Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-07-30T20:30:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jamile L Freire.pdf: 613265 bytes, checksum: 6717901329ef990dbfa3295cede3d795 (MD5) ficha catalografica.pdf: 1849 bytes, checksum: c0de4bb17c675bdb8d657be247620a06 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-04T14:03:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jamile L Freire.pdf: 613265 bytes, checksum: 6717901329ef990dbfa3295cede3d795 (MD5) ficha catalografica.pdf: 1849 bytes, checksum: c0de4bb17c675bdb8d657be247620a06 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-04T14:07:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jamile L Freire.pdf: 613265 bytes, checksum: 6717901329ef990dbfa3295cede3d795 (MD5) ficha catalografica.pdf: 1849 bytes, checksum: c0de4bb17c675bdb8d657be247620a06 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-04T14:07:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jamile L Freire.pdf: 613265 bytes, checksum: 6717901329ef990dbfa3295cede3d795 (MD5) ficha catalografica.pdf: 1849 bytes, checksum: c0de4bb17c675bdb8d657be247620a06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Low Birth Weight (LBW), multifactorial event and implicated as a major contributor to the rise in infant mortality in developing countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of LBW. Cross-sectional study of descriptive population-based involved 384 mothers attended in a public hospital. Forms with closed questions were used on the socioeconomic, demographic condition of pregnancy and nutritional standard features, and anthropometric measurements of prenatal card. The results showed an incidence of LBW infants 6.5%, not registering this association influence of socioeconomic variables (p> 0.05). In relation to maternal characteristics, the number of consultations in prenatal care, the previous history of abortion and the type of delivery showed a statistically significant relationship in determining the BPN (p <0.05). Among LBW infants 7.3% were children of adolescents (p> 0.05), and zero the occurrence of this event in mothers with older age (≥ 35 years). Analysis of these results shows a low occurrence of LBW in the universe studied, however it reinforces the need to implement a program of assistance and guidance to more efficient prenatal care for pregnant women teens. / O Baixo Peso ao Nascer (BPN), evento de etiologia multifatorial e incriminado como um dos principais responsáveis da elevação da mortalidade infantil nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os fatores determinantes do BPN. Estudo transversal de base populacional descritivo envolveu 384 puérperas atendidas em uma maternidade pública. Foram utilizados formulários com perguntas fechadas sobre a condição socioeconômica, demográfica, características da gestação e padrão nutricional, sendo as medidas antropométricas obtidas do cartão do pré-natal. A análise dos resultados evidenciou uma ocorrência de RNBP de 6,5%, não se registrando nesta associação influencia das variáveis socioeconômicas (p>0,05). Em relação às características maternas, o número de consultas realizadas no pré-natal, a história pregressa de aborto e o tipo de parto apresentaram relação estatisticamente significativa na determinação do BPN (p<0,05). Dentre os RNBP 7,3% eram filhos de adolescentes (p>0,05), sendo nula a ocorrência deste evento nas mães com idade mais avançada (≥ 35 anos). A análise destes resultados evidencia uma baixa ocorrência de BPN no universo estudado, entretanto reforça a necessidade de implementação de um programa de assistência e orientação ao pré-natal mais eficiente para as gestantes adolescentes.

