with a residence time of 3 hours, unwanted compounds can be extracted. By later cooling the solution under stirring to 5°C with a residence time of 1 hour, it gave sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O) with small amounts of organic compounds. By removing the water, the dry product reached a purity of 94wt% sodium sulfate with a yield of 12% (mass of dry product/mass of aqueous solution). This result reached the specific objectives that were set at the start of this thesis, which was to reach a purity of 90wt% sodium sulfate with a yield of 5%.  The energy intensity for evaporating the solvent is expected to be high. It highly depends on which solvent is used. However, this process can use the lowest quality of steam that is available from the pulp mill. It is expected that the cooling will require high amounts of cooling water and a high investment cost for the heat exchanger. Yet, this is a vital part of the process to reduce the need for coolers which is powered by electricity. / Nu när intresset ökar, för att nå en hållbar infrastruktur, så experimenterat SCA med möjligheten att producera förnybara kolväten från svartlut som kan extraheras från en sulfatprocess. Vid extrahering av svartluten tas dock mycket natriumbaserade föreningar bort från återvinningsprocessen och när kolväten produceras i SCA:s bioraffinaderi fastnar dessa föreningar i en vattenlösning. Den lösningen tas emot vid 50°C och de natriumbaserade föreningarna är huvudsakligen natriumsulfat och natriumkarbonat, där lösningen också innehåller organiska föreningar och ett lösningsmedel som används i bioraffinaderiet. Denna avhandling fokuserade på att bygga ett koncept för att extrahera natriumsulfat från vattenlösningen. Avhandlingen omfattade också om ytterligare förberedande arbete måste göras av lösningen innan man extraherar natriumsulfat. Slutligen skapades ett flödesschema som kartlägger den energi som behövs för processen. Metoden som bestämde sig för att användas var kristallisering genom kylning av lösningen. Genom att kyla lösningen minskar lösligheten av natriumsulfater vilket leder till att natriumsulfat faller ut ur lösningen som kristaller. Det bestämdes att lösningsmedlet som lösningen innehåller skulle extraheras om lösningsmedlets koktemperatur är under 100°C. Vidare, genom att kyla lösningen under omrörning till 15°C med en uppehållstid på 3 timmar, kan oönskade ämnen extraheras. Genom att senare kyla lösningen under omrörning till 5°C med en uppehållstid på 1 timme gav natriumsulfatdekahydrat (Na2SO4·10H2O) med små mängder organiska föreningar. Genom att avlägsna vattnet nådde den torra produkten en renhet av 94 vikt% natriumsulfat med ett utbyte av 12% (massa torr produkt/massa vattenlösning). Detta resultat nådde de specifika mål som sattes i början av denna avhandling, vilket var att nå en renhet av 90 vikt% natriumsulfat med ett utbyte på 5%. Energiintensiteten för att förånga lösningsmedlet förväntas vara hög. Det beror mycket på vilket lösningsmedel som används. Denna process kan dock använda den lägsta ångkvaliteten som finns tillgänglig från massafabriken. Det förväntas att kylningen kommer att kräva stora mängder kylvatten och höga investeringskostnader för värmeväxlaren. Ändå är detta en viktig del av processen för att minska behovet av kylare som drivs av elektricitet.

Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T23:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Polowski_NataschaVigdis_D.pdf: 3937033 bytes, checksum: 67463e72c2fe6b2c2bf718ee1aefe5cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos três modelos para predição de Número Kappa (Modelo Determinístico, Modelo Neural e Modelo Híbrido). O Modelo determinístico inclui transferência de massa e reações cinéticas intrínsecas baseadas em reações paralelas de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. Este divide o processo de deslignificação em 3 estágios ou fases, sendo que as 3 fases correspondem a 3 diferentes tipos de lignina (inicial, principal e residual). O modelo é específico para polpa de eucalipto (fibra curta) e digestor batelada. Umas das contribuições para este modelo proposto foram às inclusões de reações para lignina, hemicelulose e celulose total, carboidratos, além do Número Kappa. Para Modelo Determinístico foram utilizados dados experimentais coletados no RAIZ - Instituto de Investigação da Floresta e Papel e dados gerados pelas simulações. As variáveis operacionais utilizadas como dados de entrada foram: espessura, temperatura inicial, álcali efetivo, relação licor madeira, tempo de cozimento, densidade e porosidade. O Modelo Determinístico também foi desenvolvido para digestor contínuo e foi validado com dados industriais para fibra curta de eucalipto. A modelagem feita para um digestor batelada é a mesma que para um digestor contínuo, sendo que no contínuo existem de 3 a 4 etapas dentro do equipamento. Por