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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Augusine's search for the nature of God's exisistence as well as the origin of evil, reaches a climax in Book 7 of his Confessions. This study assumes the position that Augustine strives to find answers to the above mentioned two questions in the first six books of the Confessions. The answers to both these questions were vitally important to Augustine, since it would then convince him to convert to the Christian faith. Augustine repeatedly thought he grasped the true answer to the existence of God and the origin and the nature of evil but he was disillusioned time and again. His quest for an answer started with his reading of Cicero's Hortentius (Conf. 3.4.7), a book that urged Augustine to search for Truth. Augustine then joined the Manicheans, a sect claiming that their doctrine was based on reason and contained the Truth (Conf. 3.6.10). Augustine believed that the Manicheans could resolve his quest for answers to the existence and nature of both God and evil. The Manichean intellectual and scientific exposition of the cosmos allowed Augustine to imagine God and evil as opposing substances. Eventually, promted by his own intellect, Augustine discovered weaknesses in their theories (Conf. 5.3.3-5.6.10). Augustine's final break with the Manicheans, after nine years as an adherent, came when he heard the sermons of Ambrose of Milan. Not only was Augustine impressed by Ambrose's eloquence but his sermons also embodied an interpretation of Platonism in Christian terms. Augustine's reading of the Neoplatonic books in a Latin translation urged him to turn into himself (Conf. 7.10.16) and search for God there. Once Augustine could pronounce upon the intelligible existence of God, his inquiry into the origin of evil resolved itself (7.12.18). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Augustinus se soeke na die bestaanswyse van God en die aard en onstaan van die kwaad bereik 'n klimaks in Boek 7 van die Confessiones. In hierdie studie word daar van die standpunt uitgegaan dat Augustinus onder andere in die eerste ses boeke van die Confessiones poog om antwoorde te kry op bogenoemde twee vraagstukke. Antwoorde op beide hierdie vrae was van kardinale belang, aangesien dit Augustinus sou oortuig om hom tot die Christelike geloof te bekeer. Augustinus het herhaaldelik gepoog om die ware antwoorde op die vraag na bestaanwyse van God sowel as die oorsprong en die aard van die kwaad te vind. Hy was egter telke male ontnugter. Augustinus se soeke het begin toe hy in aanraking gekom het met Cicero se Hortensius (Conf. 3.4.7), 'n boek wat Augustinus aangemoedig het om die Waarheid na te jaag. Gevolglik het Augustinus by die Manicheërs aangesluit, aangesien dié sekte geglo het dat hulle leerstellinge gebaseer is op die rede en sodoende die volle waarheid bevat (Cant. 3.6.10). Augustinus het geglo dat die Manicheërs sy soektog na antwoorde op die vraag van God en die kwaad se bestaanswyse kon oplos. Die Manicheërs se intellektuele en wetenskaplike uiteensetting van die kosmos het Augustinus toegelaat om God en die kwaad as teenstrydige entiteite te beskou. Ongeveer nege jaar na sy aansluiting by die Manicheërs, aangemoedig deur sy eie intellek, het Augustinus die swak punte in die Manichese leerstellinge ontdek (Cant. 5.3.3-5.6.10). Die finale breek met die Manicheërs het gekom toe Augustinus die preke van Ambrosius in Milaan gehoor het. Nie alleen was Augustinus ingenome met Ambrosius se welsprekendheid nie, maar sy preke het ook die interpretasie van Platonisme in Christelike terme beliggaam. Die Neoplatoniese leerstellinge het Augustinus aangemoedig om na homself, in homself te draai (Conf. 7.10.16) en vir God daar te gaan soek. Sodra Augustinus kon verklaar dat God in die vorm van 'n kenbare wese bestaan, het sy soeke na die oorsprong en die aard van die kwaad dit self opgelos (Cant. 7.12.18).

