Les invasions biologiques sont un composant du changement global et ont des impacts dramatiques sur les écosystèmes, les agrosystèmes et la santé humaine. Néanmoins, ces processus biologiques particuliers offrent la possibilité d'étudier l'évolution phénotypique et génétique en un sur des temps écologiques. En effet, les invasions biologiques impliquent de fortes contraintes environnementales et démographiques sur les populations, et de forts effets sous-jacents de la sélection et de la dérive. Pourtant, les espèces envahissantes sont parmi les colonisateurs les plus prolifiques de la nature, et surprennent par leur capacité à répondre à ces contraintes. Le potentiel évolutif et adaptatif des populations envahissantes a été à de nombreuses reprises proposé comme facteur facilitant le succès de ces invasions. Qu'il s'agisse de processus génétiques d'adaptations (i.e. des changements de fréquences d'allèles) ou plastiques (i.e. un ajustement par plasticité phénotypique en réponse à un stimulus environnemental), la capacité de réponse à la sélection des espèces envahissantes les placent au centre des études de la biologie évolutive moderne. Ici, nous utilisons la récente invasion mondiale de la drosophile à ailes tachetées Drosophila suzukii pour étudier en détail les mécanismes de la réponse à la sélection potentiellement impliqués dans le succès de cette invasion. L'analyse des patrons de variations moléculaires neutre, nous ont permit de retracer l'histoire complexe de cette invasion mondiale, et d'évaluer par la suite la divergence phénotypique et l'évolution de la variation génétique quantitative en comparant les populations ancestrales de D. suzukii à leurs populations dérivées. Nous avons pu ainsi estimer les effets de la sélection et de la dérive génétique au cours de cette invasion, et discuter leur importance au regard de l'évolution de la forme de l'aile dans cette espèce. Enfin des protocoles expérimentaux d'analyse de la plasticité phénotypique ainsi que des méthodes de modélisation de niche climatique nous permettent de discuter l'influence de la fluctuation des conditions environnementales sur le succès de cette invasion. / Biological invasions are a component of global change and have dramatic effects on ecosystems, agrosystems and human health. Nonetheless, these peculiar biological processes offer a great opportunity for the study of rapid phenotypic and genetic evolution, at an ecological timescale. Biological invasions often involve environmental and demographic constraints on populations, as well as strong effects of selection and drift. However, these species are among the most successful colonialists in nature, and their ability to respond to these constraints is remarkable. The evolutionary and adaptive potential of invasive populations have been proposed as facilitating factors of the success of invasions. Processes of genetic (i.e. changes in allele frequencies) and plastic (i.e. adjustment to environmental fluctuation through phenotypic plasticity) involved in the success of biological invasions are at the center of modern evolutionary biology. Here, we use the recent spread of the spotted-wing Drosophila suzukii to study the underlying mechanisms of response to selection potentially involved in the success of this global invasion. Analyzing patterns of neutral genetic variation allowed us to decipher the complex history of this worldwide invasion, and subsequently evaluate phenotypic divergence and evolution of quantitative genetic variation among ancestral and derived populations. We thus estimated the effects of selection and drift throughout this invasion and discuss their importance regarding the evolution of wing shape in this species. Finally, experimental protocols on the analysis of phenotypic plasticity as well as Species Distribution Modeling methods allowed us to discuss the influence of environmental fluctuations on the success of this invasion.