conseguinte, o digestor contínuo é modelado como se fosse um batelada só que fracionadamente (temperaturas e tempos para cada estágio do equipamento e de forma seqüencial). Neste trabalho foi empregado um método de otimização (Programação Quadrática Sucessiva) para definir o procedimento de operação no digestor contínuo permitisse a obtenção do produto (polpa) com teores inferiores a 1,5 % de lignina residual. Industrialmente este valor está em torno de 3 % de lignina residual. O Modelo Neural proposto é do tipo "feedforward" e com treinamento por retropropagação. Para este modelo as variáveis de entrada (inputs) foram temperatura, álcali efetivo e Fator H. A variável de saída (output) é o Número Kappa. A quantidade de neurônios ocultos foi definida pelo modelo neural que apresentou o menor erro para o conjunto de validação e treinamento. O número de interações também foi definido a partir do menor erro gerado pelas simulações. Este modelo foi validado com dados industriais e experimentais. O Modelo Híbrido utilizou como variáveis de entrada Kappa Neural e Teórico, temperatura e Fator H e a variável de saída é o Número Kappa Híbrido. Este foi validado com dados industriais. Os modelos apresentados (Determinístico, Neural e Híbrido) são ferramentas úteis para as fábricas de celulose e papel, uma vez que existe a possibilidade de serem aplicados para simulação de processos, otimização e controle. Os modelos podem ser testados para diferentes condições operacionais sem alterar a produção. Além de possibilitarem melhor controle de algumas variáveis no processo fabril, isto, sem perda de qualidade do produto. Neste estudo a rede neural e os modelos cinéticos apresentaram resultados equivalentes. Palavras-chaves: Número Kappa, Modelo Determinístico, Modelo Neural e Modelo Híbrido / Abstract: In this work three models were developed for prediction of Kappa number (Deterministic Model, Neural and Hybrid Model). The Deterministic Model includes mass transfer and reaction kinetics based on intrinsic parallel reactions of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. This divides the process of Delignification in 3 stages or phases, with the 3 phases correspond to 3 different types of lignin (initial, bulk and residual). The model is specific to the eucalyptus pulp (short fiber) and batch digester. One of the contributions to this proposed model were the inclusion of reactions for lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose total, carbohydrates, than the Kappa number. Deterministic model was used for experimental data collected in the RAIZ - Instituto de Investigação da Floresta e Papel and data generated by simulations. The operating variables used as input data were: thickness, initial temperature, effective alkali, liquor ratio wood, the cooking time, density and porosity. The Deterministic Model was developed for continuous digester, and was validated with industrial data for short fiber eucalyptus. The modeling done for a batch digester is the same as for a continuous digester, which are continuous in 3 to 4 steps inside the equipment. Wherefore the continuous digester is modeled as a single batch that fractionation (temperatures and times for each stage of the equipment and sequential manner). This study employed a method of optimization (Successive Quadratic Programming) to define the procedure for operation in continuous digester allowed to obtain the product (pulp) with levels below 1.5% of residual lignin. Industrially this value is around 3% of residual lignin. The Neural Model is proposed as "feedforward" and training by backpropagation. For this model the input variables were temperature, effective alkali and H-Factor. The variable output is the Kappa number. The number of hidden neurons was defined by the neural model that showed the smallest error for the set of validation and training. The number of interactions was also determined from the smallest error generated by simulations. This model was validated with experimental and industrial data. The hybrid model used as input variables and Kappa Neural theoretical, temperature, and factor H and the output variable is the number Kappa Hybrid. This was validated with industrial data. The models presented (deterministic, Neural and Hybrid) are useful tools for the manufacture of pulp and paper, since there is the possibility to be applied to simulation of processes, optimization and control. The models can be tested for different operating conditions without changing the output. Besides, allowing better control of some variables in the manufacturing process, ie without loss of quality of product. In this study, the neural network and the kinetic models showed similar results. Keywords: Kappa number, Deterministic Model, Neural Model and Hybrid Model / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Telma Teixeira Franco, Cristiana Maria