Bibliography: pages 310-325. / At the end of World War II, volunteers from the University of Cape Town began literacy and post-literacy evening classes for African adults near the Blouvlei squatter settlement in Retreat. From this small beginning a significant voluntary adult education movement developed until, at the peak of its expansion, there were night schools located at fourteen different sites in the Cape Peninsula from Sea Point to Simonstown. The thesis studies the twenty-three year lifespan of this movement which provided tuition at both primary and secondary level and from 1950 called itself the "Cape Non-European Night Schools Association" (CNENSA). The history of the organisation deals chronologically with three distinct periods: (1) 1945-1948, the opening phase, when in the aftermath of a Commission of Enquiry into adult education, volunteer groups undertaking adult night classes were encouraged and were granted small subsidies; (2) 1949-1957, a period of continuing and rapid expansion; (3) 1958-1967, the years in which the government reduced, restricted and finally eliminated all the CNENSA's schools. While the movement is studied with regard to its educational programme, choice of subjects, curricula, text-books and general organisation, much of the central interest derives from an examination of its origin and operation in relation to the political and socio-economic developments in the country. The study is thus concerned with the causes of African poverty and illiteracy and the continuous backdrop of major external events during the existence of the Association. In the inter-relatedness of the two historical themes thus pursued, the participants in the education movement, both teachers and pupils, are seen to reflect the wider society, and the study in its broad survey refers to many events of profound historical significance; these include the setting up of Bantu Education and the other pillars of apartheid, the development of major protest organisations and trade unions, the staging of the Civil Disobedience Campaign and the Congress of the People, the events at Sharpeville and in Langa in 1960 and the eventual emergence of underground movements and armed resistance. There is a strong focus on the motives and attitudes of both the learners and teachers in the movement and on their perceptions of their times and of each other. In this respect an interesting liberal-radical continuum is seen running right through the history of the Association. In the concluding chapters, to question the evidence from an alternative viewpoint before final evaluations are made, the work of the CNENSA is examined in the light of a Paulo Freirian perspective.

Submitted to the faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology in the Department of Sociology at the University of Zululand, 2001. / In this study the researcher looked at the problems which African learners encounter when they are at the White schools. The aim of this study is to provide scientifically grounded information about the situation in which an African child finds himself / herself and existence of racism in White schools. It seeks to ascertain what role South African Human Rights () South African South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) to fight racial discrimination in South African multi-racial schools can play. The first aim is to bridge the gap in our substantive knowledge regarding the situation faced by an African child in White schools. The second aim is to ascertain the reasons why some of the white educators declare African child s colour-blind. The third aim is the statistically measure, describe and explain the nature and extent racism as a social phenomenon and its negative impact on an African child's future. The fourth aim is to establish the demographic particulars of the victims an African child of racism with regard to their age, sex and religion. The fifth aim is to render socio-educational concrete recommendations with regard to what could be done to address pervasiveness of racism. A questionnaire was compiled and used as an attitude rating scale and the questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of twenty-four white high school learners from six schools at Empangeni Region. Statistical analysis was conducted to fulfil the aims of the study and to rest the research hypothesis stated. This study revealed that the African learners at white high schools had problems with racism, apartheid at these schools. The African learners move from the African schools to white schools is due to their parents' choice and different perceptions and expectations by African parents are revealed in this study. The recommendations for this study was that educators be taught about aspects of multiculturalism and also anti-racism training to all education stake holders, including district officials, school governing bodies, educators, learners and clustering of schools to encourage sharing of resources between privileged and under-privileged schools. The Minister of Education should intervene in the white schools especially in racially representation of educators, governing bodies.