Cette thèse porte un regard évolutif sur les invasions biologiques qui sont une menace écologique, économique et sanitaire grandissante.Qu'ils en soient la cause ou la conséquence, les invasions sont en effet le théâtre de changements évolutifs rapides et importants.Ces changements peuvent être liés à une différence de pression de sélection entre l'aire d'origine et l'aire envahie, mais peuvent aussi être initiés par des évènements démo-génétiques comme un goulot d'étranglement démographique ou l'admixture (hybridation intra-spécifique) entre populations génétiquement différentes.Les changements évolutifs concernent aussi bien des traits d'histoire de vie liés à la reproduction que le fardeau génétique et la dépression de consanguinité.La forte dérive génétique qui peut se produire au cours d'un goulot d'étranglement peut conduire à la purge ou la fixation rapide d'allèles délétères responsables du fardeau génétique.Les trais de reproduction peuvent eux aussi influencer directement l'issue d'une invasion, au travers du taux d'accroissement démographique de la population.Ils peuvent aussi avoir un effet indirect sur le succès d'introduction en modifiant l'intensité des effets des évènements démo-génétiques.Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai étudié l'évolution du fardeau génétique et de traits de reproduction au cours d'une invasion biologique grâce à (i) une série d'expériences sur l'espèce envahissante modèle Harmonia axyridis (la coccinelle asiatique) et à (ii) un modèle théorique de dynamique de la fréquence d'un allèle délétère dans une population subissant un goulot d'étranglement.Mes résultats montrent que les populations envahissantes ont des traits de reproduction plus performants que celles de l'aire native.En particulier, les femelles envahissantes présentent une fécondité plus élevée et fécondent leurs œufs avec le sperme d'un plus grand nombre de mâles.Il n'existe pas, chez cette espèce, de mécanisme évident d'évitement de la consanguinité, bien que les populations de l'aire native souffrent de dépression de consanguinité contrairement à celles de l'aire envahie.La dépression de consanguinité peut évoluer très vite chez cette espèce en cas de fort goulot d'étranglement.Dans les conditions expérimentales, les allèles délétères étaient parfois purgés, mais ont souvent été fixés dans la population au cours d'un goulot.Enfin, le modèle théorique a montré que les probabilités de perte ou de fixation d'un allèle délétère récessif peuvent toutes deux augmenter rapidement par dérive au cours d'un goulot d'étranglement d'intensité modérée.Ces résultats soulignent l'importance du hasard sur le succès d'une invasion biologique.Puisque la probabilité d'émergence de combinaisons génomiques favorables à l'invasion augmente avec le nombre d'introduction, limiter le nombre d'évènements d'introduction peut s'avérer déterminant pour prévenir de futures invasions biologiques. / This thesis provides some evolutionary insights on biological invasions, which represent a growing threat on ecology, economy and public health.Biological invasions are a place of rapid and important evolutionary changes that can be the cause or the consequence of invasion success.These changes can be caused by differences in selective pressures between the native and the invaded area.They can also be due to demo-genetic events such as demographic bottlenecks and admixture (emph{i.e.} intra-specific hybridisation) between genetically distinct populations.Evolutionary changes affect life-history traits (including reproductive traits) as well as the genetic load and inbreeding depression.Genetic drift can be strong during a bottleneck and can induce the rapid purging or fixation of deleterious alleles responsible for the genetic load.Reproductive traits can also influence the fate of an invasion by changing the demographic growth rate.Moreover, they can have an indirect impact on the success of introduction by altering the intensity of demo-genetic events.Throughout this thesis, I studied the evolution of the genetic load and of reproductive traits by the mean of (i) laboratory experiments using the invasive Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model species and (ii) through the study of a theoretical model of the dynamics of allele frequencies during a bottleneck.My results show that invasive populations have better reproductive traits than those from the native area.Particularily, invasive females display an increased fecundity and fertilize their eggs with the sperm of a higher number of males.In this species, there is no obvious mechanism of inbreeding avoidance, even though native populations suffer to inbreeding depression contrarily to invasive ones.Inbreeding depression can evolve quickly in this species if the population goes through a severe bottleneck.In my experiments, deleterious alleles were often fixed in the population during the bottleneck, but were sometimes purged.Finally, the theoretical model studied described show that the probability of complete loss or fixation of a deleterious recessive allele can both increase by drift during a bottleneck.These results highlight the importance of chance on the success of a biological invasion.Because the probability of emergence of genomic combinations that can favour an invasion increases with the number of introduction events, limiting the number of introduction events might be an efficient way to prevent or minimise upcoming biological invasions.

