Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_lc_me_botfca.pdf: 627408 bytes, checksum: 6e8090157ad35eb0a16ecfae89cd91f4 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A tecnologia de aplicação desenvolvida para produtos químicos têm sido utilizada para organismos entomopatogênicos sem o estudo prévio das necessidades de adaptações que visem a manutenção da viabilidade desses agentes de controle biológico. O experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da pressurização e despressurização da calda de pulverização na viabilidade dos seguintes microrganismos entomopatogênicos: Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis, AgMNPV e Steinernema glaseri. Foi utilizado o sistema hidráulico de um pulverizador, sem filtros, equipado com ponta de pulverização de jato cônico JA-2, com 15 minutos de agitação da calda antes da coleta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos: pressurização da calda em zero; 175,8; 351,6; 527,4; 703,2; 1.054,9; 1.406,5 kPa (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 e 200 lbf.pol-2). A avaliação da viabilidade de M. anisopliae se deu através da porcentagem de conídios germinados. Para B. thuringiensis foi considerado o número de colônias formadas. A eficácia do AgMNPV foi estimada indiretamente, pela mortalidade causada às lagartas de Anticarsia gemmatalis no início do terceiro ínstar, alimentadas com dieta artificial impregnada com a suspensão viral. No experimento com o S. glaseri foi calculada a porcentagem de indivíduos vivos, determinada através de microscopia óptica, em lâmina de peters. Conclui-se que se pode pulverizar os entomopatógenos M. anisopliae, B. thuringiensis, AgMNPV e S. glaseri, até a pressão de 1.406,5 kPa, sem que haja perda na viabilidade desses organismos utilizados como agentes de controle biológico. / Application technology developed to chemical products has been employed for entomopathogenic organisms without the previous studies on the necessities of adaptations aiming at viability maintenance of these biological control agents. The objective of the research was to evaluate the influence of pressurization and decompression of spraying suspension in the viability of the following entomopathogenic microorganisms: Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis, AgMNPV and Steinernema glaseri. The sprayer hydraulical system was used without filters and equipped with JA-2 hollow-cone nozzle type with 15 minutes of spray agitation before it collects. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments: pressurization of spraying suspension at 0.0; 175.8; 351.6; 527.4; 703.2; 1,054.9 and 1,406.5 kPa. Evaluation of the viability of M. anisopliae was estimated by the percentage of conidia germinated. For B. thuringiensis, the number of colonies formed. Efficiency on AgMNPV was estimated indirectly, by means of mortality caused to velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) in early third ínstar; the specimens were fed with artificial diet impregnated with viral suspension. For the experiment with the S. glaseri it was calculated the percentage of live specimens; observation were performed through optic microscopy, on Peters slide-blade. It was concluded that the entomopathogens M. anisopliae, B. thuringiensis, AgMNPV and S. glaseri can be sprayed up to the pressure of 1,406.5 kPa without loss in the viability of those organisms as agents of biological control.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 visconti_a_me_botfca.pdf: 745923 bytes, checksum: 14838bdfab25d9e696302c3185b8a00f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Podridões radiculares e murchas, causadas respectivamente por Cylindrocladium spathiphylli e Verticillium dahliae, podem inviabilizar a produção comercial de espatifilo e da berinjela. Com o reconhecido potencial de fontes de carbono na indução de supressividade de solos e de substratos a diversos patógenos habitantes do solo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar o potencial de seis fontes de carbono (esterco bovino de curral, cama de frango, torta de mamona, casca de camarão, hidrolisado de peixe e lodo de esgoto compostado) na inibição do crescimento micelial de C. spathiphylli; 2) avaliar o potencial de hidrolisado de peixe e cama de frango na indução de supressividade de substrato a C. spathiphylli; e 3) avaliar o efeito do hidrolisado de peixe no controle da murcha de verticilio em berinjela e no desenvolvimento das plantas. Para avaliar a inibição do crescimento micelial de C. spathiphylli, extratos aquosos das matérias orgânicas foram incorporados ao meio BDA nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% (v/v) Além disso, ao substrato padrão para espatifilo foram incorporados as matérias orgânicas nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% (v/v) e as misturas colocadas em placas de petri e recobertas com uma camada de Agar-água. No centro das placas foi colocado um disco de micélio do patógeno em pleno desenvolvimento e avaliado o crescimento micelial. O