Introdução: O processo de envelhecimento reprodutivo ocorre em virtude do declínio progressivo na quantidade e qualidade de óvulos que se inicia após a puberdade, se mantém ao longo da menacme, com redução gradual da fertilidade, e termina na menopausa, caracterizada pelo esgotamento do número de folículos e, consequentemente, da reserva ovariana funcional (ROF). A vida pré-natal constitui um importante período para o desenvolvimento dos órgãos genitais internos femininos e mudanças nessa fase podem ter repercussões futuras: quando o feto é submetido a condições adversas intrauterinas, mecanismos metabólicos e endócrinos de adaptação podem mudar o eixo metabólico pós-natal predispondo a certas doenças na vida adulta. Com base nesses dados, postulou-se que condições desfavoráveis de vida intrauterina que poderiam se refletir com alterações do peso ao nascer (PN) poderiam levar à reprogramação de genes envolvidos no controle da ROF e que talvez nascer pequeno para idade gestacional (PIG) ou grande (GIG) possibilitaria a interferência com a ROF estimada por meio das concentrações séricas do hormônio antimülleriano (AMH). Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação do PN com a ROF, estimada por meio da concentração sérica do AMH em mulheres na menacme com 34 a 35 anos de idade. Pacientes e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de mulheres que nasceram no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de 01 de junho de 1978 e 31 de maio de 1979. O desfecho primário avaliado foi a concentração sérica de AMH, um marcador da ROF, e sua correlação com o PN, divididos em três grupos: PIG, adequado para a idade gestacional (AIG) e GIG. Resultados: Das 274 pacientes incluídas no estudo, 19 foram classificadas como PIG, 238 como AIG e 17 como GIG. As concentrações médias de AMH não foram significativamente diferentes (p=0,11) entre mulheres na menacme nascidas PIG, AIG e GIG (2,14 ng/mL, 2,13 ng/mLe 2,57 ng/mL, respectivamente). Conclusão: Não se observou diferença nas concentrações séricas de AMH entre mulheres nascidas PIG, AIG e GIG avaliadas entre 34 e 35 anos de idade. A casuística avaliada permitiu detectar ou descartar uma grande diferença entre os grupos (effectsize de 0,7). Dessa forma, evidenciou-se que o PN não apresenta grande influência sobre a ROF, estimada pelas concentrações séricas do AMH, em mulheres na menacme, entre 34 e 35 anos de idade. Caso novos estudos evidenciem que diferenças pequenas ou moderadas nas concentrações séricas do AMH possam apresentar relevantes repercussões clínicas em mulheres nesta faixa etária, outras pesquisas serão necessárias, sendo os dados do presente estudo úteis para o cálculo amostral. / Background: The reproductive aging process occurs by a progressive decline in the quantity and quality of oocyte, starting after pubertal onset, remaining through menacme with gradual reduction of fertility and ends with menopause, which is the depletion of ovarian follicles and hence the depletion of functional ovarian reserve (FOR). Prenatal life corresponds to a critical window for the development of female internal genitalia and changes at this stage may have future repercussions: when the fetus is submitted to intra uterine adverse conditions, adaptive metabolic and endocrine mechanisms will change the metabolic axis in the postnatal period thereafter predisposing to several diseases in adulthood. Based on this correlation, we postulate that unfavorable conditions of intrauterine life that could reflect on birth weight (BW) could lead to the reprogramming of genes involved in the control of FOR and that maybe being born small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) could interfere with the FOR estimated through serum concentrations of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Objective: To investigate the relationship between BW and ROF estimated through AMH serum concentration in menacme women with 34-35 years old. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective birth cohort assessing all women who were born in Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) between June 1, 1978 and May 31, 1979. The primary endpoint was to evaluate serum AMH concentration, a marker of FOR and its correlation with BW divided into three groups: SGA, adequate for gestational age (AGA) and LGA. Results: Out of the 274 patients included in the study: 19 were classified as SGA, 238 as AGA, and 17 as LGA. The average of AMH concentrationwas not significantly different (p=0.11) among women in reproductive age born SGA, AGA and LGA (2.14 ng/mL, 2.13 ng/mL, and 2.57 ng/mL respectively. A variance analysis between the three groups and OR did not find a significant different between them (p=0.11). Conclusion: There was no difference in serum AMH concentration in women born SGA, AGA and LGA with 34 to 35 years old. This sample also allowed to detect or rule out a major difference between the groups (effect size of 0.7). In conclusion, BW does not have a great influence on FOR, estimated through serum AMH concentration in menacmewomen, between 34 and 35 years old. If new studies show clearly that small or moderate differences in serum AMH concentration could impact clinical outcomes in women at this age, further studies will be needed, and the data of this study could be useful for sample size calculation.