This study entails a critical investigation into the issue and trends that shaped Black perspectives on education in South Africa in the period between 1652 and 1993. A theoretical-philosophical exposition is presented to establish the fundamental characteristics of education and therefore characteristics valid for every human being under any circumstances at any time. These characteristics were used to eventually appraise the issues and trends underlying the shaping of Black perspectives on education in South Africa. This study has revealed that the shaping of Black perspectives on education in South Africa goes hand in hand with the growing realization among Blacks that education is not merely a political issue but also deeply imbedded in the interconnectedness and/or differences between social realities such as the church, the school itself, teachers' associations, the news media et cetera. This should be accounted for by every citizen in a responsible way. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

This study entails a critical investigation into the issue and trends that shaped Black perspectives on education in South Africa in the period between 1652 and 1993. A theoretical-philosophical exposition is presented to establish the fundamental characteristics of education and therefore characteristics valid for every human being under any circumstances at any time. These characteristics were used to eventually appraise the issues and trends underlying the shaping of Black perspectives on education in South Africa. This study has revealed that the shaping of Black perspectives on education in South Africa goes hand in hand with the growing realization among Blacks that education is not merely a political issue but also deeply imbedded in the interconnectedness and/or differences between social realities such as the church, the school itself, teachers' associations, the news media et cetera. This should be accounted for by every citizen in a responsible way. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

Thesis (doctorate)--University of South Africa, 2001.

No doubt can exist that discipline and authority in Black schools, including Tsonga secondary schools, is at present undergoing a very difficult period. One crisis follows another and there are constant threats of boycotts and violence, threats which only too often become reality. This dissertation is an attempt at revealing the possible causes for this problem, by means of a phenomenological investigation into those essentials which are preconditions for the implementation of pedagogically accountable authority. The concept of authority, with special reference to Tsonga traditions and the place and role of members of the tribe and family, in enforcing authority, are examined. Guidance, assistance, acceptance, and the essential components of the relationship structure are given attention. As the dissertation is concerned with the school situation, the teacher's person, personality and his training also received attention. Recommendations for further study and possible ways to alleviate the situation, are suggested. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Fundamental Pedagogics)

This study pointed out that without parental involvement in the children's education, the latter cannot fulfil its pre-set goals. The family together with the community, have to contribute a lot to the development and improvement of the education system. Implications of parental involvement, together with parents, and children's rights was discussed. The latter fact was supplemented with the educational laws of South Africa and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. To determine the problems experienced by teachers in dealing with parents, concerning school related matters, teachers and parents' responses are discussed in this study. In this study America and Britain have been put as examples as far as parental involvement in children's education is concerned. It was concluded that the government together with the parents have to take drastic steps to rectify the situation in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (History of Education)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Magister Technologiae: Consumer Science Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Introduction: Dietary diversity is an indicator of access and measurement of household food security as it relates to income, location and seasonality. Dietary diversity is measured by physically counting the number of individual foods as well as food groups consumed over a given reference period. When dietary diversity is accurately measured, nutrient adequacy will be easily predicted. In order to measure dietary diversity accurately, it is important to determine household food security. Insufficient food and resources often result in food insecurity which leads to little or no dietary diversity. Poor populations suffer most from achieving dietary diversity because they consume a standard diet based on starchy staple food with limited fruits and vegetables resulting in multiple nutrient deficiencies. Rural communities rely on seasonal food variety in order to obtain fruits and vegetables needed by the body to limit nutrient deficiencies. Some seasons are more productive than others. Rural communities also use various coping strategies to deal with food insecurity in all four seasons. High levels of unemployment as well as a lack of nutrition education results in most rural households unable to cater for dietary diversity. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of seasonal food variety, dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy on the nutritional status of women in rural areas. Method: A hundred women in this community were weighed and measured and BMI determined and classified according to the WHO cut-off points for BMI. Waist circumference was measured in order to determine the waist-to-height ratio indication risk of metabolic syndrome. Twenty four hour recall questionnaires were used to determine actual intake compared to dietary reference intake (DRIs). Food Frequency Questionnaires for a period of seven days were completed captured and analysed using the SPSS version for descriptive statistics in order to determine food diversity. Coping strategies were determined by Focus Group interviews with community members in order to identify the various strategies used in time of food shortages. The severity of these strategies was determined by the community. Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary intake behaviour were assessed over the four seasons. The highest frequency score (7) x severity weight (1-4) x10 strategies = maximum score of 140. Thus the higher the score the more food insecure the community is. Results: Food production from crops differs in different seasons. Food insecurity is high in summer and autumn due to a low number of food items harvested from crops. The community cope less in summer and autumn due to less crops available. The community is more food insecure in spring and winter due to the high number of food items harvested from crops. The community cope better in winter and spring due to the high level of available crops. Anthropometric measurements indicated that 41.2% of women between 31 and 50 and 49% of women between 51 and 70 years of age had a BMI of 30 and above. About 44% of total women are obese and 29% are pre obese. Only 26% had a normal weight. The 24 hour recall analysis indicates that the high level of obesity is due to the fact that a high number of participants consume large amount of carbohydrates every day. Conclusion: Overall results in this study indicated that this rural community is food insecure, on a higher level during summer and autumn, which leads to the consumption of undiversified diets. The women are malnourished and obese with a risk of metabolic syndrome. The information obtained in this study can be used to formulate strategies to develop interventions that can be used to access sufficient food in rural area in order to improve food insecurity, dietary diversity and, therefore, nutrient adequacy.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Technology: Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Background: In a vulnerable low-income group with a confirmed high risk of cardiovascular disease, like the elderly in the Sharpeville care centre, an acute intervention is needed in order to improve their health profile. Previous studies suggested homocysteine lowering by vitamin B12, B6 and folate supplementation. The effect of vitamin B12, B6 and folate supplementation on the inflammatory response, thrombotic risk, lipid profile, hypertension, risk of metabolic syndrome and homocysteine metabolism in an elderly, black South African population has never been reported. Objectives: The main aim of this interventional study was to assess the effect of vitamins B12, B6 and folate supplementation at 200% RDA for six months on cardiovascular risk markers of an elderly semi-urbanised black South African community. Design: This study was an experimental intervention non-equivalent control group study design in 104 purposively selected samples of all the elderly attending the day-care centre. Setting and participants: A homogeneous group of respondents was included in the study. All subjects were equivalent in age (>60 years), race (black), unemployed/pensioners (socio-demographic) and 60 years and older attending a day care centre in Sharpeville, situated in the Vaal region, Gauteng, SA. Measurements: The distinctiveness of this study lies in the broad panel of parameters evaluating the CVR in correlation with the increased nutritional intake of vitamin B6, B12 and folate. These included: weight, height, waist, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, blood pressure, fibrinogen, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS–CRP), homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, glucose, insulin, adiponectin and fibronectin. Results: A very high incidence (66.36%) of hyperhomocysteinaemia is present in the sample. The mean serum homocysteine level in hyperhomocysteinaemic individuals decreased statistically significantly from 25.00±8.00 umol/l to 18.80±12.00 umol/l after the intervention. The number of respondents with an increased homocysteine level decreased from 100% (baseline) to 67% (follow-up). The supplementation was beneficial (statistically significant changes) to the glucose levels, fibrinolytic status, vitamin B6 serum levels, fibronectin levels and haemopoeiesis (decreased macrocytosis) of all the individuals (regardless of their homocysteine status). Conclusion: It is concluded that supplementation of vitamins B6, B12 and folate at 200% RDA for six months is an effective homocysteine-lowering approach as a strategy to reduce hyperhomocysteinaemia in an elderly population and thereby reduce cardiovascular risk (CVR). The supplementation intervention mentioned is not an effective multifactorial strategy to decrease CVR although beneficial effects were found with other CVR markers independent of homocysteine status.