extrato aquoso do hidrolisado de peixe, não autoclavado, a 25% reduziu o crescimento micelial. Os extratos autoclavados não inibiram o crescimento do patógeno. Nos substratos autoclavados apenas o hidrolisado de peixe, nas concentrações de 15 a 25%, inibiram completamente o crescimento micelial. Nos substratos não autoclavados o hidrolisado de peixe a 15, 20 e 25%, a torta de mamona a 15 e 25% e a casca de camarão a 20 e 25% inibiram complemente o crescimento micelial de C. spathiphylli... / Root rot and wilts, caused by Cylindrocladium spathiphylli and Verticillium dahliae, can impair the commercial production of Spathiphyllum and eggplant. In view of the known potential of some sources of carbon in the induction of soil and potting - mixes in the suppressiveness of several soil plant pathogens, the present study was carried out: 1) evaluate the potential of six sources of carbon (cattle manure, poultry manure, castor bean residues, shrimp skin, fish hydrolised and sewage sludge composted) in the inhibition mycelial growth of C. spathiphylli; 2) evaluate the potential of fish hydrolised and poultry manure in the induction of suppressiveness in potting mixes to C. spathiphylli; 3) evaluate the effect of fish hydrolised in the control of Verticillium wilt on eggplant and plant development. To evaluate the inhibition of mycelial growth of C. spathiphylli aqueous extracts of the organic materials were added in the concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% (v/v) to PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) medium in Petri dishes. Moreover, organic materials in the concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% (v/v) added to the standard potting-mix for Spathiphyllum in Petri dishes and covered a layer of water–agar meidum. A mycelial disk was deposited in the center of each dish, and the growth was evaluated daily. The treatment with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 colmenarez_yc_me_botfca.pdf: 214314 bytes, checksum: 6e85d2098f54ae999a6fd76ac5157948 (MD5) / Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência do Thyrinteina arnobia vírus (TaV) e de Bacillus thuringiensis quando submetidos a diferentes condições de pH e temperatura no controle da lagarta parda Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Foram testadas 4 temperaturas (18, 22, 26 e 30º C) e 4 pHs diferentes (5, 6, 7 e 8). Os ovos de Thyrinteina arnobia foram provenientes de uma criação em dieta artificial, mantida em laboratório. Os entomopatógenos foram aplicados em folhas de Eucalyptus grandis, para posterior oferecimento à lagartas do 3º. e 5º. instares. O ensaio de pH foi conduzido em sala climatizada (temperatura: 25 ± 1oC ; UR: 70 ± 10 % e fotofase de 13 horas), enquanto que os ensaios de temperatura os tratamentos foram conduzidos em câmaras de BOD e fotofase de 13 horas. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e a distribuição dos tratamentosem esquema fatorial 4x3, com 10 repetições de 5 lagartas cada uma, sendo avaliadas 150 lagartas para cada tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste t (LSD) ao nível de 5 % de probabilidade. A variável avaliada foi a mortalidade acumulada das lagartas. As observações foram feitas diariamente porém, para a análise estatística consideraram-se as avaliações realizadas aos 4, 6, 8, 10 e 15 dias. Os dados foram corrigidos utilizando-se a raiz quadrada de x + 1. No experimento sobre a influência da temperatura, foi verificado que quanto maior a temperatura, maior a mortalidade causadas pelo TaV e pelo B. thuringiensis, tanto para lagartas de 3o. instar quanto para lagartas de 5o. instar de T. arnobia. As temperaturas mais favoráveis para a expressão da ação de ambos os patógenos foi 26 e 30ºC. No experimento sobre o efeito do pH da calda de pulverização... . / The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of Thyrinteina arnobia virus (TaV) and Bacillus thuringiensis when exposed to different conditions of pH and temperature to the eucalyptus brown looper control Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). It was evaluated at 4 different temperatures (18, 22, 26 and 30ºC) and 4 different pHs (5, 6, 7 and 8). T. arnobia larvae were reared in an artificial diet and maintained in the laboratory. The entomopathogens were applied to Eucalyptus grandis leaves, and these were offered to larvae at the 3rd and 5th instars. The pH assay was conducted in a controlled conditions (temperature of 25 ± 1oC ; RH: 70 ± 10 % and photophase of 13 hours). The temperature assays were conducted at a controlled temperatures, in a BOD room with photophase of 13 hours. The experiments were installed in the following factorial analysis 4x3, with a experimental design completely randonized, with 10 replications with 5 larvae each one. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and means compared by t test (LSD) (P£ 0.05). The variable evaluated was the accumulative larvae death. The observations were made daily, but for the statistical analysis only the evaluations in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15 days were considered. The temperature experiment showed that higher temperature caused higher mortality to both 3rd and 5th instars of T. arnobia larvae. The more favorable temperatures were 26ºC and 30ºC for the expression of both pathogens. The results of suspention pH experiment showed that pH 7,0 was the most adequated for the B. thuringiensis action for both instars of T. arnobia. However, the TaV action in T. arnobia larvae was not affected for the different pHs evaluated. In different experiments carried out, 3rd instar larvae were more susceptible than to 5th instar. Also for the different temperatures and of different pHs, B. thuringiensis... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Resumo: A tecnologia de aplicação desenvolvida para produtos químicos têm sido utilizada para organismos entomopatogênicos sem o estudo prévio das necessidades de adaptações que visem a manutenção da viabilidade desses agentes de controle biológico. O experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da pressurização e despressurização da calda de pulverização na viabilidade dos seguintes microrganismos entomopatogênicos: Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis, AgMNPV e Steinernema glaseri. Foi utilizado o sistema hidráulico de um pulverizador, sem filtros, equipado com ponta de pulverização de jato cônico JA-2, com 15 minutos de agitação da calda antes da coleta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos: pressurização da calda em zero; 175,8; 351,6; 527,4; 703,2; 1.054,9; 1.406,5 kPa (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 e 200 lbf.pol-2). A avaliação da viabilidade de M. anisopliae se deu através da porcentagem de conídios germinados. Para B. thuringiensis foi considerado o número de colônias formadas. A eficácia do AgMNPV foi estimada indiretamente, pela mortalidade causada às lagartas de Anticarsia gemmatalis no início do terceiro ínstar, alimentadas com dieta artificial impregnada com a suspensão viral. No experimento com o S. glaseri foi calculada a porcentagem de indivíduos vivos, determinada através de microscopia óptica, em lâmina de peters. Conclui-se que se pode pulverizar os entomopatógenos M. anisopliae, B. thuringiensis, AgMNPV e S. glaseri, até a pressão de 1.406,5 kPa, sem que haja perda na viabilidade desses organismos utilizados como agentes de controle biológico. / Abstract: Application technology developed to chemical products has been employed for entomopathogenic organisms without the previous studies on the necessities of adaptations aiming at viability maintenance of these biological control agents. The objective of the research was to evaluate the influence of pressurization and decompression of spraying suspension in the viability of the following entomopathogenic microorganisms: Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis, AgMNPV and Steinernema glaseri. The sprayer hydraulical system was used without filters and equipped with JA-2 hollow-cone nozzle type with 15 minutes of spray agitation before it collects. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments: pressurization of spraying suspension at 0.0; 175.8; 351.6; 527.4; 703.2; 1,054.9 and 1,406.5 kPa. Evaluation of the viability of M. anisopliae was estimated by the percentage of conidia germinated. For B. thuringiensis, the number of colonies formed. Efficiency on AgMNPV was estimated indirectly, by means of mortality caused to velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) in early third ínstar; the specimens were fed with artificial diet impregnated with viral suspension. For the experiment with the S. glaseri it was calculated the percentage of live specimens; observation were performed through optic microscopy, on Peters slide-blade. It was concluded that the entomopathogens M. anisopliae, B. thuringiensis, AgMNPV and S. glaseri can be sprayed up to the pressure of 1,406.5 kPa without loss in the viability of those organisms as agents of biological control. / Mestre

In order that the citrus industry in South Africa may be commercially developed to the greatest possible extent it is of importance that certain basic ecological problems should be investigated. Until the complex relationships between the host plant, the insect pests and their parasites and predators are known, the results of applications of either chemical or biological control must be largely a matter of chance. A certain amount of rather generalised work in this connection has already been done in South Africa, principally by Carnegie (1955), Smithers (1953) and Whitehead (1948) in the Eastern Cape Province and by Steyn (1954) in the Transvaal. The first three of these workers were content to determine which species of insects occurred in citrus orchards and made some attempts to study the biology of certain predators. Steyn went a little further when he correlated ant activity with scale insect infestations. Without doubt the most economically important insect pests of citrus are the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Introduction, p. 1.