Thesis (MPhil (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Speech-Language and Hearing Therapy. Centre for Rehabilitation Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Current emphasis for rehabilitation in South Africa remains on individual intervention within the move towards primary health care. Primary health care is the strategy that has been adopted by the South African department of health to bring access and equity in health care services. Even so, the burden of providing effective rehabilitative services with limited resources requires innovative strategies, such as the use of therapeutic groups, to address certain aspects of rehabilitation. These strategies must be proven effective. There is a paucity of literature detailing the uses of group therapy in physical rehabilitation, and particularly the use of interdisciplinary group work in stroke rehabilitation. Furthermore, evidence shows that stroke survivors feel ill equipped to return to their communities despite rehabilitation. Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in South Africa, and is a condition shown to benefit from rehabilitation. These factors led to the selection of the Bishop Lavis Rehabilitation Centre stroke group as the setting for this study, which aims to describe the range of experiences relating to attendance or non-attendance of those referred to this programme. This descriptive study, employing quantitative means (to describe the demographic details of the participants) and qualitative means (to describe the experiences of participants), was conducted with twenty participants. Data was collected by means of an administered questionnaire. Following that, a focus group discussion involving six participants was used to gather in-depth information. Quantitative data was analysed with the assistance of a statistician, utilising the computer program, Statistica. The Chi-Squared, Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests were used, with p>0.05 showing statistical significance. Qualitative data was thematically analysed, whereby data was categorised by means of an inductive approach. The study population consisted of 20 participants, with an average age of 59 years, of whom 15 were female and five male. The stroke group provided meaning to participants on two levels. On a psychosocial level, the phenomena of universality (identifying with others in a similar position), development of socialising techniques, imparting information and cohesiveness emerged strongly. On the level of meaning related to stroke recovery, improvement in ability to execute activities of daily living, mobility and strength were most frequently mentioned. Transportation issues were most commonly mentioned as factors negatively influencing attendance. Staff attitude and activities of the programme were most often cited as positive factors. Given the positive response of study participants, and the programme’s ability to sustain intervention with limited resources, it was concluded that this programme has a valid place within stroke rehabilitation in Bishop Lavis. Recommendations in terms of the group programme included investigating methods of providing transportation, providing childcare facilities and expanding the content of educational sessions. Further recommendations were to maintain the positive attitude of staff and the current activities of the programme. Frequency of group outings should also be increased and compensatory strategies for inclement weather must be explored.

Ce travail présente la manière dont le regard d'Elizabeth Bishop appréhende le monde en refusant toute illusion de familiarité. Il étudie les diverses stratégies de défamiliarisation qui invitent le lecteur à redécouvrir les surprises que peuvent réserver l'ordinaire et le quotidien, ainsi que le rapport qui s'instaure entre le sujet lyrique et le monde dans ces conditions. Il s'agit d'analyser comment l'affleurement de l'étrange ou de l'informe dans le familier et l'intime permet d'accéder à une reconnaissance du soi plus ample et plus authentique. L'écriture de Bishop remet inlassablement en question la stabilité de la réalité, y compris celle du sujet, ainsi que toute notion d'acquis, ou d'acquisition dans le temps. C'est ainsi que sa voix – sa signature – se singularise et qu'elle se démarque de ses pairs, mais aussi de la société à laquelle elle appartient. Ce qui s'affirme au travers de son écriture n'est paradoxalement fait que d'incertitude et de vulnérabilité. Le sujet qui s'y forme se construit sur de l'éphémère, sur ses propres limites ; il ne peut s'appuyer que sur la découverte de l'aliénation exogène mais également endogène à laquelle il est confronté. Simultanément, cette écriture cherche des moyens de maintenir le sujet, par la résonance d'échos, par le foisonnement, la prolifération, autant de techniques qui le ramènent incessamment au manque, au vide, à la faille qu'elles sont supposées masquer. Cette thèse propose d'interroger le rapport entre perte et création dans l'œuvre de Bishop, la manière dont la création se nourrit de la perte, et dont elle entraîne le lecteur dans cette transaction, l'incluant par là-même dans le processus créatif. / This study examines the way Elizabeth Bishop's writings probe the world's seeming familiarity, how through various strategies of defamiliarization they reveal to the reader the hidden surprises of the ordinary, and how the lyrical subject relates to the world. As the strange and the shapeless surface within the intimate and the familiar, the persona gains access to a better and more authentic understanding of his-her own self. Bishop's writing relentlessly questions the stability of reality, including that of the self. It seems that the only knowledge available is that of uncertainty and contingency. Her voice is therefore necessarily singular and isolated, being itself in perpetual mutation. In order to maintain itself, her subject is constrained to rely on its own ephemeral and limited nature, as well as on external and internal alienation. Echoes and techniques of proliferation are construed to achieve that aim. Yet those techniques keep ! bringing the subject back to the lack, the absence, the gaps they are meant to bridge and cover up. Finally, this analysis explores the relationship between loss and creation: how creation is fueled by loss and how the reader is drawn into Bishop's writing thus ensuring the persistence of creation.

