This dissertation examines the ability of in vitro biotransformation assays to provide an indication of metabolic potential. The potential for xenobiotic compounds to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms is expressed through the bioconcentration factor (BCF). The metabolic loss of ibuprofen, norethindrone and propranolol was measured using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) gill and liver S9 fractions, microsomes and cell suspensions. Metabolic transformation rates (kM) were extrapolated from in vitro intrinsic clearance of parent compound (CLm) and integrated into a refined BCF model. In general, CLm of test compounds was greater in liver S9 fractions and hepatocytes. However, the influence of hepatic metabolism on kM and BCF was limited by hepatic blood flow (20-25%) compared to gill blood flow (~100%). A significant difference was noted between BCF solely based on KOW and BCF including kM. These studies indicate that the inclusion of kM in BCF models can bring predicted bioconcentration estimates closer to in vivo values. Primary cell suspensions are preferred over subcellular fractions as cell suspensions possess both phase I and phase II enzyme activity. Further study was conducted on ibuprofen biotransformation pathways. As fish do not contain the same cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C homologs known to metabolize ibuprofen in mammals, it cannot be assumed that piscine biotransformation is similar. Metabolite analysis found 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen as the major metabolite in S9 and microsomal fractions. Additional assays involving the induction and inhibition of specific CYP isozymes support CYP1A2 as an alternative metabolic pathway.

Heavy metal contamination of soil and agricultural products is an environmental problem, has an adverse effect on the quality of food crops, and is a danger to food security and public health. The concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in surface soils and edible hypocotyls tissues of two ecotypes of Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca) was evaluated in three districts of the Junín province, Peru. In addition, the risk to human health due to exposure to heavy metals from maca consumption was evaluated. Soil samples and maca hypocotyls were collected in areas influenced by mining and metallurgical activity. The mean concentration of Cd (0.32 ± 0.23 mg/kg) and Pb (0.20 ± 0.12 mg/kg) in maca samples exceeded the values established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The bioconcentration factor was less than 1. The estimated daily intake of each metal was below the oral reference dose. The hazard quotient and hazard index were less than 1, it is unlikely to cause non-cancer adverse health outcome. The cancer risk for As and Cd was higher than the tolerable limit (1 × 10−6) in children and adults. In the district of Ondores, the cancer risk for As in children was higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−4). Residents of the Ondores district would be more exposed to As and Cd from consumption of maca hypocotyls. It is very important to carry out continuous monitoring of other toxic metals in different ecotypes of maca (red, black, yellow, purple, creamy white, pink) in order to evaluate the variation in the accumulation of heavy metals and the level of toxicity of each metal between ecotypes. / Revisón por pares

The primary objective of this work was to determine the tissue-specific bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the selected pharmaceuticals: norethindrone (NET), ibuprofen (IBU), verapamil (VER), clozapine (CLZ) and fenofibrate (FFB) in two freshwater fishes: fathead minnow and channel catfish. BCF tests on fathead followed the standard OECD 42-day test while a 14-day abridged test design was used in catfish exposures. Additional objectives included a) comparing the measured BCFs to the US EPA's BCFWIN model predicted values, b) comparing the BCF results from the standard and reduced tests, and c) prediction of chronic risk of the pharmaceuticals in fish using the human therapeutic plasma concentrations. Each test included uptake and depuration phases to measure tissue-specific kinetic BCFs. The results indicated that all the pharmaceuticals, except IBU, have the potential for accumulation in fish. Estimated BCFs for NET, VER and FFB may not be significant in view of the current regulatory trigger level (BCF ≥ 2000); however, CLZ's BCF in the liver had approached the criterion level. Significant differences were noticed in the tissue-specific uptake levels of the pharmaceuticals with the following general trend: (liver/kidney) > (gill/brain) > (heart/muscle) > plasma. IBU uptake was highest in the plasma. When compared to the measured BCFs, predicted values for NET, IBU, VER and FFB were slightly overestimated but did not differ largely. However, the measured BCF of CLZ in the liver was approximately two-orders of magnitude higher than the predicted level. The tissue-BCFs for the two species were not widely different indicating the potential usefulness of the reduced BCF test. Comparison of fish and human plasma levels indicated that NET, CLZ and VER have the potential to cause chronic effects in fish.