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae) is an invasive weedy shrub native to the Americas that has proven to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods. A distinct biotype of C. odorata was first recognised as naturalized in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa, in the 1940s and has since spread to other climatically suitable provinces. Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) was released in KZN, South Africa, as a biological control agent against the weed between 2001 and 2009. Although the moth did establish at one out of some 30 release sites, its population level is generally low in the field. This thesis attempts to unravel the reasons for the poor performance of P. insulata in South Africa.Studies of life history traits of P. insulata in the laboratory indicated that the moth possess good biological attributes such as low mortality, high fecundity, egg hatchability and high female mating success. Overall, adult female moths eclosed before their male counterparts suggesting the presence of protogyny. Beyond the contribution of this study to our understanding of the life history traits of erebid moths, it hypothesized that the absence of protandry might have contributed to the low population levels of the moth in the field. To determine if a degree of agent-host plant incompatibility is culpable for the poor performance of P. insulata, insect performance metrics were compared on two distinct C. odorata plants (one from Florida and another from South Africa) in laboratory experiments. Pareuchaetes insulata performance metrics were similar on both plant forms; there were no significant differences in total leaf area consumed, egg and larval development, immature survival rates, feeding index (FI), host suitability index (HSI), growth index (GI), and fecundity between the Floridian and southern African C. odorata plants. In sum, there was no evidence to demonstrate that differences in plant forms in C. odorata are culpable for the poor performance of P. insulata in South Africa.The effects of temperature on the developmental and reproductive life history traits, locomotion performance and thermal tolerance range of P. insulata were studied in order to elucidate the possible role of temperature on the poor performance of the moth. The results showed that at temperatures below 25 °C, mortality increased and development time was prolonged. Fecundity and egg hatchability were negatively affected at a constant temperature of 15 °C. Results futher showed that third instar larvae were unable to initiate movement at 6 °C and locomotor abilities were significantly reduced at 11 °C. In sum, it is hypothesized that both direct and indirect negative impacts of low temperature may partly explain the poor performance of P. insulata in South Africa. Theeffects of seasonal and spatial variations in the leaf characteristics of C. odorata on the performance of P. insulata were investigated. Foliar nitrogen and magnesium concentrations were higher in shaded plants during winter due to low temperatures. Leaves of C. odorata plants growing in the shaded habitat (relative to full sun) and leaves of plants during autumn (relative to winter) were more nutritionally balanced and suitable for herbivore performance. Consequently, P. insulata developed faster, had heavier pupal mass and increased fecundity when reared on shaded leaves (relative to full sun) or when reared on autumn leaves compared to leaves growing in winter. This study demonstrates that low winter temperatures can indirectly affect insect herbivore performance by changing the phytochemistry of host plant and hypothesized that excess nitrogen and possibly magnesium may have detrimental effects on the insect herbivore performance.A cross-feeding experiment was conducted to determine P. insulata response to a change in the diet of offspring due to a shift in plant quality in shaded versus full sun habitats. The results showed that a ‘negative switch’ in herbivore diet (i.e. when progeny from parents reared on shaded leaves were fed on full sun leaves) resulted in high (40%) mortality, prolonged development time and reduced fecundity. Thus full sun foliage is an inferior diet for P. insulata offspring. In laboratory experiments, foliar nitrogen was positively correlated with the performance of P. insulata. From this study, it is demonstrably evident that the poor performance of P. insulata on C. odorata in South Africa is caused by multiple factors such as low temperatures as well as spatio-temporal variations in the leaf characteristic of C. odorata leaves. This study shows the complexity of determining the causes of low populations and apparent low impact of biological control agents and herbivorous insects generally, in the field. The implications of this research to the biological control programme against C. odorata and the direction of future research for the control of C. odorata are discussed.