This thesis traces the development of Augustine's paradigm of the two cities (the City of God and the earthly city) in the cultural poetics of the English Renaissance. Although scholars have studied the impact of Augustine's model on theology, historical consciousness, and political theories in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, little attention has been paid to the genealogy of the more specifically "literary" aspects of the idea of the two cities. My line of inquiry is the relationship between Augustine's model of the two cities and the idea of drama. More specifically, this project explores the ways in which the idea o f the two cities spoke to various communities—of readers, of worshippers, and ultimately, of playgoers. Augustine's view of drama is divided; on the one hand, he speaks at length about the evil influence of Roman spectacles, but on the other hand, he acknowledges that the world itself is a theatre for God's cosmic drama. However, this employment of drama is limited in Augustine's writing, because his greater commitment is to the idea of Scripture. This interplay between drama and Scripture, I suggest, is an integral part of the two-cities model that is related to his theology of history. The tension between the idea of drama and the idea o f the book is evident in English Reformation appropriations of Augustine's model, such as those of John Bale and John Foxe, who changed the terminology to "the two churches." The second section of my thesis shows how these Reformers contained their own "dramatic" adaptations of the two cities within an even narrower theatre than Augustine's—a theatre constituted and contained by the Word. Shifting the focus to secular drama, the final section concerns Shakespeare's use of some facets of the two-cities model in his Jacobean plays, and examines the effects of removing this construct from its religious context. The result, I argue, is a theatre that celebrates its own aesthetic power and flaunts its sheer physicality, resisting the presumed stability of the written word.

This thesis traces the development of Augustine's paradigm of the two cities (the City of God and the earthly city) in the cultural poetics of the English Renaissance. Although scholars have studied the impact of Augustine's model on theology, historical consciousness, and political theories in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, little attention has been paid to the genealogy of the more specifically "literary" aspects of the idea of the two cities. My line of inquiry is the relationship between Augustine's model of the two cities and the idea of drama. More specifically, this project explores the ways in which the idea o f the two cities spoke to various communities—of readers, of worshippers, and ultimately, of playgoers. Augustine's view of drama is divided; on the one hand, he speaks at length about the evil influence of Roman spectacles, but on the other hand, he acknowledges that the world itself is a theatre for God's cosmic drama. However, this employment of drama is limited in Augustine's writing, because his greater commitment is to the idea of Scripture. This interplay between drama and Scripture, I suggest, is an integral part of the two-cities model that is related to his theology of history. The tension between the idea of drama and the idea o f the book is evident in English Reformation appropriations of Augustine's model, such as those of John Bale and John Foxe, who changed the terminology to "the two churches." The second section of my thesis shows how these Reformers contained their own "dramatic" adaptations of the two cities within an even narrower theatre than Augustine's—a theatre constituted and contained by the Word. Shifting the focus to secular drama, the final section concerns Shakespeare's use of some facets of the two-cities model in his Jacobean plays, and examines the effects of removing this construct from its religious context. The result, I argue, is a theatre that celebrates its own aesthetic power and flaunts its sheer physicality, resisting the presumed stability of the written word. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Elizabeth Bishop (1911–1979), one of the foremost modern American poets, lived in Brasil during seventeen-odd years beginning in 1951. During this time she composed the poetry collection Questions of Travel, stand-alone poems, and fragments as well as prose pieces and translations. This study builds on the work of critics such as Brett Millier and Lorrie Goldensohn who have covered Bishop’s poetry during her Brasil years. However, most American critics have lacked expertise in both Brasilian culture and the Portuguese language that influenced Bishop’s poetry. Since 2000, in contrast, Brasilian critic Paulo Henriques Britto has explored issues of translating Bishop’s poetry into Portuguese, while Maria Lúcia Martins and Regina Przybycien have examined Bishop’s Brasil poems from a Brasilian perspective. However, American and Brasilian scholars have yet to recognize Bishop’s journey of acculturation as displayed through her poetry chronologically or the importance of her belated reception by Brasilian literary and popular culture. This study argues that Bishop’s Brasil poetry reveals her gradual transformation from a tourist outsider to a cultural insider through her encounters with Brasilian history, culture, language, and politics. It encompasses Bishop’s published and unpublished Brasil poetry, including drafts from the Elizabeth Bishop Papers at Vassar College. On a secondary level, this study examines a reverse acculturation in how Brasilian popular and literary communities have increasingly focused on Bishop since her death, culminating in the 2013 film, Flores Raras (Reaching for the Moon in English). Understanding this extremely rare and sustained intercultural junction of Bishop in Brasil, a junction that no American poet has made since, adds a crucial angle to twentieth-first century transnational literary perspectives.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Portuguese