Biases in invasion science lead to a taxonomic focus on plants, particularly a subset of well-studied plants, and a geographic focus on invasions in Europe and North America. Geographic biases could also cause some branches of invasion science to focus on a subset of environmental conditions in the invaded range, potentially leading to an incomplete understanding of the ecology and management of plant invasions. While broader, country-level geographic biases are well known, it is unclear whether these biases extend to a finer scale and thus affect research within the invaded range. This study assessed whether research sites for ten well-studied invasive plants in the U.S. are geographically biased relative to each species’ invaded range. We compared the distribution, climate, and land uses of research sites for 735 scientific articles to manager records from EDDMapS and iMap Invasives representing the invaded range. We attributed each study to one of five types: impact, invasive trait, mapping, management, and recipient community traits. While the number of research sites was much smaller than the number of manager records, they generally encompassed similar geographies. However, research sites tended to skew towards species’ warm range margins, indicating that researchers have knowledge on how these plants might behave in a warming climate. For all but one species, at least one study type encompassed a significantly different climate space from manager records, suggesting that some level of climatic bias is common. Impact and management studies occurred within the same climate space for all species, suggesting that these studies focus on similar areas – likely those with the greatest impacts and management needs. Manager records were more likely to be found near roads, which are both habitats and vectors for invasive plants, and on public land. Research sites were more likely to be found near a college or university. Studies on these plants largely occur across their invaded range, however, different study types occur within a narrower climate range. This clustering can create gaps in our general understanding of how these plants interact with different environments, which can have important policy and management consequences.

In the Czech Republic, as in other parts of Europe (e.g., British Isles), the native European red deer (Cervus elaphus) has been hybridising with sika deer (C. nippon), which was introduced from East Asia. The hybrids are fertile, and, therefore, can backcross with their parental species and threaten their genetic integrity. Offsprings of such multiple crosses are very difficult to identify according to their morphological traits, while more reliable genetic methods are financially and logistically demanding. This work follows the study of Long et al. from 1998, which showed clear differences in vocalization between red deer, sika deer and the first generation of their hybrids, and thus suggested the third way how to identify hybrids - bioacoustic analysis. We decided to test this method in the Czech Republic in a citizen science project, the aim of which was to map the distribution of parent species and their hybrids using audiorecordings of rut vocalisation. To allow more detailed analysis, we also recorded our own recordings on a professional recording device with a directional microphone. In total, 451 recordings were collected, of which only 263 with a vocalization of 162 individuals were selected for further analysis. Recordings from previous studies from Ireland (Long et al. 1998; Wyman et...

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<p>Biological invasion is a major and growing threat to global biodiversity and human well-being, but research on the impacts of invaders on their recipient environments lags behind that on the mechanisms driving invader establishment and spread. The total impact of an invader is defined by its range size, abundance per unit area, and per-capita effect, with both per-capita effects and abundance varying over time and across the invader’s range. These context-dependencies are determined, in part, by functional differentiation between the invader and its recipient system. In this thesis, I investigate how functional differentiation between invaders and their recipient communities regulates the impact of plant invaders on community diversity and/or biomass production.