Orientador: Rosana de Fátima Possobon / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:21:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reducino_LucasMiotto_M.pdf: 792145 bytes, checksum: 24b4354e50799af3113ef9c8a6a99dbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o baixo peso ao nascer e o parto prematuro com variáveis independentes nutricionais, obstétricas e socioeconômicas, composto por dois capítulos. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado com dados de 513 crianças e suas respectivas mães, cadastradas em 26 Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Piracicaba-SP. Para a avaliação de fatores associados, foi utilizada a Análise de Regressão Logística. Foi observada associação significativa entre o baixo peso ao nascer e parto prematuro e também entre o parto prematuro e o Índice de Massa Corporal materno pré gestacional. Não houve associação significativa entre outras variáveis independentes com o peso ao nascer e o parto prematuro. Conclui-se que, nesta amostra, nascer antes de 37 semanas de gestação esteve associado ao peso materno antes do período gestacional e que a prematuridade é fator de risco ao baixo peso ao nascer / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between low birth weight and preterm delivery with nutritional, obstetric and socioeconomic variables, comprising two chapters. This is a retrospective cohort with data from 513 children and their mothers were enrolled in the 26 Family Health Units, Piracicaba-SP. For the evaluation of associated factors, we used logistic regression analysis. Significant association was observed between birth weight and prematurity and between prematurity and maternal pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index. There was no significant association between other independent variables with birth weight and premature birth. We conclude that, in this sample, children born before 37 weeks was associated with maternal weight before pregnancy period and the prematurity is a risk factor for low birth weight / Mestrado / Odontologia em Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Duane L. Davis / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects all mammals. In the swine industry IUGR pigs result from intrauterine crowding. Prenatal programming in IUGR pigs has substantial effects on myogenesis and adipogenesis. Prenatal programming due to IUGR is also a problem in humans and long-term effects on adipogenesis are well established for small for gestational age (SGA) babies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the precursors for adipocytes. The umbilical cord contains a population of MSCs in Wharton’s jelly (WJ) and they can be harvested postnatally without ethical issues. Therefore, WJMSCs are proposed as models for studying prenatal programming of adipogenesis. We selected genes from studies of adipogenesis in humans and other species and examined their expression in pig WJ. We assigned pigs within litter as High, Medium, or Low birth weight and evaluated these categories for expression of Cox1, Cox2, EGR1, PPARɣ1, PPARɣ2, and Pref1. Differences due to size classification within litter were limited but there were correlations between weaning weight and delta cycle threshold (ΔCt) for EGR1 (r = 0.28; P < 0.009), PPARɣ1 (r = 0.29; P < 0.007), and PPARɣ2 (r = 0.30; P < 0.005). This may be consistent with the reports for SGA babies where EGR1 is upregulated by prenatal growth restriction. To gain insight into when during pregnancy IUGR affects WJ cells we collected umbilical cords at d 60 and d 95. In d 60 umbilical cords, small fetuses had increased (P = 0.06) Cox1 gene expression. We tested the ability of d 60 WJ cells to undergo adipogenic differentiation using standard protocols and a cycling protocol that exposed the cells to adipogenic differentiation conditions interposed with a rest phase with high insulin. It has been reported that the cycling protocol revealed increased glucose uptake in WJ cells from human SGA babies. We found that d 60 WJ cells did not show adipogenic differentiation in any of the protocols tested however glucose uptake correlated negatively with birth weight at Cycle 0 (P < 0.02; r = 0.61). In summary, pig WJ cells reveal some effects of IUGR but they appear to differ from the relationship demonstrated reported for human SGA babies. A new finding was that at midgestation pig WJ cells do not appear to be competent to complete adipogenesis. We also studied nursing managements to improve outcomes for IUGR pigs. Colostrum intake may be a problem, particularly for light weight pigs and those born later during farrowing. Split suckling is the removal of some pigs to allow others unrestricted nursing access. We temporarily removed the six heaviest pigs and this treatment increased gain and weight by d 7 of age. Colostrum intake was highest for the high birth weight pigs. When we temporarily removed the first half of the litter, colostrum intake was increased for the second half of litter born and the difference in immunocrit was reduced between the two litter halves.