Canadian bitumen is mainly transported in a diluted form via pipeline and train, all posing a risk as they can lead to the release of diluted bitumen (dilbit) in the environment. In the summer of 2018, a collaborative large-scale field experiment was conducted at the International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA), a world-renowned aquatic research facility. The research objectives of the Boreal lake Oil Release Experiment by Additions to Limnocorrals (BOREAL) project were to understand the fate, behaviour, and potential toxic effects of dilbit in a freshwater Boreal lake to inform evidence-based management strategies for the transport of dilbit. A range of controlled dilbit spills was performed in seven 10 m diameter limnocorrals (~100,000 L of water) resulting in environmentally realistic dilbit:water dilutions ranging from 1:69,200 to 1:504, representing the upper half of the distribution of oil spill sizes in North America in the last decade. Additionally, two limnocorrals not treated with dilbit were studied as controls. This thesis identifies the bioaccumulating compounds derived from naturally weathered dilbit in adult giant floater mussels (Pyganodon grandis), to determine the rates at which they were accumulated and excreted. More specifically, the bioaccumulation potential and toxicokinetic parameters of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and various metals were assessed in mussels exposed ex situ for 41 days (25 days of exposure and 16 days of depuration) to water from the limnocorrals. These compounds have shown to be toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to aquatic organisms. Mussels exposed to dilbit-contaminated water experienced significantly greater TPACs concentrations (0.40 – 0.90 µg L-1, n=12) compared to mussels from the Control (0.017 µg L-1, n=4). Furthermore, dilbit-contaminated water had a higher proportion of alkylated PACs compared to their parent counterpart, demonstrating petrogenic PAC profiles. We detected significantly greater TPACs concentrations in mussels exposed to dilbit-contaminated water (25.92 – 27.79 µg g-1, ww Lipid, n=9, at day 25 of the uptake phase) compared to mussels from the Control (average of 2.62 ± 1.95 µg g-1, ww Lipid; ±SD, n=17). Alkylated PACs represented 96.4 ± 1.8%, ±SD, n=12 of TPACs in mussels from dilbit-contaminated treatments at day 25 of the uptake phase, indicating the importance of conducting a more inclusive assessment of petrochemical mixtures as most studies only focus on parent PACs. From first-order one-compartment models derived from nonlinear curve fitting of the accumulation phase or sequential modelling method, uptake (0.66 – 24.65 L g-1 day-1, n=87) and depuration (0.012 – 0.37 day-1, n=87) kinetic rate constants, as well as bioconcentration factors (log values from 3.85 – 6.12 L kg-1, n=87) for the 29 PACs that bioaccumulated in mussels suggested that alkylated PACs have greater bioaccumulation potential compared to their parent PAC counterpart. Results from this study also demonstrated that giant floater mussels could be used to biomonitor PAC contamination following oil spills as PACs accumulated in mussel tissue and were still present following the 16 day depuration phase. The results of this study are the largest, most comprehensive set of toxicokinetic and bioaccumulation information of PACs (44 analytes) in freshwater mussels obtained to date. Metal contamination following the controlled dilbit spill was minimal, but mussels exposed to water contaminated with naturally weathered dilbit experienced elevated concentrations of dissolved zinc (30.26 – 38.26 µg L-1, n=12) compared to the mussels in the uncontaminated water (6.75 ± 3.31 µg L-1, n=4), surpassing the Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. However, it is not clear if dilbit contamination caused elevated zinc concentrations in the water as other factors, such as limnocorral building materials and/or galvanized minnow traps used in the limnocorrals, could have contributed to zinc contamination. Nonetheless, giant floater mussels did not accumulate zinc in their tissues.