Blood transfusion is a very common procedure. Before a blood transfusion it is important to find compatible blood for the patient. If the blood is incompatible with that of the patient a transfusion reaction may occur, which can be mortal. It is also important to avoid alloimmunisation. Alloimmunisation occurs when antibodies are produced against a specific antigen. These antibodies are called irregular antibodies and they can be produced after a transfusion, pregnancy, or transplantation. Alloimmunisation makes it harder to find compatible blood for patients in the future and it is a major concern for patients who require blood transfusions repeatedly. By phenotyping erythrocyte antigens, it is easier to find compatible blood for patients before a blood transfusion. Until now, a manual method has been used for phenotyping erythrocyte antigen at the Sundsvall County hospital and an automatization of this method was desired. For this study, 99 anonymised blood doner tests were used. The erythrocyte antigens M, Jka, Jkb, Fya, Fyb, S and s were phenotyped both manually and automated with ORTHO Vision Analyzer. A Clopper Pearson test was used to evaluate the accordance between the methods. A comparison was also made in regard totime and cost. The results showed a good accordance between the methods. The automated procedure using ORTHO Vision has several advantages over the manual procedure using gel cards. The risk of errors is reduced, there are fewer manual steps, it is faster and the personnel can do other tasks while the instrument is processing the tests.

No description available.

Viruses are common causes of both endemic and epidemic gastroenteritis, infecting millions of people per year, with norovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus-F as the main causative agents, and sapovirus and astrovirus as contributing viruses. These viruses are highly infectious and most severe in the very young, old, or individuals who are immunocompromised. The viral infection usually causes self-limited gastroenteritis, although chronic infection has been observed in highly immunocompromised patients. African and South-East Asian regions are disproportionally affected by diarrhoeal disease. These regions (especially South Africa) are also more severely affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It has been suggested that immunocompromised individuals may form part of a reservoir for novel virus variants and recombinants. It should be taken into account that not every person is equally susceptible to infection after pathogen exposure and that not all infected persons develop clinical symptoms (Ramani and Giri, 2019). One host genetic factor that can influence susceptibility to enteric infection is the expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Histo-blood group antigens are a major group of complex carbohydrates and are determinants of both human and animal ABO blood groups and the Lewis blood group systems, which are distributed in abundance on the mucosal epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract. Histo-blood group antigens have been proven to influence susceptibility to rotavirus and norovirus infections. Saliva, blood and stool specimens (n=205) have previously been collected from children (≤ 5 years of age) hospitalised with gastroenteritis at Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital from June 2016 to December 2017. Follow up stool specimens were then collected six weeks after enrolment when possible. A descriptive questionnaire was completed by each child’s guardian, giving information on age, residential area, HIV status etc. of the participating child. The stool specimens were screened for six gastroenteritis causing viruses (norovirus GI and –GII, rotavirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) by multiplex PCR. Forty-seven percent (96/205) of specimens tested positive for at least one gastroenteritis causing virus. Rotavirus predominated (46/205), followed by norovirus (32/205), adenovirus (15/205), sapovirus (9/205) and astrovirus (3/205). A total of 27/32 norovirus (GI.3, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, GII.12 and GII.21), 44/46 rotavirus (G1P[8], G2P[4], G2P[6], G3P[4], G3P[8], G8P[4], G8P[6], G9P[6] and G9P[8]) and 8/9 sapovirus (GI.1, GI.2, GII.1, GII.4 and GII.8) strains have been genotyped, of which norovirus GII.4 and rotavirus G3P[4] predominated. A total of 46/205 children submitted a follow up stool specimen to be tested. Of the 46 children, 9 tested positive for norovirus infection with initial stool specimen testing. Follow up screening resulted in 13/46 (28%) specimens testing positive for either norovirus GI or GII, with all patients presenting as asymptomatic. After genotyping it was observed that only one of the follow up specimens were identical to the original