Pedroso Yoshida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_ArleteBarbosados_D.pdf: 13934969 bytes, checksum: 03146877cc84caaa322956f2bed59b17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O revestimento de folhas de papel Kraft foi estudado visando o desenvolvimento de um novo material com potencial para uso em embalagens. Este sistema de recobrimento utilizou apenas matérias-primas naturais de fontes renováveis: a quitosana, um polímero proveniente do descarte da indústria pesqueira e o ácido palmítico. Foram estudadas formulações de recobrimento contendo somente quitosana ou quitosana emulsionada com acido palmítico. Filmes de quitosana (4,0% m/m) e filmes emulsionado de quitosana com a incorporação do lipídio (4,0% de quitosana e 2,0% de ácido palmítico) foram preparados e caracterizados visando o estudo das propriedades de barreira à umidade. Em seguida, amostras com dimensões padronizadas de papel Kraft comercial foram recobertas utilizando dois tipos de extensores (80um e 40um) conferindo gramaturas que variaram entre 0,71g/m2 e 1,06g/m2. Este material foi denominado sistema de embalagem papel-filme de quitosana e sistema de embalagem papel-filme emulsionado de quitosana, os quais foram avaliados quanto à homogeneidade do revestimento, propriedades mecânicas, superfície, barreira a vapor d'água, capacidade de absorção de água e biodegradabilidade. Foi observado aumento da barreira ao vapor d'água na ordem 28% para o sistema de embalagem papel-filme de quitosana e 70% no sistema de embalagem papel-filme emulsionado de quitosana, ambos comparados ao papel Kraft sem revestimento. A análise das propriedades mecânicas indicou aumento do alongamento do sistema papel-filme de quitosana e do sistema emulsionado, ambos comparados às folhas de papel Kraft sem revestimento. Os testes de biodegradabilidade determinados por análise de respiração do solo indicaram aumento da atividade respiratória de todas as amostras nos primeiros quinze dias de experimento, porém de forma mais acentuada para os filmes emulsionados de quitosana. A análise de gravimétrica das amostras indicou aumento da porcentagem de degradação das mesmas / Abstract: Coating of Kraft paper with chitosan was studied in order to develop a new material potentially useful for packaging. This coating system uses natural raw materials from renewable sources, chitosan and fat acids from the disposal of the fishing industry. We studied different formulations of coating made with chitosan and with chitosan emulsified with palmitic acid. Films of chitosan (4.0% w / w) and films of emulsified chitosan and lipid (4.0% chitosan and 2.0% palmitic acid) were prepared and characterized. Standard samples of Kraft paper were covered by using two types of extenders (80mm and 40 mm) producing samples with different amounts of coating, 0.71 g/m2 and 1.06 g/m2. The coated material was named packaging system-chitosan and packing system- emulsified chitosan. These new materials were evaluated for uniformity of coating, mechanical properties, surface, barrier to water vapor, capacity of water absorption and biodegradability. There was an increase of the barrier to water vapor in the order 28% for the system of paper-packaging-chitosan and 70% in the packaging system emulsified chitosan, when compared to the uncoated Kraft paper. Tests for mechanical properties showed increased elongation of the fibers for both materials when compared to uncoated Kraft paper. The biodegradability tests (determined by soil respiration) showed an increase in respiratory activity of all samples in the first fifteen days of the experiment, but more markedly for films of emulsified chitosan. Gravimetric analysis of samples showed increased degradation of them / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria Motoyama.pdf: 5827958 bytes, checksum: a45e061751d030d873a6927ec19ed8bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-31 / In this work samples of ASTM A 285 Grade C class steel, welded with covered electrodes AWS E7018 and AWS E6013, and with variations in the welding energy, were tested electrochemically, immersed in alkaline liquor, which is used in Kraft batch digesters. Workpieces were cut by electroerosion process from base metal (MB), heat affected zone (ZTA) and weld metal (MS), and submitted to metallographic characterization. A perlitic and ferritic microstructure was observed, with acicular ferrite surrounded by grain boundary ferrite and formation of Widmanstätten ferrite. Samples welded with AWS E7018 electrodes show microhardness profiles higher than AWS E6013 electrodes due to higher contents of manganese and silicon. Corrosion rates of MB, ZTA and MS regions increase with liquor temperature, and MS regions show corrosion rates higher than ZTA and MB, without heat treatment, for both electrodes. Values calculated were 0,30 mm/year for MB, 1,49 mm/year for ZTA and 