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T12:40:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARMEN LUCIA VOIGT.pdf: 5175003 bytes, checksum: d7bf890fdc0886004a0717f289f7b4eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / From the concentration in water and sediment, bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in gills, liver and muscles of Geophagus brasiliensis and gills and liver of Cyprinus carpio in the Alagados Reservoir, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. Metals were quantified through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and a study was carried out on the existing relations between metal and body weight, size and genre of this species. The level of metals in the waters of the reservoir was lower than the maximum levels allowed by legislation, except for that of Cd and Fe. In sediments, Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni presented concentrations above the threshold effect level adverse biological community and none of the analyzed metals exceeded the levels of probable effects level adverse. High concentrations of bioavailable metals were found in the sediment. In G. brasiliensis, Pb and Cr exceeded the limits stipulated in legislation for human consumption of fish. The metals Cu, Pb, Ag, As, Cd, Co and Ni had higher average concentrations in the liver and Fe, Mn and Zn had higher average concentrations in the gills G. brasiliensis. Statistical analysis did not showed significant differences in levels of metal concentration between body weight, size and gender of G. brasiliensis and the three analyzed tissues. The liver G. brasiliensis has higher affinity for that muscle bioconcentration and higher affinity for bioconcentration Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni and Ag than the gills, that had the greatest affinity for bioconcentration Mn, Zn and Fe. How much bioaccumulation of metals in G. brasiliensis, the liver has greater affinity for metals muscle bioaccumulation and higher affinity for bioaccumulation Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ag, Pb, Ni and As than the gills. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of metals in G. brasiliensis tissues followed the global trend of Liver > Gills > Muscle. In C. carpio, the metals Mn, Zn, Co, Cd, Cr and Al had higher average concentrations in the gills and the metals Cu and Fe had higher average concentrations in the liver. The Pearson correlation showed that some metals significantly increase with the increase in the weight and size of C. carpio specimens, these being Al, Cr, Ni (P < 0,01), Cu, Fe (P < 0,05). Statistical analysis indicated that no significant differences in levels of metal concentration between gender C. carpio and the two analyzed tissues. The liver of C. carpio has more affinity for bioconcentration of Cu, Zn and Fe than the gills which have higher affinity for bioconcentration of metals Mn, Co, Cd, Cr, Ag and Ni. For bioaccumulation in C. carpio the liver has more affinity for bioaccumulation of Cu, Ag, Ni and Fe than the gills which have higher affinity for bioaccumulation Mn, Zn, Co, Cd, Cr, Pb and Al. In general, higher concentrations of metals occurred in the larger C. carpio specimens analyzed. The Alagados Reservoir has metal contamination and Geophagus brasiliensis and Cyprinus carpio species can be used as bio-indicators of environmental contamination. / A partir da concentração na água e sedimento, a bioconcentração e bioacumulação de Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn foram determinadas em brânquias, fígado e músculo de Geophagus brasiliensis e brânquias e fígado de Cyprinus carpio do Reservatório de Alagados, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. Os metais foram quantificados por espectrometria de absorção atômica (AAS) sendo realizado estudo sobre as relações existentes dos metais com o peso corporal, o tamanho e gênero das espécies. Os níveis de metais nas águas do reservatório foram inferiores aos níveis máximos permitidos pela legislação, com exceção do Cd e Fe. Nos sedimentos Cu, Cd, Cr e Ni apresentaram concentrações acima do Nível Limiar de Efeitos adversos à comunidade biológica e nenhum dos metais analisados ultrapassou os níveis de efeitos prováveis adversos. Altas concentrações de metais biodisponíveis foram encontradas no sedimento. Em G. brasiliensis, Pb e Cr excederam os limites estipulados na legislação para o consumo humano de peixe. Os metais Cu, Pb, Ag, As, Cd, Co e Ni tiveram maiores concentrações médias no fígado e os metais Fe, Mn e Zn tiveram maiores concentrações médias nas brânquias do G. brasiliensis. A análise estatística não mostrou diferenças substanciais nos níveis de concentração de metais entre peso corporal, o tamanho e gênero do G. brasiliensis e os três tecidos analisados. O fígado de G. brasiliensis tem maior afinidade para bioconcentração que músculo e maior afinidade para bioconcentração de Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ag e Ni do que as brânquias, que tiveram a maior afinidade para a bioconcentração de Mn, Zn e Fe. Quanto à bioacumulação de metais em G. brasiliensis, o fígado tem maior afinidade para bioacumulação de metais que músculo e maior afinidade para bioacumulação de Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ag, Pb, Ni e As do que as brânquias. A bioconcentração e bioacumulação dos metais nos tecidos de G. brasiliensis seguiu a tendência global do Fígado > Brânquias > Músculo. Em C. carpio, os metais Mn, Zn, Co, Cd, Cr e Al tiveram maiores concentrações médias nas brânquias e os metais Cu e Fe tiveram maiores concentrações médias no fígado. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que alguns metais aumentam significativamente com o aumento do peso e o tamanho dos espécimes de C. carpio, sendo Al, Cr, Ni (P< 0,01) e Cu, Fe (P<0,05). A análise estatística indicou que não há diferenças substanciais nos níveis de concentração de metais entre o gênero de C. carpio e os dois tecidos analisados. O fígado de C. carpio tem maior afinidade para bioconcentração dos metais Cu, Zn e Fe do que as brânquias que possuem maior afinidade para bioconcentração dos metais Mn, Co, Cd, Cr, Ag e Ni. Para bioacumulação em C. carpio o fígado tem maior afinidade para bioacumulação dos metais Cu, Ag, Ni e Fe do que as brânquias que possuem maior afinidade para bioacumulação de Mn, Zn, Co, Cd, Cr, Pb e Al. Em geral, as maiores concentrações de metais ocorreram nos maiores espécimes de C. carpio analisados. O Reservatório de Alagados possui contaminação por metais e as espécies Geophagus brasiliensis e Cyprinus carpio podem ser usadas como bioindicadoras de contaminação ambiental.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandra.pdf: 1382678 bytes, checksum: 9fdac74197bce7873c6927728a23b1d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-17 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / After the proven power of evil mercury (Hg) to human health, studies have focused on identifying the sources and pathways describe biogeochemical circulation in the environment. In Brazil, the use of Hg during the amalgamation of gold was considered the main source of contamination; however, today the contribution due to the deforestation and burning of forests has become relevant. In the Amazon, the dynamics of Hg in rivers (Negro, Madeira, Acre and Tapajós) is well known, but not in the floodplain, environments recognized as Hg methylation places and socioeconomic importance. To extend this knowledge we analyzed Hg levels in the biotic and abiotic components of Grate Lake Manacapuru (AM), the bioconcentration factor, the biomagnification potential to fish community, and bioaccumulation for commercial fish species were calculated. The Hg levels between 75.89 to 283.99 ng.g-1, being significantly higher in the flood and the podzolic soils. 64.3% of Hg levels measured in sediments were within the range of observed values to not contaminated Amazonian rivers (<200 ng.g-1), and 35.7% for highly anthropogenic rivers. The Hg levels water samples ranged from 1.7 to 15.2 ng.l-1. Emergent aquatic macrophytes and its fine particulate matter and periphyton presented high total Hg levels. Macroinvertebrate omnivores/detritivores and piscivorous fish associated with aquatic macrophytes recorded the highest Hg levels (226.4 ng.g-1 and 866.3 ng.g-1 respectively). There biomagnification in fish, the average Hg levels ranged from 45.89 to 527.82 ng.g-1, depending on the trophic category. The biomagnification factors were 0.27 for first order consumers, 0.33 for second order and 0.47 in thirth order. There were significant differences in the bioconcentration and total Hg level between the categories of third trophic level and the others. Plagioscion squamosissimus and Calophysus macropterus presentes Hg levels above those permitted by law (500 ng.g-1), and other six species also present risks to human health. The trophic structure of the community defined by the potential biomagnifications (b=0.15 ng.g-1) were 13 trophic categories, and five trophic levels. There were significant differences in total Hg levels of in relation to the trophic level of omnivores, detritivores, herbivores/frugivores, carnivores/ piscivores and carnivores/insectivores, and overlap in Hg levels of various categories, apparently resulting from the trophic plasticity of organisms and ontogenetic factors. In conclusion, the use of soil facilitates the release of Hg, which is carried by leaching into the aquatic environment where it is retained in the sediment. Sediment resuspension and homogenization of the water, facilitates the distribution and methylation of Hg in the lake, increasing the bioavailability to biota and their transfer into the food chain. The aquatic macrophytes and the periphyton community contribute to methylation, distribution and transfer of Hg in food chains. The processes of bioaccumulation in species are linked primarily to diet, but population factors such as age, growth, and fat levels should contribute to the different bioaccumulation factors observed. / Após de o comprovado poder maléfico do mercúrio (Hg) para