This paper addresses intertextual similarities of ethnographical and geographical details in Xenophon’s Anabasis and Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica and argues that these intertextualities establish a narrative timeline of Greek civilization on the Black Sea littoral. In both these works, a band of Greek travellers proceeds along the southern coast of the Black Sea, but in different directions and at vastly different narrative times. I argue that Apollonius’ text, written later than Xenophon’s, takes full advantage of these intertextualities in such a way as to retroject evidence about the landscape of the Black Sea littoral. This geographical and ethnographical information prefigures the arrival of Xenophon’s Ten Thousand in the region. By manipulating the differences in narrative time and time of composition, Apollonius sets his Argonauts up as precursors to the Ten Thousand as travellers in the Black Sea and spreaders of Greek civilization there. In Xenophon’s text, the whole Black Sea littoral becomes a liminal space of transition between non-Greek and Greek. As the Ten Thousand travel westward and get closer and closer to home and Greek civilization, they encounter pockets of Greek culture throughout the Black Sea, nestled in between swaths of land inhabited by native tribes of varying and unpredictable levels of civilization. On the other hand, in the Argonautica, Apollonius sets the Argonautic voyage along the southern coast of the Black Sea coast as a direct, linear progression from Greek to non-Greek. As the Argonauts move eastward, the peoples and places they encounter become stranger and less recognizably civilized. This progression of strangeness and foreignness works to build suspense and anticipation of the Argonauts’ arrival at Aietes’ kingdom in Colchis. However, some places have already been visited before by another Greek traveller, Heracles, who appears in both the Argonautica and the Anabasis to mark the primordial progression of Greek civilization in the Black Sea region. The landscape and the peoples who inhabit it have changed in the intervening millennium of narrative time between first Heracles’, then the Argonauts’, and finally the Ten Thousand’s journey, and they show the impact of the visits of all three. / text

1 Abstract This diploma thesis describes domestic architecture in the western Black Sea area in the time range between two half of the 6th century and the first half of the third century BC. Geographically, the studied settlement is located mainly in today's Bulgaria and on the coast Romania and Ukraine. Locations in the northwestern Black Sea area (e.g. Olbia, Berezan) have (in the Greek colonies in their neighborhood) much better preserved domestic architec- ture than sites in the western Black Sea area. The work is historical and culturally divided into Greek and Thracian settlement. Based on a comparison is made interpretation of the above mentioned settlements. The aim was to characterize individual sites, interpret and compared with each other, or finds analogous parallels especially in the Greek world. The work should refer to the func- tioning of domestic architecture (or the whole domestic urban), as in Greek cities in defined areas of the western and northwestern Black Sea area, and in places that were inhabited by the original (Thracian) population. Interpretative result of the work needed to improve under- standing of cultural relations between Greeks and Thracians which determined urban devel- opment mainly in the inner Thrace. Keywords: domestic architecture, settlement, Thracians, Greeks,...

La géographie de la mer Noire n’a jamais été favorable à l’application sans condition du principe de la liberté de la navigation. Durant des siècles, elle fut, et elle reste encore, l’objet de la réglementation spéciale qui tient à cette particularité et à l’importance géopolitique de la région. Le régime de la navigation dans cette région est donc l’adaptation du principe de la liberté de la navigation à ses particularités, ce qui explique la révision quasi permanente du régime établi. Parmi plusieurs accords internationaux, seule la Convention de Montreux s’est avérée intangible, mais là encore, il semble que la géographie de la région et à présent la nécessité du respect de l’environnement la fragilisent aujourd’hui. La thèse dévoile cette fragilité et montre que la navigation dans la mer Noire se heurte elle aussi au même problème. Cette thèse évoque donc la nécessité de combler le vide juridique laissé par l’absence des règles de la sécurité de la navigation et de la protection de l’environnement marin dans la Convention de Montreux, ainsi que dans le régime juridique de la mer Noire. L’étude comparée des droits internes des États riverains et des textes à vocation régionale montre également les mesures prises par les États concernés, mais aussi le problème de l’adaptation du régime de la navigation dans cette région aux exigences d’aujourd’hui du droit international de la mer, notamment en matière de sécurité de la navigation et de la protection de l’environnement maritime. / The geography of the Black Sea never was the most suitable to apply unconditionally the principle of free navigation. During centuries, it was, and still remains, under specific rules due to the particular strategic geopolitical importance of this region. So the navigation regime in this region is the adaptation of the principle of free navigation to it s specifics, which explains the almost permanent reviewing of the established regime. Among several international agreements, only the Convention of Montreux appeared to be most sustainable, but even in this case the geography of the region seems to weaken it nowadays. The Thesis reveals this frailty and shows that navigation on the Black Sea encounters the same problem. Consequently it shows the need to fill the juridical gap coming from the lack of rules of security and of environment protection in the Convention of Montreux, as in the regime of navigation of the Black Sea. The comparative study of the internal law of each of the waterfronts States and of the texts with regional focus points out as well the measures taken by the concerned States, but also the problem of adaptation of the regime of navigation in this region according to the current requirements of international law of the sea, especially concerning the security of navigation and the protection of marine environment.