</p> <p>First, I compare the effects of invasive Callery pear (<em>Pyrus calleryana</em> Decne.) to functionally similar native trees in three early-successional meadow environments in Indiana’s eastern corn belt plains. Despite my prediction that <em>P. calleryana</em> would have greater negative effects on the total biomass and diversity of the understory plant community compared to native trees, I found that <em>P. calleryana</em> had no significant impact on total cover, species richness, or Shannon’s or Simpson’s diversity indices for the understory community, compared to native <em>Liriodendron tulipifera</em> L., <em>Platanus occidentalis</em> L., or non-tree control plots. Likewise, <em>P. calleryana</em> had no significant impact on the native, introduced, woody, or native tree subsets of the understory community. These results indicate that the trait differences between <em>P. calleryana</em> and functionally similar native trees – and thus the per-invader effect of <em>P. calleryana</em> on its recipient community – are not of a great enough magnitude to produce changes in the understory community composition of these highly invaded, low diversity meadow environments with relatively new and sparse <em>P. calleryana</em> invasions. </p> <p>I then investigate the role of functional overlap in moderating invader impacts in California serpentine grassland communities through the lens of classic niche theory, which predicts that functional differentiation minimizes competition and therefore allows functionally distinct invaders to achieve higher establishment success but lower per-capita effects on their recipient communities. I tested this prediction by establishing small-scale experimental communities composed of individual or multiple functional groups differentiated by phenology – early-season annuals, nitrogen-fixing early-season annuals, and late-season annuals – and seeding these communities with early- or late-season invaders. I found that as invader density increased, effects on resident community biomass depended on complex patterns of invader and resident functional overlap. Across all resident community functional groups, the high density of early-season invaders enables them to capture a greater portion of total community biomass than late-season invaders, but early-season invaders reduce the ratio of resident:total invader biomass production by less, per-unit-biomass, than late-season invaders. These results highlight the need to consider both niche and fitness differences in predicting invader impacts and the complex nature of resident-invader interactions, which may not be sufficiently captured by coarse functional groups.</p>

Mining has caused ecosystem losses worldwide, with surface mining disturbing >2.4 million hectares in the United States since 1930. The Appalachian region of the US is home to extensive temperate deciduous forests that provide many ecosystem services and economic benefits. However, >400,000 hectares of forest have been lost due to surface coal mining, with most not being restored back to native forests or other productive land uses. These areas are left fragmented, heavily modified, unmanaged, and densely invaded by non-native plants. Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) is one of the most prevalent invasive species on reclaimed mines in Appalachia and viewed as one of the main hindrances to the successful reclamation of mined land to restore native forests. In order to better assess the impact autumn olive can have on reclamation success, we characterize autumn olive's performance in various reclamation scenarios and also how the management of autumn olive affects hardwood tree establishment. We review how exotic species impact restoration outcomes, and advocate for a better understanding of how these species could contribute towards a more ecological understanding of reclamation. Reclamation goals are currently assessed after 5 years, prioritizing short-term goals (e.g. erosion control) instead of longer-term goals such as the return of ecosystem function. With a better understanding of plant function and ecological processes, we hope to continue to advance successful reclamation on surface mined lands. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Invasive species are among the most important global conservation threats. Their management is one of the key conservation challenges that will have to be addressed in the next few decades. The study of real invasions and their management in natural ecosystems provides an opportunity to gain important information on theoretical and applied aspects of biological invasions. This project focuses on the broader ecological context of invasive ant management in an ecologically sensitive island habitat. The thesis has three main components: 1) assessing the role of the invasive ant Pheidole megacephala in the ecosystem and evaluating its threat to the system, 2) evaluating a low-impact management program for the ant, and 3) using a community-level approach to assess ecosystem response to ant removal. The ant occupied almost 30% of