M.Ed. / Poverty is a serious concern all over the world. This phenomenon hinders development, particularly in rural areas where the majority of families are living below the poverty line. In many rural communities the RDP programme did not reach the majority of people. The study is aimed at finding out the extent, perceived causes and consequences of poverty in Homu A and Homu C near Giyani. The families regarded as the more impoverished in the two villages were selected as participants of the study. One member from eight families in each village was interviewed in this qualitative study. The collection of data was made through survey interviews as suggested by Silverman (1993), observations, and the recording of artefacts on poverty. A literature review was conducted to construct a theoretical framework for the inquiry. The findings show that many people in these areas are extremely poor. They are physically, socially and psychologically affected by poverty. They are helpless because they believe there is nothing they can do to develop themselves and their villages. Their helplessness hampers development of these communities. The findings also indicate that there is a need for informal and non-formal programmes to educate and empower the community members to combat poverty. These programmes should be linked with income generating projects to equip the community members with skills needed for the economy.

The principal objectives of this empirical study were to test the hypothesis that eduction is a major determinant of people's earnings differentials and to calculate private and social rates of return to education of blacks in South Africa excluding Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei. Basically, the data for working men and women used in the study were extracted from the 1985 current Population survey files comprising a sample representative of the black population. Lifetime earnings profiles are constructed from these data for five educational levels, namely, no schooling up to standard 1, standards 2 to 4, standards 5 to 7, standards 8 to 9 and standard 10. Schooling is assumed to account for 60% of the income differentials between these profiles, after adjustment for the differing probabilities of finding work of persons in specific age-education groups. Imputed average household outlays on schooling are taken as the private direct cost of education supplemented by estimates of per pupil spending by the various government departments responsible for black schooling for calculation of the social costs per year of primary and secondary schooling. Indirect cost in the form of imputed foregone earnings are included from standard 5 (age 15) onwards. The resulting private internal rates of return to education of males are about 16% at primary level and 24% for secondary schooling. Corresponding social rates of return are about 6% for primary and 15% for secondary education. The estimates for females indicate that between no schooling and standards 2 to 4 level, the private and social rates of return are -1% and -4% respectively, from standards 2 to 4 to standards 5 to 7 level, private returns of 12% and social returns of 4% are reported and for the remaining secondary school phases private returns of 32% and social returns of 15% are estimated. It is implied that black education is receiving minimal government financial assistance compared to those of the other population groups. The evidence of the results of the study indicates that; besides education, marital status, locational, regional and occupational variables also influence earnings differentials, the governments responsible for black education should emphasize human capital investment in relation to physical capital investment, on average more educated persons are better off than the less educated ones and with the exception of female early primary schooling, generally, it is worthwhile for an individual to undertake a certain educational programme investment

The beginning of the eighteenth century marks the start of economic relations between the colonists of the Cape and the Bantu. As early as 1702 a quarrel about the bartering of cattle had broken out between parties of Whites and Bantu, each of which had made their way, from opposite directions, into the area between the Gamtoos and the Kei Rivers. The Bantu, who were encountered in the Eastern Cape, belonged to the Xhosa-speaking tribes. They were cattle farmers who also practised some agriculture, but this was considered a subsidiary activity which was left to the women. Their economy was a self-sufficient subsistence one with each family an almost entirely self-supporting unit. Each relied on its own cattle and crops and built its own dwellings. To serve its own requirements, each family made domestic utensils out of wood, grass and clay. Iron implements were, however, made by special smiths.

M.Cur. (Midwifery and Neonatal Nursing) / The infiltration of modern trends into black cultures, has allowed fathers to support mothers during labour. Only a limitednumber of fathers utilise this opportunity. Whether more will do so in future seemed in part to depend on the following: * how do black fathers experience their support to mothers during labour? * what can be done to encourage black fathers to support mothers during labour? The following aims were formulated: to explore and describe the experiences of black fathers concerning support during labour and to establish guidelines to encourage black fathers to support mothers during labour. This study was explored and described within the framework of the Nursing for the Whole Person Theory (ORU 1990; RAU 1992) which functions in an integrated biopsychosocial manner (body, mind, spirit) within the family and or community. The parameters of nursing and beliefs about man, health, illness and nursing are also described. A functional reasoning approach is followed, based on the Botes (1991) model for Nursing Research. The research design entailed an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study, which is contextual to clinical nursing. Two groups of black fathers were purposively selected for the research study. Group one consisted of fathers who provided support to mother during labour and was selected from a private maternity hospital. Group two, consisted of fathers who did not provide support during labour, and was selected from a provincial hospital. Both hospitals are within the Gauteng province. A phenomenological approach to nursing research was utilized. Unstructured interviews were conducted with ten fathers. They were divided into two groups of five each. After analysis of data, follow-up interviews were conducted with two of the fathers included in the sample. Data was analyzed according to Kerlinger's (1986:476) method of content analysis. A literature control was undertaken in order to explore and describe the conclusions of other researchers and authors. The results from this study indicate that most of the fathers in Group one, experienced negative feelings of frightened, difficulty, helplessness and anxiety due to lack of information concerning childbirth. This is coupled with positive feelings such as excitement, nice, overwhelming and miracle. Most of the fathers in Group two, expressed a feeling of wanting to be there. Lack of information, fear and culture were identified as stumbling blocks. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations concerning nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research were made. Guidelines for encouragement of black fathers concerning support during labour were described.