In addressing the question 'How do energy relations affect the Black Sea Region (BSR) and, in particular, the Russian-Turkish relationship?', this thesis argues that while energy relations have been a securitising factor in the BSR as a whole, they have played a desecuritising role in the Russian-Turkish relationship. Inspired by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver's Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), I adapt elements of their theoretical approach, establishing a framework which draws up on the concept of (de)securitisation and structuring my analysis on the basis of four different levels: domestic, bilateral, regional and interregional/global. My original contribution to the existing literature comprises an analysis of Russian-Turkish relations in the BSR, with a primary focus on energy, on the basis of a critical engagement with the concept of (de)securitisation. In particular, I have sought to apply a more nuanced account of the concept of the (de)securitisation. Regarding solving these issues, I expand the analysis to pipeline projects and use the categorisation of Lene Hansen (2012) on desecuritisation. Using this conceptual framework as the basis for my empirical analysis, I first argue that the relationship between Russia and Turkey has been transformed from one where they were historical enemies to a multidimensional partnership, in which energy is one of the most important factors. The desecuritisation of energy is basically related to economic concerns and political developments, and as a result, Turkey is defined as a new energy partner/route for Russia while Russia is a reliable supplier for Turkey. However, as a second argument, since politics is dynamic, the stability of this new relationship might be in question. In particular, relations with regional and global actors, particularly on energy, might form the basis of a new threat to bilateral relations. Despite these problems, nevertheless, two sides make an effort to mitigate bilateral tensions and minimise factors that might fuel conflict between them.

Wheat trade accounts for one third of world grain trade and is expected to double by 2050.The KRU (Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine) countries account for approximately a quarter of the world wheat exports and are collectively considered one of the key wheat exporting regions. Ukraine became a member of the WTO only in 2008. Russia became an official member of the WTO in 2012. Kazakhstan is expected to follow Russia and reach an accession deal with WTO members shortly. As a result of WTO accession, all three countries will be entitled to “most favoured nation” (MNF tariffs), and hence, gain improved access to a number of important markets that have been largely inaccessible due to very high tariffs that could be charged on imports from non-member countries. World wheat trade liberalization, reflecting the move to the MFN tariff as a result of accession, was simulated using the global simulation model (GSIM). The KRU region’s increased market accessibility as a result of successful accession to the WTO has the potential to foster important re-alignments in world wheat trade flows, prices and changes in welfare among major wheat trading countries. Simulation results suggest that increased access to markets leads to more trade between KRU countries and previously restricted markets. KRU countries trade more with now freer markets such as Turkey, the EU and China. Major traditional wheat exporters such as Australia, Canada, the EU, and the US do not seem to be negatively impacted to any important degree. Their relative market access conditions, however, erode in Turkish, Middle Eastern, and African markets with their trade flows being diverted and broadly distributed among other countries and regions at reduced prices. Trade liberalization is not uniform across regions and therefore leads to different net welfare changes across countries. However, those welfare changes appear to be modest.