the island‘s total land area and reached extremely high densities in some areas. The ant was associated with exotic hemipteran scale insects through trophobiotic mutualisms that facilitated high ant and hemipteran abundances. The highly destructive scale insect Pulvinaria urbicola was among the hemipterans that benefited from ant attendance. High levels of hemipteran feeding resulted in dieback of functionally important and threatened native Pisonia trees, which represented a significant threat to the forest ecosystem. A management program was initiated in response to this threat, consisting of baiting with selective hydramethylnon-based bait delivered in bait stations, accompanied by detailed pre-and post-baiting monitoring. The method was highly effective at suppressing the ants, whilst preventing bait uptake by non-target organisms. It was also cost-effective and adaptable to ant density in the field, but was only effective over short distances. The method may be applicable to other sensitive environments with similar challenges. After ant control, the ant-scale mutualism was decoupled and the Pu. urbicola population collapsed. There were variable responses in different taxa to the removal of these highly abundant exotic species, the most important of which was the recovery in Pisonia trees. Shoot condition and foliage density improved and there was a decrease in sooty mold. Herbivory on Pisonia increased due to recovery of native canopy herbivores, but the overall impact was far less than that of the exotic hemipterans. Soil surface arthropods, a group that may have been vulnerable to the treatment method, were unaffected by baiting. Instead, they increased significantly after ant removal, confirming the ant‘s impact on other arthropods. Other ant diversity and non-ant arthropod abundance increased post-baiting, including the endemic ant Pheidole flavens farquharensis and some functionally important insects such as the Indian cockroach. Natural enemies that interacted predictably with the mutualists were influenced by management. Predators of hemipterans increased significantly after ant removal and were instrumental in the scale population collapse, whereas parasitoids of hemipterans that benefited from the mutualism declined. Additionally, groups that were unrelated to the mutualism were indirectly influenced by management. The natural enemy assemblage as a whole showed recovery to pre-invasion conditions. The study shows how widely interconnected and influential the ant was in the ecosystem. It highlights the threat of the species in natural systems as well as the complex responses following invasive ant removal. Yet, it also demonstrates the potential to safely and effectively manage the species, thereby raising the opportunity for ecosystem recovery. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Indringerspesies is van die belangrikste globale bedreigings vir natuurbewaring. Hulle bestuur is van die grootste bewaringsuitdagings wat in die volgende paar dekades aangespreek moet word. Die studie van werklike invalle en hul bestuur in natuurlike ekosisteme bied 'n geleentheid om belangrike inligting te verkry oor teoretiese en toegepaste aspekte van biologiese indringing. Hierdie projek fokus op die breër ekologiese konteks van uitheemse mier bestuur in 'n ekologies sensitiewe eiland habitat. Die tesis het drie hoofkomponente: 1) die beoordeling van die rol van die indringer mier Pheidole megacephala in die ekosisteem en evaluering van sy bedreiging vir die sisteem, 2) die evaluering van 'n lae-impak bestuursprogram vir die mier, en 3) die gebruik van 'n gemeenskaps-vlak benadering om ekosisteem reaksie op mierverwydering te assesseer. Die mier het byna 30% van die totale landoppervlak van die eiland beslaan en het in party areas baie hoë digthede bereik. Die mier was geassosieer met uitheemse dopluis spesies in mutualismes wat hoë mier en dopluis getalle gefasiliteer het. Die hoogs beskadigende dopluis Pulvinaria urbicola was een van die spesies wat bevoordeel is deur die mutualisme. Hoë vlakke van dopluis voeding het die terugsterwe van funksioneel belangrike, bedreidge inheemse Pisonia bome veroorsaak, wat ʼn groot bedreiging vir die ekosisteem verteenwoordig het. ‗n Bestuursprogram is geïmplimenteer as gevolg van hierdie bedreiging, wat bestaan het uit selektiewe hidrametielnoon-gebaseerde lokaas wat in die veld geplaas is in lokaashouers, vergesel deur intensiewe monitering voor en na lokaasplasing. Die metode was hoogs effektief in die onderdrukking van die miere en het lokaasinname deur nie-teiken organismes verhoed. Dit was ook koste-effektief en aanpasbaar volgens mierdigtheid in die veld, maar was slegs effektief oor kort afstande. Die metode mag van toepassing