Jointed cactus, 0puntia aurantiaca Lindley, remains a problem and continues to expand its range in South Africa, in spite of a mandatory herbicidal control. programme. The feasibility of biologically controlling the weed is being explored because the cost of herbicides has escalated and, if it succeeds, biological control is permanent self perpetuating and relatively cheap. This thesis describes the introduction and release in South Africa of the phycitid moth, Tucumania tapiacola Dyar, as a potential biocontrol agent against jointed cactus. A preliminary objective of the study was to resolve the taxonomic confusion within the genus Tucumania, so that the various populations of the moth from widespread localities and from different host plants could be identified. The efficiency of mass-producing T. tapiacola in the insectary was continually improved through investigations of the insects biology, and its response to various environmental parameters. Techniques were developed to manipulate the different life-stages of T. tapiacola so that every release was made with the maximum possible number of individuals, all in the same stage of development. Trials were made with various methods for transporting and releasing T. tapiacola in the field, and the most successful of these were employed during the establishment programme. In all, approximately 830 000 T. tapiacola eggs, larvae and adults have been released at seven localities in South Africa, between May 1977 and February 1982. So far, the moth has failed to establish for more than three to five generations at any release site, for reasons that were not immediately apparent. The mortality factors acting against the immature stages of T. tapiacola have been investigated and quantified. The accumulated data were used to construct partial-life-tables and survivorship curves. These show that survival of the eggs, larvae and pupae differed in shaded and exposed habitats, and on small, medium and large O. aurantiaca plants. The overall mortality suffered by the immature stages alone did not account for the establishment failure. Alternatively, genetic problems that are commonly associated with the collection, mass production and release of biocontrol agents may have been responsible for the failure. Methods of overcoming these problems during future releases are discussed.

Submitted by Matheus Alves de Siqueira (matheuspucc2012@gmail.com) on 2018-10-10T15:23:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Final.pdf: 1507669 bytes, checksum: 9b8cf5a5eebde96d5328c987222e1bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-10-10T17:40:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 siqueira_ma_me_jabo.pdf: 1507669 bytes, checksum: 9b8cf5a5eebde96d5328c987222e1bd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T17:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 siqueira_ma_me_jabo.pdf: 1507669 bytes, checksum: 9b8cf5a5eebde96d5328c987222e1bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / RESUMO – A família Pseudococcidae é a segunda maior da Infraordem Coccomorpha, com cerca de 2000 espécies descritas. No Brasil, conhecidas popularmente como cochonilhas-farinhentas, compreendem a terceira maior família, com 77 espécies registradas, distribuídas em 22 gêneros. Destas, 32 espécies são conhecidas para o estado de São Paulo, sendo 30% polífagas e de origem exótica, infestando plantas de importância agrícola. O controle biológico é uma alternativa, e dentre os inimigos naturais os himenópteros parasitoides vêm sendo muito utilizados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi inventariar os micro-himenópteros parasitoides de 11 espécies de pseudococcídeos pragas, primarias ou secundarias, de várias culturas e plantas ornamentais no estado de São Paulo, como café, citros, pinha, goiabeira, entre outros, relacionando estes com seu hospedeiro, origem e distribuição geográfica. Os levantamentos dos himenópteros parasitoides foram realizados entre agosto de 2016 e agosto de 2017, de forma aleatória, em áreas rural e urbana de cinco municípios do estado São Paulo: Jales, Ribeirão Preto, Jaboticabal, São Carlos e Campinas. As espécies de pseudococcídeos amostrados para obtenção dos parasitoides foram: Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893), Leptococcus capixaba Kondo, 2005, Leptococcus minutus (Hempel, 1932), Maconelicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908), Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell, 1893), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898, Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897), Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel, 1918) e Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867). Obtiveram-se 628 exemplares de himenópteros parasitoides, distribuídos em 27 espécies. Registra-se aqui, pela primeira vez, Bothriocraera bicolor Compere & Zinna, 1955, Gyranusoidea deionae Noyes, 2000 e Allotropa merrilli Muesebeck, 1954 no Brasil; e, Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault, 1915), Gyranusoidea pseudococci (Bréthes, 1924) e Tetracnemoidea peregrina (Compere, 1939) para o estado de São Paulo; e 26 novas associações entre