The main purpose of this study is to understand the mobilization dynamics and impacts of the environmental opposition movement against the Black Sea Coastal Road Project in Turkey. The study is original in the sense that for the first time an opposition movement against a national road project was realized in Turkey. The Black Sea Coastal Road Project is one of the main infrastructure investments in Turkey. It covers a large geographical area, Eastern Black Sea Region, and some districts/provinces in the region formed an opposition movement against the project which objected to sea-filling method and destruction of coasts. The fieldwork of the study was conducted in seven districts/provinces of Eastern Black Sea Region. They were investigated in terms of their mobilization dynamics, tactics and the outcomes of the opposition movement. The main analysis is based on an evaluative approach and qualitative research. The fieldwork of the study was conducted in the periods of March 16, 2002 to March 24, 2002 and April 13, 2006 to April 20, 2006. In-depth-interviews and focus groups with local activists are used as data collection techniques. The seven cases-regions displayed some differences in their opposition movement in terms of the mobilization, tactics and the outcome. In the districts, most crucial for mobilization were the political party affiliation and the economic opportunity structures. The project being a part of governmental policy and the perception by the public, living in the region that the road is needed strongly affected dynamics, tactics and outcomes of the movement.

The swell waves which are an important component of wind generated waves have significant effects on small craft and fisheries. The swell wave climate has an important role in the design and operation of fishing harbors and harbors for small craft. Despite this fact the swell wave climate is not well known for the Turkish coasts. The purpose of the present study was to identify the swell wave climate along the Black Sea coastline of T&uuml / rkiye. For this purpose wind and swell wave data for a 65 months period is obtained from ECMWF for the analysis. And the data are analyzed for thirteen locations selected along the Turkish coast. For every location the wind and swell wave roses, significant swell wave height versus Mean period of primary swell relations, extreme probability distribution and log-linear cumulative probability distribution are presented. Also some extreme swell events in the Black Sea occurred in the data period are presented for a better understanding of generation and propagation of swell waves. The results showed that the swell wave activity and severity is higher in the western Black Sea coastline of T&uuml / rkiye. The investigation of extreme swell events provided that the swell waves occur and diminish in a relatively short duration and the data available from ECMWF which is provided for 12 hour intervals is not sensitive to time enough for the investigation of swell wave occurrence and propagation. The significant swell wave height versus Mean period of primary swell relations and analysis on period of swell waves showed that the swell wave periods could reach up to 11 seconds in the Northern shores of T&uuml / rkiye.

Optical properties of the seas surrounding Turkey (i.e. Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Aegean Sea) are investigated utilizing the data collected from years 2001-2005. Pigment, light (irradiance), absorption samples were collected and analyzed. SeaWiFS and MODIS satellite observations between years 1997-2006 has been collected, processed and analyzed. High temporal and spatial variability is observed in the optical properties of the three basins. The Mediterranean Sea and the Black Seas are the two typical examples of the Case I and the Case II waters, respectively. SeaWiFS and MODIS derived chlorophyll data obtained during the time period where the data were coexistent (2002-2004) gave consistent results. Thus, data from both sensors are used to establish temporal continuity. Optical classification of the water types based on the Jerlov model shows that the Mediterranean has clear (Type 1) and very clear water type characteristics and the Black Sea and the Marmara waters are turbid (Type 5). Absorption from yellow substance (or so-called CDOM) does not optically dominate the Mediterranean allowing accurate estimation of pigment concentrations by remote sensing methods. This study is further extended to analyze the main contributing phytoplankton groups to the bio-optical characteristics in the three basins. HPLC measurements show that the diatoms are the main group in the Black Sea ecosystem. Whereas in Mediterranean Cyanophyta dominates. Phytoplankton group compositions in the offshore and coastal regions of the Mediterranean do not show considerable difference. The main differences are the higher Prymnesiophyceae (nearly two times higher then the offshore) and lower Cyanophyta contribution in the coastal regions compared to offshore regions.

The Thesis examines the process of regionalization in the Black Sea region. The main argument of this thesis is that the process of regionalization in the Black Sea region has not transformed the region from the level of &quot / regional society&quot / to the level of &quot / regional institutionalized community&quot / due to the pressure of extra-regional, regional and sub-regional factors, and the present situation undermines the basis for regional security and prosperity. In addition, the thesis explores the obstacles that the process of regionalization in the Black Sea region faces.

SeaWiFS was collecting ocean color data since 1997. This means chlorophyll-a data for more than ten years. Since, SeaWiFS Chl-a data is validated for Black Sea this data set can be used for analysis. Nevertheless, the data is not gap free due to cloud effect. One of the main objectives of this work is to obtain a gap free, complete Chl-a data set for the Black Sea. For this purpose DINEOF method will be used.