2,63 mm/ano for MS with AWS E7018 electrode, without heat treatment, high energy, and for AWS E6013 electrode, in the same conditions, 1,24 mm/year for ZTA and 1,65 mm/year for weld metal. / Neste trabalho, amostras de aço da classe ASTM A 285 Grau C, soldados com eletrodos revestidos AWS E7018 e E6013, e com variação nas energias de soldagem, foram submetidos a ensaios de corrosão eletroquímicos, imersos em licor alcalino que é empregado em digestores descontínuos para obtenção de celulose pelo processo Kraft. Os corpos de prova foram retirados por eletroerosão do metal de base (MB), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e metal de solda (MS), e submetidos a caracterização metalográfica. Constatou-se uma microestrutura perlítica e ferrítica, com formação de ferrita acicular circundada por ferrita de contorno de grão e ferrita Widmanstätten. Os corpos de prova soldados com os eletrodos AWS E7018 apresentam perfis de dureza maiores que o AWS E6013, devido ao maior teor de manganês e silício. As taxas de corrosão das regiões MB, ZTA e MS aumentam com o acréscimo da temperatura do licor, sendo que as regiões dos MS(s) apresentam taxas de corrosão maiores que as ZTA(s) e MB, sem tratamento térmico, para ambos os eletrodos. Foram calculados valores de 0,30 mm/ano para MB, 1,49 mm/ano para ZTA e 2,63 mm/ano para MS com o eletrodo AWS E7018, sem tratamento térmico, com alta energia, e para o eletrodo AWS E6013, nas mesmas condições, 1,24 mm/ano para ZTA e 1,65 mm/ano para o metal de solda.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil is a major producer of paper, highlighted worldwide for producing and supplying the markets with large volumes of paper packaging, printing and writing paper and cardboard. Although the wood is the main source of raw material used in cellulose industries in Brazil, the use of non-timber fiber may be a satisfactory alternative for manufacturing of papers with different and special properties. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity, morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of the fibers, as well as the properties of the pulps produced papers of Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Soják (popularly known as reed), pure or mixed with eucalyptus pulp. We conducted chemical, morphological and productivity analysis. Thus the kraft pulping process and production roles in different treatments were performed. Through research and analysis, it can be noted that reed had low productivity and short fibers. Chemical analysis showed that the fibers have a high level of the reed extractives and silica, which makes it a favorable raw material for pulp production, on the other hand, the kraft pulping process resulted in reed pulp with low contents of hexenuronic acid suitable for the bleaching of pulp factor. The strength properties of the papers were negatively affected by the addition of reed pulp papers and the highest values of bulk and opacity were achieved with the lowest levels of refining of the pulps. It was concluded that reed did not show satisfactory for the production of papers of high strength characteristics. / O Brasil é um grande produtor de papel, destacando-se mundialmente por produzir e abastecer os mercados com expressivos volumes de papel de embalagem, papéis de imprimir e escrever e papel-cartão. Apesar de a madeira ser a principal fonte de matéria prima utilizada nas indústrias de celulose no Brasil, o emprego de fibras não madeireiras pode ser uma alternativa satisfatória para a fabricação de papéis com propriedades diferenciadas e especiais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, morfologia, anatomia e composição química das fibras, assim como as propriedades dos papéis produzidos de polpas celulósicas de Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Soják (popularmente conhecido como junco), puros e misturados com polpa de eucalipto. Realizou-se análise química, morfológica e de produtividade. Desta forma foram realizados cozimentos pelo processo kraft e produção de papéis em diferentes tratamentos. Por meio das pesquisas e análises, pode-se constar que o junco apresentou baixa produtividade e fibras curtas. As análises químicas demostraram que as fibras de junco apresentam alto teor de extrativos e de sílica, o que o torna uma matéria prima desfavorável para a produção de polpa celulósica, por outro lado, o processo de polpação kraft do junco resultou em polpas com baixo teor de ácidos hexenurônicos, fator satisfatório para o branqueamento da polpa. As propriedades de resistência dos papéis foram afetadas negativamente pela adição de polpa de junco nos papéis e os mais altos valores de volume específico aparente e opacidade foram alcançados com os menores níveis de refino das polpas. Foi concluído que o junco não apresentou características satisfatórias para a produção de papéis de alta resistência.