cochonilha/parasitoide. Os gêneros que apresentaram o maior número de espécies associadas aos pseudococcídeos foram: Gyranusoidea, Anagyrus e Aprostocetus. / ABSTRACT– The Pseudococcidae family is the second largest from the Coccomorpha Infraorder, with about 2000 described species. In Brazil, popularly known as mealybugs, it comprised the third largest family, with 77 species registered, distributed in 22 genera. From these, 32 species are known to the state of São Paulo, being 30% polyphagous from exotic origin, infesting plants of agricultural importance. Biological control is an alternative and among natural enemies, parasitoid Hymenoptera are being widely used. The objective of this work was to inventory the parasitoid microhymenoptera from 11 mealybug pest species, primary or secondary, from various crops and ornamental plants in the state of São Paulo, such as coffee, citrus, sugar-apple, guavas and others, relating these to their host, origin and geographical distribution. The parasitoid hymenopteran surveys were carried out between August 2016 and August 2017, in a random way, in rural and urban areas from five municipalities in the state of São Paulo: Jales, Ribeirão Preto, Jaboticabal, São Carlos and Campinas. The Pseudococcidae species sampled to obtain parasitoids were: Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893), Leptococcus capixaba Kondo, 2005, Leptococcus minutus (Hempel, 1932), Maconelicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908), Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell, 1893), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898, Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897), Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel, 1918) and Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867). There were 628 specimens of parasitoid Hymenoptera distributed in 27 different species. It is recorded here, for the first time, Bothriocraera bicolor Compere & Zinna, 1955, Gyranusoidea deionae Noyes, 2000 and Allotropa merrilli Muesebeck, 1954 for Brazil; and, Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault, 1915), Gyranusoidea pseudococci (Bréthes, 1924), e Tetracnemoidea peregrina (Compere, 1939) for the state of São Paulo; and 26 new associations between mealybugs x parasitoids. The genera that presented the greatest number of species associated to the Pseudococcidae were: Gyranusoidea, Anagyrus e Aprostocetus. / 134767/2016-0

Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) is a shrubby weed of South American origin that was introduced to South Africa at the turn of the century. Despite being indicative of disturbed habitats, the weed was found to be invasive in conservation, agricultural recreational and suburban areas; this, coupled with the failure of both chemical and mechanical control attempts suggested that the weed was a good candidate for biological control. A biological control programme which followed a standard protocol was initiated. Observations suggested that S. sisymbriifolium dispersed primarily by seeds. Plants produced large quantities of fleshy fruit, favoured by frugivorous birds, which facilitated the rapid spread of the weed into new habitats. The seeds germinated quickly, especially in disturbed soil, often below the parent plant where they dropped from burst fruit, and along fences where birds roost. The pre-introductory survey of the weed revealed that S. sisymbriifolium was attacked by a relatively small number of, mainly polyphagous, herbivorous insects. These were localised and sporadic in incidence and inflicted very little observable damage. The herbivore fauna of S. sisymbriifolium was depauperate even in relation to two other exotic weeds, S. elaeaglllfolium and S. mauritianum, in South Africa. The paucity of native herbivores on S. sisymbriifoliwn was ascribed to a combination of the weed's taxonomic distinctness from South African Solanum species, and the dense covering of glandular trichomes on its leaves. Although it was shown that the exudate produced by these glandular trichomes of S. sisymbriifolium seriously impeded the movement and feeding of native herbivores, there was not enough evidence to suggest that the glandular trichomes, alone could have been responsible the lack of herbivores on the weed. Two leaf-feeding Cassidinae Gratiana spadicea and MetJ-iona elatior were screened as agents for the biological control of S. sisymbrilfolium. Favourable biological characteristics for both species included a high rate of increase, long-lived adults, many generations per year, and a high per capita feeding rate. Host range was investigated in larval survival tests and adult choice tests. The larvae of both species were reared through to the adult stage on several of the native Solanum species tested, and also on eggplant (S. melongena). However, the survival of G. spadicea on the majority of these species was very low, suggesting that the beetles would be unlikely to attack them in the field. This was supported by the adult choice tests, where G. spadicea females displayed, a strong oviposition preference for their natural host. In contrast, M. elatior larvae survived well on non-host plants, and the