Abstract The main objective of the present follow-up study was to investigate auditory processing by using auditory event related potentials (ERPs), and language development to determine whether a correlation exists between auditory ERPs and language development. Auditory processing was investigated in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm children and matched controls at mean ages of 4 and 6 years to determine whether there are differences in ERPs between VLBW preterm children and controls. Language development was measured at the mean ages of 2, 4 and 6 years to investigate the developmental course of language learning and to determine whether a relationship exists between ERPs, especially mismatch negativity (MMN), and language development. Auditory ERPs were also measured in children with AS (mean age 9;1 years) and matched controls to assess whether differences can be found between these two groups of children. Language development in children with AS was not investigated for this study. VLBW preterm children exhibited difficulties in the auditory processing at the level of obligatory ERPs, MMN, late MMN (lMMN) and behavioural tests. Both language comprehension and production were deficient in the preterm group compared to their controls. Lexical development was the most prominent phenomenon differentiating preterm children from their controls. MMN and lMMN amplitudes were attenuated most in children with naming difficulty at the ages of 4 and 6 years. Weak or totally missing MMN at the age of 4 years was mainly found in children with naming difficulties. Children with AS also displayed abnormalities in auditory processing, as indexed by delayed MMN latency. MMN was most delayed in the right hemisphere and specifically for tones. In conclusion: VLBW preterm children and children with AS exhibited difficulties in auditory processing. MMN correlated well with language development in preterm children. Therefore, auditory ERPs, especially MMN, should be used in combination with language measures to identify the children at a risk for deficient auditory processing and language delays.

D.Cur. / The feeding of low birth weight babies remains a challenge. Mother's milk is deficient in protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphate. These elements need to be supplemented in order for the low birth weight baby to grow under optimal conditions. The objective of the study was to compare the growth of the low birth weight baby, who was only fed mothers milk, to the low birth weight babay who was fed mother's milk with a commercial fortifier, using mass, lenght and head circumference as a guide. The literature study has shown that there are different methods which can be used to compliment the deficiencies in mothers's milk, for example: premature milk formula, alternating mother's milk with premature milk formula, additional additives to mother's milk and commercial fortifiers. Previous research of mother's milk fortifiers has shown that the biochemistry has positvely influenced their growth. Six patients were used in the experimental group and received 25% mother's milk and 75% fortifier. The control group consisted of eight babies who only received mother's milk. All the babies met the criteria and reached the 1600 gram weight by the time the study was completed. The Mann Whitney U test was used to calculate the results. No significant statistical growth was seen in any of the areas tested. It was concluded that mother's milk should be fortified, despite the results of the study, as mother's milk is definitely deficient in certain nutrients. It is possible to use mother's milk fortifiers in a stronger consentration.

