Univ., Diss.--Münster, 2002.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martinho de Freitas Salomao.pdf: 1262175 bytes, checksum: ef4dc9b7a603fc2332f25a6fb3d3bcae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-20 / Neste trabalho são analisadas as propriedades teóricas e empíricas de três modelos de precificação de opções financeiras sobre ações: Black Scholes (1973), ad-hoc Black Scholes (Dumas, Fleming e Whaley, 1998), e o modelo GARCH assimétrico proposto por Heston e Nandi (2000), ou HN-GARCH. Os modelos são testados em opções de compra sobre ações preferenciais da Petrobras. É mostrado que o modelo Black Scholes (1973), por supor que a variância do ativo subjacente seja constante, apresentou o pior desempenho de predição comparativamente aos outros dois modelos, que consideram a volatilidade uma variável. Enquanto o modelo ad-hoc Black Scholes precificou melhor as opções muito dentro do dinheiro, dentro do dinheiro e muito fora do dinheiro, o modelo HN-GARCH obteve desempenho superior em opções no dinheiro e fora do dinheiro / This study analyzes the theoretical and empirical properties of three models for pricing options on financial stocks: Black Scholes (1973), ad-hoc Black Scholes (Dumas, Fleming and Whaley, 1998), and the asymmetric GARCH model proposed by Heston and Nandi (2000), or HN-GARCH. The models are tested in call s options on shares of Petrobras. It is shown that the Black Scholes model (1973), by assuming that the variance of the underlying asset is constant, showed the worst performance prediction compared to the other two models that consider volatility a variable. While the model adhoc Black Scholes priced much better options deep in the money, in the money and deep out of the money, the HN-GARCH model had superior performance for at the money and out of the money options

We consider the N step binomial tree model of stocks. Call options and put options of European and American type are computed explicitly. With appropriate scaling in time and jumps,  convergence of the stock prices and the option prices are obtained as N-> infinite. The obtained convergence is the Black-Scholes model and, for the particular case of European call option, the Black-Scholes formula is obtained. Furthermore, the Black-Scholes partial differential equation is obtained as a limit from the N step binomial tree model. Pricing of American put option under the Black-Scholes model is obtained as a limit from the N step binomial tree model. With this thesis, option pricing under the Black-Scholes model is achieved not by advanced stochastic analysis but by elementary, easily understandable probability computation. Results which in elementary books on finance are mentioned briefly are here derived in more details. Some important Java codes for N step binomial tree option prices are constructed by the author of the thesis.

Impulsos são perturbações abruptas que ocorrem em curto espaço de tempo e podem ser consideradas instantâneas. E os mercados financeiros estão sujeitos a choques bruscos como mudanças de governos, quebra de empresas, entre outros. Assim, é natural considerarmos a ação de tais eventos na precificação de ativos financeiros. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é obtermos uma formulação para a equação diferencial parcial de Black-Scholes com ação impulsiva de modo que os impulsos representem estes choques. Utilizaremos a teoria de integração não-absoluta em espaço de funções para obtenção desta formulação / Impulses describe the evolution of systems where the continuous development of a process is interrupted by abrupt changes of state. Financial markets are subject to extreme events or shocks as government changes, companies colapse, etc. Thus it seems natural to consider the action of these events in the valuation of derivative securities. The aim of this work is to obtain a formulation for the Black-Scholes equation with impulse action where the impulses can represent these shocks. We use the non-absolute integration theory in functional spaces to obtain such formulation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martinho de Freitas Salomao.pdf: 1262175 bytes, checksum: ef4dc9b7a603fc2332f25a6fb3d3bcae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-20 / Neste trabalho são analisadas as propriedades teóricas e empíricas de três modelos de precificação de opções financeiras sobre ações: Black Scholes (1973), ad-hoc Black Scholes (Dumas, Fleming e Whaley, 1998), e o modelo GARCH assimétrico proposto por Heston e Nandi (2000), ou HN-GARCH. Os modelos são testados em opções de compra sobre ações preferenciais da Petrobras. É mostrado que o modelo Black Scholes (1973), por supor que a variância do ativo subjacente seja constante, apresentou o pior desempenho de predição comparativamente aos outros dois modelos, que consideram a volatilidade uma variável. Enquanto o modelo ad-hoc Black Scholes precificou melhor as opções muito dentro do dinheiro, dentro do dinheiro e muito fora do dinheiro, o modelo HN-GARCH obteve desempenho superior em opções no dinheiro e fora do dinheiro / This study analyzes the theoretical and empirical properties of three models for pricing options on financial stocks: Black Scholes (1973), ad-hoc Black Scholes (Dumas, Fleming and Whaley, 1998), and the asymmetric GARCH model proposed by Heston and Nandi (2000), or HN-GARCH. The models are tested in call s options on shares of Petrobras. It is shown that the Black Scholes model (1973), by assuming that the variance of the underlying asset is constant, showed the worst performance prediction compared to the other two models that consider volatility a variable. While the model adhoc Black Scholes priced much better options deep in the money, in the money and deep out of the money, the HN-GARCH model had superior performance for at the money and out of the money options