females selected several non-host species, including eggplant for oviposition. It was argued that the conflict of interests involving eggplant was overrated because eggplant is subjected to a stringent insecticide spray regime. Based on this evidence, permission for release was granted for G. spadicea. The impact of native parasitoid host range extensions to weed biological control agents in South Africa was investigated. Native parasitoids were recorded from nearly half of the agent species that had established on their target weed. The level of concealment and taxon influenced susceptibility of the agents to parasitoid attack Poorly concealed endophagous agents were most susceptible to attack, while exposed feeders were fairly free from attack. However, native parasitoids were reported not to strongly influence weed biological control agent populations and it was concluded that no agent should be rejected based only on its susceptibility to native parasitoid attack. Finally, several predictions are made as to the potential success of G. spadicea on S. sisymbriifolium and some of the challenges facing the biological control of weeds are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 magalhaes_go_me_jabo.pdf: 351698 bytes, checksum: 134ffda669c0dc4290a262561a93ec92 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do produto comercial a base de Bacillus thuringiensis Agree® e do isolado HD1 em aspectos biológicos do predador Podisus nigrispinus alimentado com lagartas de Plutella xylostella que ingeriram folhas de couve imersas em suspensão de B. thuringiensis; quantificar a frequência alimentar do predador em folhas de couve (fitofagia); e construir a tabela de vida de fertilidade. Os predadores tiveram contato com B. thuringiensis durante todo o seu ciclo de vida pela ingestão da presa contaminada ou ingestão direta da suspensão do isolado HD1 ou do produto comercial Agree® na couve. O experimento foi composto por seis tratamentos: T1: suspensão de HD1 + lagartas de P. xylostella infectada com o isolado HD-1; T2: suspensão de Agree® + lagartas de P. xylostella infectada com o produto comercial Agree®; T3: água destilada + lagartas de P. xylostella; T4: suspensão de HD1; T5: suspensão de Agree®; T6: água destilada. A calda do bioinseticida Agree® (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai + kurstaki) foi utilizada na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante (0,5g /333mL) e o isolado HD1 (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki) foi empregado na concentração de 3x108 esporos/mL. O desenvolvimento das ninfas foi acompanhado até a fase adulta obtendo-se a duração e a viabilidade dos diferentes ínstares, período de pré-oviposição, oviposição, pós-oviposição, número de posturas por fêmea, número de ovos por postura e fecundidade. Os ovos obtidos foram coletados para determinação do período de incubação e viabilidade. Todos os tratamentos receberam uma folha de couve manteiga variedade Geórgia, que foram substituídas a cada dois dias e submetidas ao teste de coloração por imersão em solução de fucsina ácida a 1%, por 12 horas, para posterior contagem de bainhas alimentares ao estereomicroscópio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo / The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of Bacillus thuringiensis based product Agree® and the isolate HD1 in the biological characteristics of the predator Podisus nigrispinus fed on Plutella xylostella caterpillars that ingested collard greens leaves sprayed with the product and quantify the frequency of predator feeding on the leaves (phytophagy), made by counting the pucturas with the aid of dye-based 1% acid fuchsin. The predators were kept in contact to B. thuringiensis during the whole life cycle by the ingestion of contaminated prey or direct ingestion of the suspension of the HD1 strain or Agree®. The essay was composed of 6 treatments: T1: HD1 suspension + P. xylostella caterpillars; T2: Agree® suspension + P. xylostella caterpillars; T3: Distilled water + P. xylostella caterpillars; T4: HD1 suspension; T5: Agree® suspension; T6: water. The solution of bioinsecticide Agree® (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai + kurstaki) was used following the recommended concentration of the manufacturer (0,5g /333mL) and the HD1 strain (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki) was used in the concentration of 3x108 spores/mL. The development of nymphs was observed until the adult phase to obtain the duration and viability of the different instars, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods, number of egg mass per female, number of eggs per egg mass and fecundity. The obtained eggs were collected to determine the incubation period and viability. All treatments were given a sheet kale Georgia, which was replaced every two days and tested with coloration by immersion in Fucsin acid (1%) for 12 h and then count the food sheaths in a stereomicroscope. The results allowed concluding that P. nigrispinus and B. thuringiensis can be used together to control P. xylostella in collard crops; the presence of preys, collard ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)