The cause for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains unknown, but male gender is a risk factor, and among ethnicities, Hispanics have the highest risk. In this dissertation, we explored correlations among genetic polymorphisms, birth characteristics, and the risk of childhood ALL in a multi-ethnic sample in 161 cases and 231 controls recruited contemporaneously (2007-2012) in Houston, TX. We first examined three lymphoma risk markers, since lymphoma and ALL both stem from lymphoid cells. Of these, rs2395185 showed a risk association in non-Hispanic White males (OR=2.8, P=0.02; Pinteraction=0.03 for gender), but not in Hispanics. We verified previously known risk associations to validate the case-control sample. Mutations of HFE (C282Y, H63D) were genotyped to test whether iron-regulatory gene (IRG) variants known to elevate iron levels increase childhood ALL risk. Being positive for either polymorphism yielded only a modestly elevated OR in males, which increased to 2.96 (P=0.01) in the presence of a particular transferrin receptor (TFRC) genotype for rs3817672 (Pinteraction=0.04). SNP rs3817672 itself showed an ethnicity-specific association (Pinteraction=0.02 for ethnicity). We then examined additional IRG SNPs (rs422982, rs855791, rs733655), which showed risk associations in males (ORs=1.52 to 2.60). A polygenic model based on the number of polymorphic alleles in five IRG SNPs revealed a linear increase in risk (OR=2.00 per incremental change; P=0.002). Having three or more alleles compared with none was associated with increased risk in males (OR=4.12; P=0.004). Significant risk associations with childhood ALL was found with birth length (OR=1.18 per inch, P=0.04), high birth weight (>4,000g) (OR=1.93, P=0.01), and with gestational age (OR=1.10 per week, P=0.04). We observed a negative correlation between HFE SNP rs9366637 and gestational age (P=0.005), again, stronger in males (P=0.001) and interacting with TFRC (PPinteraction=0.05). Our results showed that (i) ALL risk markers do not show universal associations across ethnicities or between genders, (ii) IRG SNPs modify ALL risk presumably by their effects on iron levels, (iii) a negative correlation between an HFE SNP and gestational age exists, which implicates an iron-related mechanism. The results suggest that currently unregulated supplemental iron intake may have implications on childhood ALL development.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13379号 / 論医博第2213号 / 新制||医||1047(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 滝田 順子, 教授 古川 壽亮 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some non-genetic factors on birth weight of Kalahari Red goats. Data on pedigree, breeding and performance records (N=1902) of Kalahari Red goat kids born in the Northern, Southern and Eastern regions of South Africa during the period from 2008 to 2017 were used. Least squares analysis revealed that season of birth, sire age, dam age, sex of kid, breeder, year of birth and Litter size were significant (p<0.05) sources of variation for birth weight in Kalahari Red goats kids. The average birth weights (BW) were 2.45 ± 0.57 kg, 3.33 ± 0.15 kg and 3.14 ± 0.08 kg kg for Eastern, Northern and Southern regions, respectively. Kids born in the Northern region were heavier (3.33 ± 0.158 kg) than those born in the Eastern regions (2.45 ± 0.57 kg). However, region had no significant effect (p>0.05) on birth weight. Breeder effect was significant (p<0.05). Kidding interval was not significant (P>0.05). The average birth weight of male kids was higher than female kids (3.05 ± 0.21 kg: 2.89 ± 0.20 kg), and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The research found a significant effect (p<0.05) of Litter size with the average birth weight of single, twins, triples and quadruplets kids being 3.10 ± 0.19 kg, 2.9 ± 0.20 kg, 2.99 ± 0.20 kg and 2.87 ± 0.36 kg respectively. The kids that were born as single were heavier than those that were born as multiple (twins, triplets and quadruplets). There were four seasons of birth analysed in the study, which were found to be highly significant (P<0.05) on birth weight. Year of birth had significant effect (p<0.05) on birth weight. The kids born in the year 2015 were heavier in BW (3.39 ± 0.23 kg) than those born in the other years, while the kids born in 2016 had the lowest BW (1.91 ± 0.21 kg). Age of dam and sire had a significant effect (p<0.05) on birth weight. It was then concluded that season of birth, sire age, sex of kid, dam age, breeder, year of birth and Litter size significantly influence birth weight of Kalahari Red goat’s kids and, therefore, need to be included in genetic evaluation models. Keywords: Adaptability, Growth potential, Parental effects, Reproduction potential.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Pregnancy associated maternal morbidity and mortality along with adverse pregnancy outcomes have gained momentum over the past few years, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia despite the advances in medical science. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with low birth weight, growth restriction, developmental and cognitive abilities in infants and children. Medical care for preterm babies is costly, requires advanced equipment and qualified trained staff. Recently, levels/concentrations of cytokines have been used to predict and determine potential risk in various medical conditions. Biomarkers have shown to be helpful in many medical conditions and could be used to reduce the number of preterm deliveries in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether a highly elevated CRP serum concentration was associated with preterm delivery in a population of Rwandan mothers.