a saúde humana, estudos focaram em identificar as fontes e em descrever vias biogeoquímicas de circulação no ambiente. No Brasil, o uso do Hg na amalgamação de ouro foi considerado a principal fonte de contaminação, mas o aporte por desmatamento e queima de florestas é relevante. Na Amazônia, a dinâmica do Hg em rios (Negro, Madeira, Acre e Tapajós) é bem conhecida, mas na várzea não, embora se trate de um ambiente de metilação de Hg e de importância socioeconômica. Para ampliar esse conhecimento analisaram-se teores de Hg em componentes abióticos e bióticos no Lago Grande de Manacapuru (AM), calculou-se fator de bioconcentração, potencial de biomagnificação para a comunidade de peixes relacionando teores de Hg com isótopos estáveis de δN15, e bioacumulação. Teores de Hg em solo variaram de 75,8 a 283,9 ng.g-1 sendo maiores durante a enchente e nos solos podzólicos. 64,3% dos teores de Hg em sedimentos estiveram entre valores citados de rios Amazônicos não contaminados (<200 ng.g-1), e 35,7% em rios altamente antropizados. Teores de Hg na água variaram de 1,7 a 15,2 ng.l-1. Macrófitas aquáticas emergentes e seu material particulado fino e perifiton tiveram altos teores Hg total. Macroinvertebrados onívoros/detritívoros e peixes piscívoros associados às macrófitas aquáticas registraram os maiores teores (226,4 ng.g-1, e 866,3 ng.g-1 respectivamente). Houve biomagnificação em peixes, com teores de Hg total médio variando de 45,8 a 527,8 ng.g-1, em função à categoria trófica. A biomagnificação em consumidores primários foi 0,27, em secundários 0,33 e 0,47 em terciários. Houve diferença significativa na bioconcentração e no teor de Hg entre as categorias tróficas do 3º nível trófico e as demais. Plagioscion squamosissimus e Calophysus macropterus apresentaram teores de Hg acima do permitido (500 ng.g-1), e seis outras espécies apresentam riscos para a saúde humana. A estrutura trófica da comunidade íctica definida pelo potencial de biomagnificação (b=0,15 ng.g-1) foi: 13 categorias tróficas e 5 níveis tróficos. Houve diferença significativa nos teores de Hg de onívoros, detritívoros, herbívoros/frugívoros, carnívoros/piscívoros e carnívoros/ insetívoros, de níveis tróficos diferentes, e sobreposição nos teores de Hg de várias categorias tróficas, aparentemente resultante da plasticidade trófica dos organismos e de fatores ontogênicos. Em conclusão, o uso do solo facilita a liberação do Hg, que é transportado pela lixiviação até o ambiente aquático, onde é retido no sedimento. Ressuspensão dos sedimentos e homogeneização da massa de água facilitam a distribuição e metilação do Hg no lago, aumentando sua biodisponibilidade para a biota e transferência na cadeia trófica. Bancos de macrófitas aquáticas e a comunidade perifítica contribuem com a metilação, distribuição e transferência do Hg nas cadeias alimentares. Bioacumulação nas espécies está atrelada principalmente ao regime alimentar, mas idade, crescimento, e teor de gordura contribuem.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-13T16:34:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaRibeiroNascimento_DissertFinal.pdf: 1544852 bytes, checksum: f7b889157e7efc1834af5e11656509fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T16:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaRibeiroNascimento_DissertFinal.pdf: 1544852 bytes, checksum: f7b889157e7efc1834af5e11656509fa (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / A determinação de contaminantes em organismos é utilizada para avaliar o grau de poluição do ambiente em que vivem. A acumulação de metais, em um organismo marinho pode ser transferida diretamente ao homem ou através dos demais níveis tróficos superiores. O camarão–branco Litopenaeus schmitti é uma espécie de valor econômico ocorrente na baía de Sepetiba, região historicamente contaminada por metais oriundos da urbanização e das atividades industriais, principalmente metalúrgicas e portuárias. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a concentração de Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb e Zn em camarões-branco da baía de Sepetiba. Os espécimes foram capturados por arrasto nas áreas interna e externa da baía durante período seco e chuvoso, utilizando o mesmo procedimento da pesca comercial, porém com tempo reduzido para 2 arrastos de 30 minutos cada. Machos e fêmeas foram identificados e o comprimento total foi utilizado para separar espécimes em estágio de vida juvenil (CT<110 mm) e adulto (CT>110 mm), tanto para machos quanto para fêmeas. A determinação de Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb e Zn em ICP OES e Hg no equipamento Lumex foi realizada para tecido muscular. As concentrações de Cd, Pb e Hg estiveram abaixo do limite de detecção, que são 0,02, 0,05, 