sequence genotyped, indicating prolonged shedding. FUT2 genotyping of 205/205 children showed a 71%:29% ratio between secretors and non-secretors. Eighty percent (77/96) of the virus-infected children were secretors whereas only 20% (19/96) were non-secretors. Rotavirus (p<0.01) and norovirus GII.4 (p<0.05) specifically were found to be more prevalent in secretors. In this study, no statistical significance was observed in terms of severity of and susceptibility to gastroenteritis viruses between HIV-infected, HIV-exposed uninfected or HIV-uninfected individuals. Histo-blood group phenotyping has resulted in various combinations, with Le(b) being the most prevalent antigen found. Next generation sequencing was unsuccessful. In future, fresh specimens should be considered for testing, with more funding and time for optimisation of this process and to give adequate results. In summary, gastroenteritis is still a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, with all advancements in understanding the disease helping to decrease the impact of it. This study again reinforced the importance of these viruses, as they are circulating in such high abundance. It also reinforced the concept that susceptibility to noro- and rotavirus infection is affected by the secretor status of a person. This could in future help with better understanding the viral infection mechanisms and in turn help with vaccine development and treatment / Dissertation (MSc (Medical Virology))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Reese Mushrooms / Discovery grant / PRF / Medical Virology / Msc / Unrestricted

ABO blood type has been shown to be associated with both cardiovascular risk and toxicity‐preventing activity (TxPA) stress response in elderly males. Twenty middle‐aged, healthy males, 14 blood type A and six blood type O, were involved in this project. Volunteers completed a battery of psychological assessments, then gave blood and had several psychophysiological measures taken prior to, during and after two stressors. The stressors consisted of mental arithmetic tasks plus audiotapes of combat sounds and a baby crying. The anger‐out and hard‐driving scores of blood type O subjects were significantly higher than the blood type A means. TxPA decreased significantly as a function of stress and some suggestive blood type effects of TxPA were found. Plasma protein, microhematocrit, plasma cortisol, finger temperature, skin conductance, blood pressure and two facial electromyograph (EMG) variables were also significantly affected by stressors but not by the blood type factor. No significant differences of any kind were found for total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein or pulse variables. The importance of age and other individual subject characteristics was discussed.

Lan is a high prevalence red blood cell antigen present in the majority of the populations that belong to the Lan (Langereis) blood group system. Anti-Lan antibody is an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody that is known to cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions in adults as well as hemolytic disease in fetuses and newborns, however with variable clinical significance ranging from mild to severe. We present a 58-year-old woman with diffuse abdominal pain and a large gastric ulcer causing gastric outlet obstruction. She underwent antrectomy and Billroth I reconstruction surgery without complications. The patient's hemoglobin upon presentation was 10g/dL and dropped acutely post-operatively to 6.4 g/dL requiring blood transfusion. The patient developed acute respiratory distress within minutes of starting a packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion, requiring discontinuation. Laboratory testing demonstrated pan-reactivity with additional reference testing demonstrating an anti-Lan antibody. The rarity of Lan negative pRBC units is a challenge in managing such patients requiring blood transfusions. Autologous blood donation or donation by a compatible family member is another option to consider in these rare cases.

A hipertensão essencial tem alta prevalência mundial, bem como, causas genéticas e ambientais. Na busca de correlações genéticas para a hipertensão, foi descrito um potencial papel do DARC (Duffy Antigen Receptor of Chemokines) como receptor de Interleucina-8 em endotélio e que essa interação poderia contribuir para a patogênese da pré-eclampsia. O DARC está expresso em vários tecidos além da linhagem eritróide, em especial nas células endoteliais. A glicoproteína DARC carreia determinantes antigênicos e também é receptora para Plasmodium vivax, tendo relevância biológica significante. Esse estudo teve como objetivo estudar a freqüência fenotípica e genotípica do Sistema de Grupo Sangüíneo Duffy comparando pacientes com hipertensão maligna com doadores