wees in ander sensitiewe omgewings met soortgelyke uitdagings. Na mierbeheer is die mier-dopluis mutualisme ontkoppel en die Pu. urbicola bevolking het drasties verminder. Daar was verskillende reaksies in verskillende taxa tot die verwydering van die oorvloedryke eksotiese spesies, maar die belangrikste reaksie was die herstel van Pisonia bome. Spruittoestand en blaardigtheid het verbeter en daar was ʼn afname in roetskimmel. Herbivorie op Pisonia het toegeneem as gevolg van ʼn herstel in inheemse herbivore, maar die algehele impak was veel minder as dié van die eksotiese dopluis. Grondoppervlak gelidpotiges, 'n groep wat kwesbaar kon wees vir die behandelingsmetode, was onaangeraak deur die lokaas, maar het beduidend na mierverwydering vermeerder. Mierdiversiteit het vermeerder en die Seychelles endemiese mier Pheidole flavens farquharensis is hervestig. Ander gelidpotiges het ook vermeerder, insluitend funksioneel belangrike spesies soos die Indiese kakkerlak. Natuurlike vyande wat geassosieer was met die mutualiste is beïnvloed deur die mierbestuur. Predatore van dopluis het beduidend toegeneem na mierverwydering en was hoogs betrokke by die vermindering van dopluis, terwyl parasiete van dopluis, wat voordeel getrek het uit die mutualisme, gedaal het. Daarbenewens is groepe wat onverwant was aan die mutualisme indirek beïnvloed deur mierbestuur. Die algehele natuurlike vyand gemeenskap het herstel na pre-indringing toestand. Die studie toon hoe wydverbind en invloedryk die mier was in die ekosisteem. Dit beklemtoon die bedreiging van die spesies in natuurlike stelsels asook die komplekse reaksies wat uitheemse mierverwydering volg. Tog demonstreer dit die potensiaal om die spesies veilig en doeltreffend te bestuur, en sodoende die geleentheid vir ekosisteemherstel te skep.

Les invasions biologiques sont reconnues comme un facteur évolutif important sur une échelle de temps courte. Elles affectent notamment la structure génétique des populations, les patrons d’évolution phénotypique et la richesse des faunes de parasites associées aux populations envahissantes. Cette étude se propose de quantifier les conséquences d’une invasion biologique suivant ces trois niveaux (génétique, phénotypique et parasitologique) en prenant pour exemple le cas du tilapia du Mozambique Oreochromis mossambicus. Ce cichlidé africain présente un statut remarquable en biologie de la conservation puisqu’il est à la fois (i) l’une des espèces les plus envahissantes au monde car dispersée à l’échelle globale au cours du XXème siècle et (ii) une espèce « quasi-menacée » (UICN) sur son aire native (partie du sud-est de l’Afrique) du fait de son hybridation massive avec d’autres Oreochromis sp. introduits. La démarche générale employée ici est de décrire l’histoire récente des populations à l’aide de marqueurs nucléaires (AFLP) et des séquences de l’ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt), puis de mettre en relation ces résultats génétiques avec la diversité morphologique et la parasitologie des populations. Deux systèmes différents ont été étudiés : Au sein de l’aire native, l’étude se focalise sur le Limpopo inférieur et le sous-bassin de la Changane (Mozambique). Des patrons d’introgression incluant trois espèces en présence sont détectés, mais les hybrides sont peu fréquents et leur expansion limitée. Ces résultats sont de plutôt bonne augure pour la conservation d’O. mossambicus et ils permettent d’identifier deux zones de conservation prioritaires. L’étude des parasites indique une plus grande diversité parasitaire mais de faibles prévalences dans les sites de moindre valeur en conservation, ce qui pourrait favoriser le succès des espèces introduites et de leurs hybrides. Parmi les territoires envahis, les AFLP et l’ADNmt soutiennent une homogénéité générale et une diversité génétique faible, qui sont interprétées comme le résultat d’un fort goulot d’étranglement précédant l’expansion à l’échelle mondiale. Une structure des populations en lien avec la géographie à large échelle (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Guadeloupe, Jamaïque) est cependant détectée. La variation de la forme du corps est également structurée à large échelle géographique, ce en dépit des fortes variations environnementales enregistrées à l’échelle locale. Cela suggère un effet des contraintes génétiques sur la diversification morphologique contemporaine. L’absence de parasites monogènes sur les populations introduites en Nouvelle-Calédonie peut être mise en relation avec un évènement fondateur, et est proposé comme l’un des facteurs ayant pu favoriser le succès de l’espèce. En conclusion, une faible diversité génétique ne contraint vraisemblablement pas un potentiel envahissant élevé et une diversification