M.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Endometrial carcinoma, which is preceded by non-malignant hyperplasia, is the fifth most common cancer in women worldwide. Various genetic alterations appear to be early events in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. The PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene is most commonly mutated in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. This gene, on chromosome 10q23, codes for a tumour suppressor protein which displays lipid and dual-specific protein phosphatase activity. It has been implicated in several signal transduction pathways and seems to be involved in the negative regulation of the PI3K-, the MAPK- and the FAK pathways. Studies have shown that caucasian Americans have a 4-fold higher frequency of PTEN mutations than African Americans. An association of PTEN mutation status with clinical outcome has been found, where patients with PTEN mutation-positive endometrial carcinoma had a better prognosis than those without PTEN mutations. It has been hypothesized that the molecular pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma within Caucasians and Black African groups may be different. The present study aimed to investigate the PTEN gene in caucasians and Black South African women with endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. The correlation between the frequency and type of mutations and the pathological features of the cancers (stage and grade) were also assessed. Paraffin¬embedded tissue samples from patients with endometrial hyperplasia [n=10] and cancer [n=47] were analysed for PTEN mutations using exon-by-exon PCR-SSCP. Thirty-two mutations were detected of which 24 were pathogenic (23 in the adenocarcinomas, one in the hyperplasias). These included 10 frameshift, 7 nonsense, 4 missense and 3 splice site mutations. Pathogenic mutations were located throughout the gene with the highest frequency observed in exon 5 (39.1%; 9/23), followed by exons 1 and 8 (both 17.4%; 4/23). This data does not differ significantly from published findings (P>0.05; x2-test). Pathogenic mutations were present in 54% (20/37) of the endometrioid adenocarcinomas and 10% (1/10) of the hyperplasias. No mutations were detected in the serous papillary cancers and poorly differentiated carcinomas. Fifty-five % (6/11) of tumours from Caucasians and 52% (13/25) of the tumours from Black South Africans had genetic alterations. When comparing the African and caucasian groups there were no significant differences with regards to PTEN mutation frequency (P>0.05; x2-test). Mutations occurred in early and advanced stage endometrial carcinomas, although the majority of the samples were stage 1 endometrioid adenocarcinomas. In the present study no association between the frequency of PTEN mutations and the grade and stage of the endometrial cancer were found (P>0.05; x2-test). To validate these observations, however, a larger sample size representative of all the grades and stages of endometrial carcinoma needs to be analyzed. / Dissertation (MSc (Human Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Genetics / unrestricted

The Transkeian Territories extend over a stretch of 17000 square miles between the north eastern border of the Cape Colony and the southern border of Natal. In 1870 this was an exclusively Native area ; inhabited by some half million natives tribally organised under independent chiefs and grouped into racial entities according to origln; customs, and language dialects.

This thesis explores the genesis of black choralism in late-nineteenth-century colonial South Africa, attending specifically to its dialectic with metropolitan Victorian choralism. In two introductory historiographic chapters I outline the political-narrative strategies by which both Victorian and black South African choralism have been elided from music histories. Part 1 gives an account of the "structures" within and through which choralism functioned as a practice of colonisation, as "internal colonialism" in Britain and evangelical colonialism in the eastern Cape Colony. In chapter 1 I suggest that the religious contexts within which choralism operated, including the music theoretical construction of the tonic sol-fa notation and method as "natural", and the "scientific" musicalisation of race, constituted conditions for the foreign mission's embrace of choralism. The second chapter explores further such affinities, tracing sol-fa choralism's institutional affiliations with nineteenth-century "reform" movements, and suggesting that sol-fa's practices worked in fulfilment of core reformist concerns such as "industry" and literacy. Throughout, the thesis explores how the categories of class and race functioned interchangeably in the colonial imagination. Chapter 3 charts this relationship in the terrain of music education; notations, for instance, which were classed in Britain, became racialised in colonial South Africa. In particular I show that black music education operated within colonial racial discourses. Chapter 4 is a reading of Victorian choralism as a "discipline", interpreting choral performance practice and choral music itself as disciplinary acts which complemented the political contexts in which choralism operated. Part 1, in short, explores how popular choralism operated within and as dominant politicking. In part 2 I turn to the black reception of Victorian choralism in composition and performance. The fifth chapter examines the compositional discourse of early black choral music, focussing on the work of John Knox Bokwe (1855-1922). Through a detailed account of several of Bokwe's works and their metropolitan sources, particularly late-nineteenth century gospel hymnody, I show that Bokwe's compositional practice enacted a politics that became anticolonial, and that early black choral music became "black" in its reception. I conclude that ethno/musicological claims that early black choral music contains "African" musical content conflate "race" and culture under a double imperative: in the names of a decolonising politics and a postcolonial epistemology in which hybridity as resistance is racialised. The final chapter explores how "the voice" was crucial to identity politics in the Victorian world, an object that was classed and racialised. Proceeding from the black reception of choral voice training, I attempt to outline the beginnings of a social history of the black choral voice, as well as analyse the sonic content of that voice through an approach I call a "phonetics of timbre".