de sangue normotensos. Foram estudadas 43 amostras de sangue de pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão maligna da Unidade de Hipertensão do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O grupo controle foi constituído por 100 amostras de doadores de sangue da Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo. Em todas as amostras foi realizada a fenotipagem Duffy, a genotipagem DUFFY e a dosagem de IL-8 sérica. A fenotipagem foi realizada pela técnica em tubo. Na genotipagem DUFFY, foram estudadas as mutações 125G>A, 265C>T, 29 G>A e -33T>C pela técnica de PCR-RFLP. Na análise da freqüência alélica encontramos que o alelo FYB-33 foi o mais observado no grupo de pacientes com hipertensão maligna com diferença estatisticamente significante (p= 0,0191). Conseguimos demonstrar uma correlação entre níveis elevados de IL-8 em pacientes com hipertensão maligna e genótipo FYB- 33/FYB-33 (p=0,003). Também observamos níveis elevados de IL-8 nos pacientes com hipertensão maligna quando comparados com o grupo controle (doadores de sangue), p<0,001. Esses resultados indicam que a IL-8 tem papel potencial na fisiopatologia da hipertensão maligna por apresentar um efeito regulatório inibitório em pacientes Duffy negativo. / Essential hypertension has a high prevalence worldwide and the has genetic and environment causes. Searching genetics correlation for hypertension, a potential role of DARC (Duffy Antigen Receptor of Chemokines) was described as an Interleukine-8 receptor in endothelium and that this interaction might contribute for the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. DARC is expressed in many tissues beyond the erythrocyte lineage, in special endothelium cells. DARC glycoprotein carries antigens determinants and is also Plasmodium vivax receptor, with a significantly biological relevance. This study had as objective to verify the phenotypic and genetic frequencies of the Duffy Blood Group System in patients with malignant hypertension and, to compare them with norm tension blood donors. Forty three patients from the Hypertension Service of the InCor of Clinical Hospital of School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo and 100 blood donors from Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo were studied. Duffy phenotyping and genotyping and IL-8 serum dosage was performed in all samples. Phenotyping tests were performed by tube technique. We studied the 125 G>A, 265 C>T, 298 G>A and -33 T>C mutations by PCR RFLP genotyping. The FYB-33 allele was the most observed in the malignant hypertension patients group with p= 0.0191. We have shown a correlation in high between high levels of IL-8 in patients with malignant hypertension and FYB-33/FYB-33 genotype (p=0,003). We observed also high levels of IL-8 in patients with malignant hypertension when the control group (blood donors) was compared, p<0.001. This results indicate that IL-8 has a potential role in malignant hypertension physiopathology due to an regulatory inhibitory effect in Duffy negative patients.

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-10-03T19:51:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cassiarubiabernardo_dissert.pdf: 1967854 bytes, checksum: 8824de8e39f94d01de50b4ffdbee4e9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-03T19:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cassiarubiabernardo_dissert.pdf: 1967854 bytes, checksum: 8824de8e39f94d01de50b4ffdbee4e9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP / Introduction: Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans commonly in the feces of a hemipterous popularly known as barber. The natural infection occurs mainly in childhood. After a period of approximately two decades infected individuals develop clinical manifestations such as Chagas heart disease and Chagas gastrointestinal disease (Megaesophagus and/or Megacolon). The expression of the antigens belonging to histo-blood systems ABO, Secretor and Lewis, controlled by the genes ABO (9q34.1), FUT2 (19q13.3) and FUT3 (19p13.3) differs between the organs affected by Chagas disease. It is possible that the differential tissue expression of ABO, Secretor and Lewis histo-blood groups influences the clinical manifestations of Chagas disease. Aim: The aim if this study was to verify if the antigens of the histo-blood systems ABO, Secretor and Lewis are associated with different clinical forms of Chagas disease. Materials and methods: After obtaining the informed consent peripheral blood and serum samples from 827 individuals were collected. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to their clinical state (megacólon [n=66], megaesophagus [n=119] and cardiomyopathy [n=154]). The control group consisted of 488 blood donors properly fit for the donation. The Lewis and ABO phenotyping were performed by hemagglutination test tube and gel columns agglutination, respectively. The IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies were identified by ELISA. FUT2 and FUT3 genotyping were carried out by PCR-RFLP. Results: The mean age of patients with Chagas disease was 64.8±11.2 and blood donors 34.3±11.0 (p<0.0001). The differences between the percentages of the sex of the patients and donors were statistically significant (p <0.0001). The frequencies of ABO, Secretor and Lewis distributed in the three forms of the disease compared with each other and with donors, did not give differences statistically significant. The comparison between the ABO and Secretor combined, according to the three forms of Chagas disease, showed statistically significant differences for megaesophagus form (p=0.015). The frequencies of ABO, Secretor and Lewis antigen profiles between patients and donors showed differences statistically significant in favor of BLeb antigen (p=0.032). Conclusion: The results suggest that the high expression of antigen B, which characterizes the B and AB blood groups under the control of functional FUT2 (Secretor) gene acts as a risk factor for megaesophagus form of the Chagas disease. / Introdução: A doença de Chagas é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, o qual é transmitido ao homem, comumente, pelas fezes de um hemíptero conhecido popularmente como barbeiro. A infecção natural ocorre principalmente na infância e após um período aproximado de duas décadas, parte dos indivíduos infectados desenvolvem manifestações clínicas como a Cardiopatia Chagásica Crônica e a doença do trato gastrointestinal (Megaesôfago e/ou Megacólon). A expressão dos antígenos dos sistemas histo-sanguíneos ABO, Secretor e Lewis, controlada pelos genes ABO (9q34.1), FUT2 (19q13.3) e FUT3 (19p13.3), difere entre os órgãos acometidos por esta doença e pode influenciar suas manifestações clínicas. Objetivo: Avaliar se os antígenos dos sistemas histo-sanguíneos ABO, Secretor e Lewis estão associados às diferentes formas clínicas da Doença de Chagas. Materiais e Métodos: Após a entrevista e obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, amostras de sangue periférico e soro de 827 indivíduos foram analisadas. Os pacientes com a forma crônica da Doença de Chagas foram divididos em três subgrupos de acordo com a forma clínica, (megacólon=66, megaesôfago=119 e cardiomiopatia=154). O grupo controle constitui-se de 488 doadores de sangue devidamente aptos à doação. As fenotipagens ABO e Lewis foram realizadas por métodos de hemaglutinação em tubos e colunas de gel, respectivamente. A pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG anti-T. cruzi foi realizada pelo teste de ELISA. Os genótipos FUT2 e FUT3 foram identificados por PCR-RFLP. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes chagásicos foi de 64,8±11,2 e dos doadores de sangue 34,3±11,0 (p<0.0001). As diferenças entre as porcentagens do sexo dos pacientes e doadores foram estatisticamente significantes (p< 0.0001). As frequências dos fenótipos ABO, Secretor e Lewis distribuídos nas três formas da doença comparados entre si e com os doadores, não revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. A comparação entre os fenótipos ABO e Secretor combinados, de acordo com as três formas da Doença de Chagas, mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes para a forma megaesôfago (p=0,015). A comparação entre as frequências dos perfis antigênicos de pacientes e doadores, revelaram diferença estatisticamente significante para o perfil de antígenos BLeb (p=0,032). Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que a expressão do antígeno carboidrato B, o qual caracteriza os grupos sanguíneos B e AB, cuja síntese está sob o controle dos genes funcionais FUT2 (Secretor), atua como um fator de risco para a forma megaesôfago da Doença de Chagas.

A hipertensão essencial tem alta prevalência mundial, bem como, causas genéticas e ambientais. Na busca de correlações genéticas para a hipertensão, foi descrito um potencial papel do DARC (Duffy Antigen Receptor of Chemokines) como receptor de Interleucina-8 em endotélio e que essa interação poderia contribuir para a patogênese da pré-eclampsia. O DARC está expresso em vários tecidos além da linhagem eritróide, em especial nas células endoteliais. A glicoproteína DARC carreia determinantes antigênicos e também é receptora para Plasmodium vivax, tendo relevância biológica significante. Esse estudo teve como objetivo estudar a freqüência fenotípica e genotípica do Sistema de Grupo Sangüíneo Duffy comparando pacientes com hipertensão maligna com doadores de sangue normotensos. Foram estudadas 43 amostras de sangue de pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão maligna da Unidade de Hipertensão do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O grupo