rapide chez les tilapias. / Biological invasions are recognized as a significant evolutionary factor over short time scales. In particular, their effect is well recorded on the genetic structure of populations, the patterns of phenotypic evolution and the richness of parasite fauna associated to invasive populations. This study aims at quantifying the consequences of a biological invasion according to these three levels (genetical, phenotypical and parasitological) taking as example the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. This African cichlid is characterized by an unusual conservation status since it is both (i) ranked among the world’s worst invasive species due to its global dispersion during the 20th century and (ii) sorted as “near-threatened” (IUCN) over its native range (a part of south-east Africa) because of massive hybridization with alien introduced Oreochromis species. The approach used in this study imply to describe the recent history of populations using nuclear (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, and then to compare this genetic background to results describing the morphological and parasitological diversity of populations. Two different biological systems were studied: 1) Within the native range, the study focuses on the Lower Limpopo and the Changane sub-drainage (Mozambique). Introgression patterns involving the three co-occurring species were detected, but the frequency of hybrid is low and their geographic expansion is limited. These results provided rather good auspices for the conservation of O. mossambicus, and they allowed to identify two zones of high conservation priorities. The parasitological survey reveals high parasite richness and low prevalences among sites of low conservation values. This last pattern could favour the success of alien introduced species and their hybrids. 2) Among the invasive range of O. mossambicus, both AFLP and mtDNA support a strong genetic homogeneity and a low genetic diversity, a pattern interpreted as resulting from a strong population bottleneck preceding the events of global dispersion. A pattern of population structure related to large scale geography (New Caledonia, Guadeloupe, Jamaica) is nevertheless detected. Body shape variation is also primarily structured at large geographical scale, suggesting a role for genetic constrains on contemporary morphological diversification. The total absence of monogenean parasites in the populations of New Caledonia could result from a founding event and is suggested as a potential factor that could have favoured the O. mossambicus’ success. In conclusion, a low genetic diversity does not likely constraint a strong invasive potential and a rapid phenotypic diversification in tilapias.

Le Rhin a subi d’importantes modifications qui ont altéré la biodiversité de l’ensemble de la plaine alluviale. Des actions de restauration ont été initiées pour lui redonner une part de son fonctionnement hydromorphologique naturel. Le travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer les effets de ces restaurations et à mettre en évidence les processus mis en jeu dans les changements de la biocénose des milieux restaurés. Les résultats ont démontré que les communautés biologiques sont non seulement gouvernées par les modifications physiques post-restauration mais aussi par l’influence discrète de déterminants externes à la restauration tels que les invasions biologiques ou la dynamique interne du fleuve. L’aspect transitoire des bénéfices obtenus a été souligné comme la principale limite de l’injection sédimentaire alors que les épis transversaux artificiels mis en place dans le cadre d’un essai d’érosion maitrisée se sont révélés être les facteurs de durabilité des effets écologiques. / The Rhine River has undergone major engineering works that led to severe alterations which helped to alter the biodiversity of the entire floodplain. Restoration actions have been initiated to give it back a part of its natural hydro morphological functioning. The thesis consisted in evaluating the effects of these restorations and in highlighting the mechanisms and processes involved in biocoenosis changes of the restored environments. The results also showed that the post-restoration biological community is not only defined by post-restoration physical changes but also by the discrete influence of external determinants of restoration such as biological invasions or the internal dynamics of the river. The transitional aspect of the benefits incurred has been identified as the main limit of the gravel augmentation, while the implementation of transverse artificial groynes in the controlled bank erosion has proved to be factors of sustainability of the ecological effects.