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The phenomenon of transformation was originally conceived, in a South African context, as a political strategy driven by socio-political force with the objective of fostering change based on principles of enhancing human dignity and promoting equality in all aspects of society. The workplace was one of the areas that first experienced the consequences of transformation, encouraged mainly through legislation such as the Employment Equity Act (No. 55 of 1998). The manner in which affirmative action measures may be implemented is determined by the Employment Equity Act (No. 55 of 1998), which aims to ensure that the legacies of apartheid in the South African workplace are redressed. In this regard, employment equity will, over time, be achieved by promoting equal opportunity and fair treatment through the elimination of unfair discrimination and through the implementation of affirmative action measures to advance Black people, women and people with disabilities. Regardless of legislative imperatives, South Africa has failed quite markedly to realise the promotion of greater equality between all South Africans in the workplace. Black South Africans and women are still seriously under-represented in top and senior management posts. The key findings of the 2007/8 Employment Equity Report prepared by the Commission for Employment Equity for the National Department of Labour showed low representation of Blacks at top level management, senior management, and professionally qualified and middle management levels, as compared to their white counterparts. The challenges for organisations to transform are multi-faceted and include skills shortages, homogeneous organisational cultures, a lack of commitment and a failure to incorporate proper human resource strategies. Organisations require a commitment by all members, particularly the leaders, to examine the norms, customs, values and practices which militate against establishing a culture of valuing diversity. A holistic approach that changes organisational systems, practices and policies as well as the individual attitudes and values needed to create a valuing diversity culture should propel an organisation towards true transformation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verskynsel van transformasie is oorspronklik in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks ontwikkel as 'n politieke strategie aangedryf deur sosiopolitieke kragte en met die doel om verandering te bevorder, gebaseer op die beginsels van die verbetering van menswaardigheid en die ondersteuning van gelykheid in alle aspekte van die samelewing. Die werkplek was een van die areas waar die gevolge van transformasie eerste ondervind is, hoofsaaklik bevorder deur wetgewing soos die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming (No. 55 van 1998). Die wyse waarop maatreels vir regstellende aksie geimplementeer mag word, word deur die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming (No. 55 van 1998) bepaal. Hierdie wet het ten doel om te verseker dat die erfenis van apartheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse werkplek reggestel word. In hierdie opsig sal gelyke indiensneming mettertyd bewerkstellig word deur gelyke geleenthede en billike behandeling aan te moedig deur die uitskakeling van onbillike diskriminasie en deur die implementering van regstellende-aksiemaatreels om swart mense, vroue en gestremde mense te bevorder. Ongeag van wetgewing het Suid-Afrika in hoe mate misluk in die daarstelling van groter gelykheid tussen alle Suid-Afrikaners in die werkplek. Swart Suid-Afrikaners en vroue is steeds ernstig onderverteenwoordig in top- en senior bestuursposte. Die sleutelbevindings van die 2007/8 Verslag oor Gelyke Indiensneming voorberei deur die Kommissie vir Gelyke Indiensneming vir die Nasionale Departement van Arbeid, het aangetoon dat swartes in vergelyking met hul wit ewekniee swak verteenwoordig is op die vlak van topbestuur, senior bestuur, professioneel gekwalifiseerdes en middelbestuur. Die uitdagings vir organisasies om te transformeer het vele fasette en sluit in 'n tekort aan vaardighede, homogene organisasiekulture, 'n gebrek aan toewyding en 'n gebrek aan die toepassing van behoorlike strategiee vir menslike hulpbronne. Organisasies vereis toewyding van alle lede, veral die leiers, om die norme, gewoontes, waardes en praktyke te ondersoek wat in stryd is met 'n kultuur waarin waarde geheg word aan diversiteit. 'n Holistiese benadering wat organisasiestelsels, -praktyke en -beleid verander, asook die individuele houdings en waardes wat nodig is om 'n kultuur te skep wat waarde heg aan diversiteit, behoort 'n organisasie op die pad te plaas na ware transformasie.