controle foi constituído por 100 amostras de doadores de sangue da Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo. Em todas as amostras foi realizada a fenotipagem Duffy, a genotipagem DUFFY e a dosagem de IL-8 sérica. A fenotipagem foi realizada pela técnica em tubo. Na genotipagem DUFFY, foram estudadas as mutações 125G>A, 265C>T, 29 G>A e -33T>C pela técnica de PCR-RFLP. Na análise da freqüência alélica encontramos que o alelo FYB-33 foi o mais observado no grupo de pacientes com hipertensão maligna com diferença estatisticamente significante (p= 0,0191). Conseguimos demonstrar uma correlação entre níveis elevados de IL-8 em pacientes com hipertensão maligna e genótipo FYB- 33/FYB-33 (p=0,003). Também observamos níveis elevados de IL-8 nos pacientes com hipertensão maligna quando comparados com o grupo controle (doadores de sangue), p<0,001. Esses resultados indicam que a IL-8 tem papel potencial na fisiopatologia da hipertensão maligna por apresentar um efeito regulatório inibitório em pacientes Duffy negativo. / Essential hypertension has a high prevalence worldwide and the has genetic and environment causes. Searching genetics correlation for hypertension, a potential role of DARC (Duffy Antigen Receptor of Chemokines) was described as an Interleukine-8 receptor in endothelium and that this interaction might contribute for the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. DARC is expressed in many tissues beyond the erythrocyte lineage, in special endothelium cells. DARC glycoprotein carries antigens determinants and is also Plasmodium vivax receptor, with a significantly biological relevance. This study had as objective to verify the phenotypic and genetic frequencies of the Duffy Blood Group System in patients with malignant hypertension and, to compare them with norm tension blood donors. Forty three patients from the Hypertension Service of the InCor of Clinical Hospital of School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo and 100 blood donors from Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo were studied. Duffy phenotyping and genotyping and IL-8 serum dosage was performed in all samples. Phenotyping tests were performed by tube technique. We studied the 125 G>A, 265 C>T, 298 G>A and -33 T>C mutations by PCR RFLP genotyping. The FYB-33 allele was the most observed in the malignant hypertension patients group with p= 0.0191. We have shown a correlation in high between high levels of IL-8 in patients with malignant hypertension and FYB-33/FYB-33 genotype (p=0,003). We observed also high levels of IL-8 in patients with malignant hypertension when the control group (blood donors) was compared, p<0.001. This results indicate that IL-8 has a potential role in malignant hypertension physiopathology due to an regulatory inhibitory effect in Duffy negative patients.

Nesta dissertação, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia molecular por PCR em tempo real (qPCR) utilizando pool de DNA para a detecção de alelos que codificam antígenos importantes do sistema de grupo sanguíneo Diego. Esta ferramenta molecular será útil uma vez que são escassos os reagentes sorológicos para detecção desses antígenos e, quando existem, não permitem uma investigação em larga escala devido à pouca confiabilidade e alto custo. O sistema Diego (DI) possui 22 antígenos, sendo o antígeno Diª mais importante na prática transfusional. Eles são carreados pela proteína da Banda 3 que é proteína mais abundante na s hemácias, com 106 cópias. O antígeno possui uma maior prevalência, em indígenas americanos e asiáticos (6%-52%), já que é considerado um marcador antropológico de ancestrais mongóis; no entanto, a incidência desse antígeno tem aumentado dentre outras populações, como em caucasianos e afrodescendentes, e detectado em doadores de sangue, o que pode resultar em aloimunização de pacientes e dificultando o seu manejo terapêutico. Em contrapartida, a frequência do antígeno Dib em todas as populações é extremamente alta (>99,99%) e encontrar o raro fenótipo Di (a+b-) é ainda mais laborioso do que a busca pelo antígeno Diª. Sabe-se ainda muito pouco sobre a frequência dos antígenos Wrª e Wrb nas diferentes populações, mas estimase que a prevalência seja de 0,01% e >99,99% respectivamente. Foram utilizadas 410 amostras de doadores de sangue e 230 amostras de pacientes para genotipagem em qPCR utilizando pool de DNA para detecção dos alelos DI*01, DI*02, DI*02.03 e DI*02.04. A amplificação individualizada foi realizada quando a reação com pool demonstrou a amplificação de um dos alelos de interesse, DI*01 ou DI*02.03. Procedeu-se também com a clonagem dos alelos após à amplificação com as amostras controle, porém, ocorreu somente a clonagem dos alelos DI*02 e DI*02.03. Os fragmentos clonados apresentaram amplificação excelente e serão utilizados como controle positivo