The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of the following instruments for the diagnosis of depression among Africans: The Beck Depression Inventory (2nd Edition) (BDI-II), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Revised) (MMPI-2) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test (scored in terms of Exner's Comprehensive System). With regard to the MMPI-2, the focus was on the Depressed Suicidal Ideation Critical Item Scale, but the following Critical Item Scales were also examined: Acute Anxiety State, Somatic Symptoms and Family Conflict. With regard to the Rorschach, the Depression Index (DE PI) and the Suicide Constellation (S-CON) were examined. A Structured Questionnaire was used to obtain background information on the patients. The sample consisted of 162 African patients between the ages of 18 and 50 years that were seen in a private practice in Pretoria, Gauteng. All the patients had an educational level of at least Grade 12. The patients were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria as suffering from Dysthymia, Major Depression or Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood. The personal background information about the patients that was examined included: sources of and reasons for referral, presenting symptoms, views about the causes of depression, and experience of the self. Relevant statistical analyses were done to investigate the reliability and validity of the measurement instruments and to determine if there were any gender or age biases in the results. In contrast to the findings of earlier research that depressed African patients mainly present with physical complaints, the patients who participated in the study predominantly presented with emotional and cognitive symptoms similar to what is found in Western countries. Only a few patients referred to traditional African beliefs such as witchcraft, and most of them interpreted their illness in terms of interpersonal problems, especially in their relationships with other family members. The BDI-II was found to be a reliable and valid instrument that could be used for the diagnosis of depression among African patients. Of the 162 MMPI protocols, 46.3% were invalid. It was especially on the L, F, F(B) and Cs scales that large numbers of patients obtained scores higher than the cut-off scores. The reliabilities of the Critical Item Scales were acceptable, except for the Family Conflict scale, and these scales thus generally appear to be useful for diagnostic purposes in an African context. The mean score on the Depressed Suicidal Ideation Scale was, however, relatively low. The MMPI-2 rendered a large number of misdiagnoses of Schizophrenia and Personality Disorder and only a few of the patients obtained a diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Although the patients found the MMPI-2 too long and the language too complex, they generally experienced the test positively. The DEPI and S-CON rendered a large number of false negatives which indicates that if these indeces are used for assessing depression, it should be done in conjunction with other diagnostic methods. The Rorschach nevertheless proved to be useful for identifying psychodynamic processes that could be used therapeutically. A low and statistically non-significant positive correlation was found between the BDI-II and the DEPI. Both the BDI-II and the DEPI correlated positively with the Depressed Suicidal Ideation scale. The S-CON did not correlate significantly with any of the other scales. / Thesis (DPhil (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

This research project is about the “Factors Affecting the impact of Black Economic Empowerment strategies in enhancing previously disadvantaged beneficiaries in Mnquma Local Municipality.” The purpose is to examine the challenges faced by previously disadvantaged beneficiaries so as to emerge with new innovative BEE mechanisms that can be implemented to improve the situation faced by beneficiaries for the better. To achieve this objective, it was necessary to study the iterature of “Black Economic Empowerment” which is part of the Local Economic Development initiatives. In order to attain the main objective of the study and also to address the research problem face to face interviews were conducted with previously disadvantaged beneficiaries, Local Economic Development officials and councillors from five different wards of Mnquma Local Municipality. The literature review and the interviews helped one to come up with the recommendations to be adopted in order to remedy the situation of the beneficiaries. These recommendations will, hopefully, be of assistance to Mnquma Local Municipality. Findings of this study indicate that challenges faced by previously disadvantaged beneficiaries include: fronting, lack of finance, skills shortage like technical, management, budgeting and saving skills, absence of training workshops, and lack of support on SMMEs development as well as poor implementation of BEE policy by Local Economic Development Unit. The aforesaid challenges have negative effects on the implementation of BEE strategies which adversely affect the beneficiaries. Here are some of the recommendations made in this regard: support and assistance for previously disadvantaged beneficiaries like financial assistance, Khula financial schemes, bank loans, training and workshops, establishment of agricultural projects as well as assistance on coordination of co-operatives initiatives. Other recommendations provide possible solutions to these problems: corruption, nepotism and cadreship deployment. In order to act against these transgressions the following suggestions have been made in the study: containment of fronting, development of heritage and historical sites for tourists’ purposes, recommendation on BEE management strategies and also recommendation on business registration and licensing. The study concludes that if the Mnquma Local Municipality can execute all the proposed recommendations, all the factors raised as the stumbling block towards the success and beneficiary of the previously disadvantaged beneficiaries would be resolved.