0,005 μg/g, respectivamente. As maiores concentrações foram observadas para Cu e Zn, que variaram de 1.76 a 70.78 μg/g, e de 1.02 a 62.30 μg/g, respectivamente. As concentrações de Mn variaram de 0.38 a 7.96 μg/g, e as de Cr, de 0.08 a 1.76 μg/g. Apenas o Cr apresentou concentrações acima do limite estabelecido para consumo humano. A espécie não apresenta tendência geral de acumular metais em seu tecido muscular, mas correlações positivas com a biometria foram observadas para o Zn e para o Cr. O Mn apresenta correlações negativas com a biometria, sugerindo mecanismo de depuração deste metal. Diferenças significativas entre sexo foram observadas apenas para as concentrações de Cu, que em machos foram maiores que nas fêmeas, o que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças metabólicas entre sexos. Correlações significativas e positivas entre Cu e Zn ocorreram por se tratar de metais essenciais. O fator de bioconcentração (FBC) foi calculado utilizando dados secundários. Apenas o FBC do Cu foi superior a 1, entretanto é necessário cautela para interpretar este resultado como indicador de contaminação, já que o Cu é componente do pigmento respiratório de crustáceos. As diferenças de idade e tempo de exposição dos espécimes analisados foram normalizadas dividindo as concentrações de metais pelo peso seco. Esta abordagem evidenciou que o padrão de incorporação é maior em juvenis e adultos da área interna, mais próximos da fonte de contaminação, independentemente da sazonalidade e do sexo, ressaltando a importância da proximidade da fonte na assimilação de metais / Determine contaminants in organisms is useful to understand how impacted is the environment that they live. The metals accumulated in tissues of marine organisms can be directly transferred to humans or by the other trophic levels. The white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti, economic explored species, occurs in Sepetiba Bay, which is contaminated by metals from urbanization; industrial activities, as metallurgical activities and sea harbor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn on white shrimp from Sepetiba Bay. The specimens were caught by trawl in two sites (internal and external), during dry and rainy season, using the same procedure as commercial fishing, but during twice times of 30 minutes each. Males and females were identified and the total length was used to separate juveniles (TL < 110 mm) and adults (TL > 110 mm). The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn was performed to muscle tissue using ICP-OES, and Hg using Lumex. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg were under detection limit (0.02, 0.05, 0.005 μg/g, respectively). The highest concentrations were observed for Cu and Zn, ranged from 1.76 to 70.78μg/g, and 1.02 to 62.30μg/g, respectively. The Mn concentrations ranged from 0.38 to 7.96μg/g and Cr from 0.08 to 1.76μg/g. Only the concentrations of Cr were above the limit for human consumption. The species has no general trend to accumulate metals in muscle tissue, but positive correlations with biometrics were observed for Cr and Zn. The Mn shows negative correlations with biometrics, suggesting depuration mechanism. No differences were observed evaluating males and females, except for Cu concentrations, explained by metabolic differences between genders. Positive correlations by Cu and Zn occurred because they are essential metals. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated using previous studies. The BCF of Cu was higher than 1, but caution is needed to interpret as an indicator of contamination, since Cu is the respiratory pigment of crustaceans. Concentrations of metals normalized by dry weight showed differences between age and season. The pattern of incorporation is greater in adults and juveniles from inner area, and it doesn’t depend on sex and season, showing that the assimilation is influenced by source of contamination

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3918.pdf: 7363627 bytes, checksum: 6010ca9ffd44fd285d684e87e959778c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-20 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Both the mercury (Hg) and their compounds are recognized as important pollutants, because they are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. The largest sources of mercury pollution are chloride-alkaline industry and gold mining. The growing contribution of Hg in aquatic environments results in high accumulation of mercury in fishes tissue and their consumers, which poses a serious risk to humans and ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute exposure (96 hours), via water, and a sub-chronic exposure (30 days), via food, to sub-lethal doses of inorganic mercury (HgCl2) in two species Brazilian fishes ecologically distinct, matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) and traíra (Hoplias malabaricus). The cardiorespiratory responses to normoxia (140 mmHg) and graded hypoxia (120 - 10 mmHg), cardiac contractility in vitro, biomarkers of oxidative stress and the potential for bioconcentration and biomagnification were analyzed. The results show that exposure of these species to HgCl2 induces oxidative stress in different tissues, limiting the maintenance of cardiac contractility by reducing the force of myocardial contraction and modulates the response pattern of cardio-respiratory variables to graded hypoxia front, making the species more susceptible to environmental variations of O2. Regarding matrinxã specifically, the critical points highlighted were mainly severe oxidative stress in heart and white muscle; marked reduction of contraction force of isolated heart muscle; hyperventilation and increase the value of the critical tension of O2 in more than 100%; and intense bioconcentration in all tissue whose values exceeded the maximum allowed. In the case of traíras the results were: oxidative stress in the liver and gills; hypoventilation; decreased in metabolic rate and O2 extraction; and bradycardia with impaired electrical conduction as first degree atrioventricular block and lengthiness of the potential plateau action of cardiac muscle. Therefore, the data indicate that mercury via food or water and in environmentally relevant concentrations, can have a negative impact on behavior, health, performance and success of the species, making their survival and/or vulnerable populations. / Tanto o mercúrio (Hg) quanto seus compostos são reconhecidos como importantes poluentes, pois são persistentes, bioacumulativos e tóxicos. As maiores fontes de poluição por Hg são as indústrias de cloro-álcali e a mineração do ouro. O aporte crescente de Hg nos ambientes aquáticos resulta em grande acumulação deste metal nos tecidos de peixes e nos consumidores destes, o que representa sério risco aos seres humanos e aos ecossistemas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de uma exposição aguda (96 horas), via água, e de uma exposição sub-crônica (30 dias), via alimento, a doses subletais de mercúrio inorgânico (HgCl2) em duas espécies de peixes brasileiros ecologicamente distintos, matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) e a traíra (Hoplias malabaricus). As respostas cardio-respiratórias em normóxia (140 mmHg) e hipóxia gradual (120 a 10 mmHg), a contratilidade cardíaca in vitro, os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e o potencial de bioconcentração e biomagnificação foram analisados. Os resultados mostram que a exposição de tais espécies ao HgCl2 induz estresse oxidativo em diferentes tecidos; limita a manutenção da contratilidade cardíaca reduzindo a força de contração do miocárdio e modula o padrão de resposta das variáveis cárdio-respiratórias frente à hipóxia gradual, tornando as espécies mais susceptíveis às variações ambientais de O2. Em relação ao matrinxã especificamente, os pontos críticos em destaque foram: estresse oxidativo severo principalmente no coração e músculo branco; redução acentuada da força de contração do músculo cardíaco isolado; hiperventilação e elevação do valor da tensão crítica de O2 em mais de 100% e bioconcentração intensa em todos os tecidos cujos valores excederam o limite máximo permitido. Já no caso das traíras foram: intenso estresse oxidativo no fígado e nas brânquias, hipoventilação, redução da taxa metabólica e da extração de O2 e bradicardia com prejuízo na condução elétrica como bloqueio átrio-ventricular de primeiro grau e prolongamento do platô do potencial de ação do músculo cardíaco. Portanto, os dados indicam que o mercúrio, via água ou alimento e em concentrações ambientalmente relevantes, pode ter um impacto negativo sobre o comportamento, a saúde, a performance e o sucesso das espécies estudadas, tornando sua sobrevivência e/ou população vulneráveis.

This work deals with the characteristics of platinum metals and problems related to their toxicity and mobility in the environment, especially in the aquatic environment. These metals are released into the environment due to the use of automotive catalysts. Their function is based on the catalytic properties of platinum metals. Because of the high temperatures, these metals can be oxidized in the catalyst and subsequently emitted together with the combustion products into the surrounding atmosphere. The aim of the thesis is to measure real samples of river sediments of the river Svratka on the territory of the city of Brno and to find the possibility of contamination of the aquatic environment with these metals.