em testes moleculares futuros. Não foi possível a clonagem do DI*01 pelo problema da zigozidade da amostra controle. Houve 100% de concordância entre o resultado da genotipagem e as informações de fenotipagem das amostras controle. O alelo DI*01 ocorreu em 0,6% dos doadores de sangue e 1,7% em afrodescendentes, que corresponde a uma frequência genotípica DI*01/DI*02 de 1,2% e 1,3% respectivamente. Procedeu-se com as análises estatísticas comparativas entre o resultado desta pesquisa e de outras na população brasileira sobre os diferentes genótipos para entender se havia uma diferença estatística considerável. Ainda que a frequência para o genótipo DI*01/DI*02 seja mais baixa em doadores e mais alta em afrodescendentes do que o publicado em outros trabalhos brasileiros, a análise dos dados demonstrou que não havia diferença estatística com a maioria deles. A incidência aumentada do alelo DI*01 na população afrodescendente demonstra o aspecto da miscigenação. Conclui-se que a metodologia proposta funciona e tem aplicabilidade imediata em doadores de sangue e na busca de fenótipos raros. A incidência do alelo para Diª em doadores de sangue está abaixo do que um estudo anterior detectou em Ribeirão Preto (COZAC, 2004), que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças no censo populacional entre os estudos e pela coleta de amostra de universitários (62%). Não foram encontrados os genótipos DI*01/DI*01, DI*02.03/DI*02.03 e DI*02.03/DI*02.04 nas populações estudadas. / This work proposed the development of a molecular methodology by Real Time-PCR (qPCR) using DNA pool for the detection of alleles that encode important antigens of the Diego blood group system. This molecular tool will be useful since the serological reagents for the detection of these antigens are scarce and, when they exist, do not allow a large scale investigation due to the low reliability and high cost. The Diego (DI) system has 22 antigens, the Diª antigen is the most important in transfusion practice. They are carried by the Band 3 protein which is the most abundant protein on the erythroid surface, about 106 copies. The antigen has a higher prevalence in american indians and asians (6%-52%), since it is considered an anthropological marker of Mongolian ancestors; however, the incidence of this antigen has increased among other populations, such as in caucasians and afrodescendants, and detected in blood donors, which may result in alloimmunization of patients and make difficult their therapeutic management. In contrast, the frequency of Dib antigen in all populations is extremely high (>99.99%) and finding the rare phenotype Di (a+b-) is even more laborious than the search for Diª antigen. The frequency of Wrª and Wrb antigens in different populations is not well-known, but it is estimated that the prevalence is 0.01% and >99.99% respectively. 410 blood donor samples and 230 patient samples were used for genotyping in qPCR using DNA pool to detect the alleles DI*01, DI*01, DI*02.03 and DI*02.04. The single amplification was performed when the pool reaction demonstrated the amplification of one of the alleles of interest, DI*01 or DI*02.03. The alleles were also cloned after the control samples amplification. Only the cloning of the DI*02 and DI*02.03 alleles occurred, they presented excellent amplification and will be used as positive controls in future molecular tests, it was not possible to clone DI*01 by the control sample zygosity though. There was 100% agreement between the genotyping results and the phenotype information of the control samples. The DI*01 allele occurred in 0,6% of the blood donors and 1,7% in afrodescendants, which corresponds to a genotypic frequency DI*01/DI*02 of 1,2% and 1,3% in respectively. The comparative statistical analyzes between this research results and others in the Brazilian population on the different genotypes was performed to understand if there was a considerable statistical difference. Although the frequency of the genotype DI*01/DI*02 is lower in donors and higher in afrodescendants than that published in other Brazilian studies, data analysis showed that there was no statistical difference with most of them. The increased incidence of the DI*01 allele in the afrodescendant population demonstrates the aspect of miscegenation. It is concluded in this work that the proposed methodology works and has immediate applicability in the screening of blood donors and search for rare phenotypes. The incidence of the allele encoding Di ª antigen in blood donors is below than previously detected in Ribeirão Preto (COZAC, 2004), which can be explained by the differences in the population census between the studies and by the sample collection of university students (62%). The genotypes DI*01/DI*01, DI*02.03/DI*02.03 and DI*02.03/DI*02.04 were not found in the populations studied.