Darbe nagrinėjami barjero pasirinkimo sandorių įkainojimo metodai. Barjero pasirinkimo sandorių išmokos sutampa su įprastinių pasirinkimo sandorių išmokomis, jei išpildoma papildoma barjero sąlyga, kurią reikia įvertinti. Įkainojimui naudojami diskretieji modeliai: binominis ir trinominis, tiriama jų konvergavimas į klasikinę Black-Scholes formulę. Dėl modelio diskretumo ir barjero sąlygos konvergavimas tam tikrais atvejais yra lėtas ir nemonotoniškas. Todėl siūloma pritaikyti adaptyviojo tinklelio algoritmą, smulkinant trinominio medžio tinklelį kritinėse srityse. Šiame darbe pateikiami rezultatai, gauti palyginus barjero pasirinkimo sandorio įkainojimo modelius. / In this paper we consider barrier options pricing models. Barrier options are standard call or put options except that they disappear or appear if the asset price crosses a predeterminant set of fixing dates. Barrier options are priced using continuous state Black-Scholes model and numerical approximation techniques, such as binomial and trinomial. Because of the the barrier condition and discreteness of these models the convergence to Black-Scholes model sometimes is slow. It is offered to apply adaptive mesh model grafting small sections of fine high-resolution lattice onto a tree in trinomial model. In this work we present the comparison of the models with some numerical results for barrier options.

Impulsos são perturbações abruptas que ocorrem em curto espaço de tempo e podem ser consideradas instantâneas. E os mercados financeiros estão sujeitos a choques bruscos como mudanças de governos, quebra de empresas, entre outros. Assim, é natural considerarmos a ação de tais eventos na precificação de ativos financeiros. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é obtermos uma formulação para a equação diferencial parcial de Black-Scholes com ação impulsiva de modo que os impulsos representem estes choques. Utilizaremos a teoria de integração não-absoluta em espaço de funções para obtenção desta formulação / Impulses describe the evolution of systems where the continuous development of a process is interrupted by abrupt changes of state. Financial markets are subject to extreme events or shocks as government changes, companies colapse, etc. Thus it seems natural to consider the action of these events in the valuation of derivative securities. The aim of this work is to obtain a formulation for the Black-Scholes equation with impulse action where the impulses can represent these shocks. We use the non-absolute integration theory in functional spaces to obtain such formulation

The main aim of my final thesis is to familiar reader with different ways of measuring credit risk by means of particular structural models of credit risk. This issue has been already described by foreign authors. Though, neither Czech nor Slovak economists have been deeply involved in this topic so far. For this reason, I have decided to focus on those models and both describe them as well as put them into the practice. My final thesis gradually focus on individual detailed model description in each chapter in following sequence: Credit Metrics, Black-School model, Merton model, KMV, Credit Grades. Moreover, it also targets model's construction as well as practical application. Regarding practical model's application, Black-School model is applied on IBM and KMV on Kraft Foods Company. Admittedly, that proves the fact that structural models are not only theoretical models, but also practical models applyable on real companies. Finally, I will compare all above mentioned models in selected parameters.

The purpose of this thesis is to compare option pricing models. We have investigated the constant volatility models Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) and Merton’s Jump Diffusion (MJD) as well as the stochastic volatility models Heston and Bates. The data used were option prices from Microsoft, Advanced Micro Devices Inc, Walt Disney Company, and the S&P 500 index. The data was then divided into training and testing sets, where the training data was used for parameter calibration for each model, and the testing data was used for testing the model prices against prices observed on the market. Calibration of the parameters for each model were carried out using the nonlinear least-squares method. By using the calibrated parameters the price was calculated using the method of Carr and Madan. Generally it was found that the stochastic volatility models, Heston and Bates, replicated the market option prices better than both the constant volatility models, MJD and BSM for most data sets. The mean average relative percentage error for Heston and Bates was found to be 2.26% and 2.17%, respectively. Merton and BSM had a mean average relative percentage error of 6.90% and 5.45%, respectively. We therefore suggest that a stochastic volatility model is to be preferred over a constant volatility model for pricing options. / Syftet med denna tes är att jämföra prissättningsmodeller för optioner. Vi har undersökt de konstanta volatilitetsmodellerna Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) och Merton’s Jump Diffusion (MJD) samt de stokastiska volatilitetsmodellerna Heston och Bates. Datat vi använt är optionspriser från Microsoft, Advanced Micro Devices Inc, Walt Disney Company och S&P 500 indexet. Datat delades upp i en träningsmängd och en test- mängd. Träningsdatat användes för parameterkalibrering med hänsyn till varje modell. Testdatat användes för att jämföra modellpriser med priser som observerats på mark- naden. Parameterkalibreringen för varje modell utfördes genom att använda den icke- linjära minsta-kvadratmetoden. Med hjälp av de kalibrerade parametrarna kunde priset räknas ut genom att använda Carr och Madan-metoden. Vi kunde se att de stokastiska volatilitetsmodellerna, Heston och Bates, replikerade marknadens optionspriser bättre än båda de konstanta volatilitetsmodellerna, MJD och BSM för de flesta dataseten. Medelvärdet av det relativa medelvärdesfelet i procent för Heston och Bates beräknades till 2.26% respektive 2.17%. För Merton och BSM beräknades medelvärdet av det relativa medelvärdesfelet i procent till 6.90% respektive 5.45%. Vi anser därför att en stokastisk volatilitetsmodell är att föredra framför en konstant volatilitetsmodell för att prissätta optioner.

In this paper, we study mathematical properties of a generalized bivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model for financial assets. Originally introduced by Lo and Wang, this model possesses a stochastic drift term which influences the statistical properties of the asset in the real (observable) world. Furthermore, we generali- ze the model with respect to a time-dependent (but still non-random) volatility function. Although it is well-known, that drift terms - under weak regularity conditions - do not affect the behaviour of the asset in the risk-neutral world and consequently the Black-Scholes option pricing formula holds true, it makes sense to point out that these regularity conditions are fulfilled in the present model and that option pricing can be treated in analogy to the Black-Scholes case.