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-10-03T18:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 karinadeoliveirayounan_dissert.pdf: 994368 bytes, checksum: d0380b444a2b69e0b3248499e6a74c26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-03T18:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 karinadeoliveirayounan_dissert.pdf: 994368 bytes, checksum: d0380b444a2b69e0b3248499e6a74c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Introduction: The parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects a high percentage of individuals worldwide and disturbances resulting from this infection contribute to the aggravations of health conditions and may affect the intellectual development of children and adults. It has been suggested that the D antigen (Rh0) a glycoprotein that is the biochemical basis Rh but is absent in the nervous tissue, influence the motor response in the presence of T. gondii infection. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the motor response and the reaction time for visual stimulus in the presence and in the absence of infection by the parasite T. gondii in individuals with good visual acuity, Rh positive and Rh negative. Methods: 212 volunteers from both sexes underwent visual acuity testing and measurement of average response time to visual stimulus (ART) by using a specific software. The collected blood samples were used to identify the erythrocyte RH phenotypes (positive and negative) and antibodies of IgG class anti-T. gondii (presence or absence). Average response times were compared according to sex, presence (reagents) and absence (non-reagent) infection and erythrocyte Rh phenotypes (positive and negative). The t test for comparison of average and the values of Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using the GraphPad Instat (version 6.3) software. The p-value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The differences between the average age of reagents individuals (n = 134) and non-reagent (n = 38) to T. gondii were considered statistically significant (54.1 ± 18.7 vs 34.4 ± 18.9; p = 0.0001). The Rh phenotype positive (n = 189) was present in 89% of individuals, while the Rh-negative (n = 23) in 11%. The ART of reagents individuals for T. gondii was lower in males (0.672 ± 0.303) than in females (0.819 ± 0.270) (p = 0.0036). This same difference was observed between the non-reagent (0.475 ± 0.140 vs 0.791 ± 0.323), respectively (p <0.0001). Infected men (0.658 ± 0.282) had higher ART xi than uninfected men (0.488 ± 0.129) for T. gondii, both Rh positive (p = 0.0004). Women, infected or not, did not differ for ART even when compared by phenotype (positive or negative) Rh. Conclusions: Rh positive men infected with T. gondii have a higher ART than uninfected Rh positive men. Infected women do not differ in ART compared to women uninfected by T. gondii. / Introdução: O parasito Toxoplasma gondii infecta elevado percentual de indivíduos em todo o mundo e os distúrbios resultantes da infecção contribuem para os agravos da saúde e podem acometer o desenvolvimento intelectual de crianças e adultos. Tem sido proposto que o antígeno D (Rh0), uma glicoproteína que constitui a base bioquímica sistema Rh mas que se encontra ausente no tecido nervoso, influencia a resposta motora na presença de infecção por T. gondii. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta motora e o tempo de reação a estímulos visuais na presença e na ausência de infecção pelo parasito T.gondii em indivíduos com boa acuidade visual, Rh positivos e Rh negativos. Métodos: foram analisados 212 indivíduos voluntários, de ambos os sexos, submetidos a exame de acuidade visual e teste de medição de tempo médio de reação a estímulos visuais (TMR) com o uso de um software específico. As amostras de sangue coletadas foram utilizadas na identificação dos fenótipos eritrocitários Rh (positivo e negativo) e dos anticorpos da classe IgG, anti-T. gondii (presença ou ausência). Os tempos médios de reação foram comparados de acordo com o sexo, presença (reagentes) e ausência (não reagentes) de infecção e fenótipos eritrocitários Rh (positivo e negativo). O teste t para comparação das médias e os valores de Odds Ratio (OR) e do intervalo de confiança a 95% foram calculados com o uso do software GraphPad Instat (versão 3.06). O valor p igual ou menor que 0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados: As diferenças entre as médias de idade de indivíduos reagentes (n=134) e não reagentes (n=78) ao T. gondii foram consideradas estatisticamente significante (54,1 ± 18,7 vs 34,4 ± 18,9; p=0,0001). O fenótipo Rh positivo (n=189) esteve presente em 89% dos indivíduos, enquanto o Rh negativo (n=23) em 11%. O TMR dos indivíduos reagentes para o T. gondii foi menor no sexo masculino (0.672 ± 0.303) que no feminino (0.819 ± 0.270) (p=0,0036). Esta mesma diferença foi observada entre os não reagentes (0.475 ± 0.140 vs 0.791 ± 0.323), respectivamente (p<0,0001). Homens infectados (0.658 ± 0.282) apresentam TMR maiores que homens não infectados (0.488 ± 0.129) por T. gondii, ambos Rh positivo (p=0,0004). Mulheres, infectadas ou não, não diferiram quanto ao TMR mesmo quando comparadas pelo fenótipo Rh (positivo ou negativo). Conclusões: Homens Rh positivos infectados por T. gondii apresentam TMR maior que homens Rh positivos não infectados. Mulheres infectadas não diferem quanto ao TMR em comparação a mulheres não infectadas por T. gondii.