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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Avaliação do pré-tratamento de uma corrente de purga para um sistema de filtração com membranas de osmose inversa descartadas

Frick, Julia Menegotto January 2013 (has links)
A Osmose Inversa (OI) é amplamente utilizada nos processos de desmineralização, onde são utilizados módulos espirais que após 3 a 5 anos de uso são descartados devido à queda de seu desempenho. Estes módulos ainda podem ser reaproveitados em tratamentos que não exijam um efluente final com qualidade tão elevada, como por exemplo, em correntes de reuso. Um efluente com potencial para ser reutilizado é a purga, a qual é drenada da bacia da torre de resfriamento com a finalidade de reduzir a concentração de sais e outras impurezas da água de recirculação. Estes processos industriais utilizam grandes quantidades de água, sendo de grande importância estudos que visem o seu reaproveitamento. Uma alternativa seria o tratamento desta corrente utilizando as membranas de OI descartadas, porém um fator limitante é a qualidade do efluente que irá alimentar os módulos de OI descartados, devido à pequena espessura dos canais de alimentação. A proposta deste trabalho foi ajustar o pré-tratamento para um sistema de filtração com membranas de OI descartadas com o objetivo de tratar e reutilizar a corrente de purga de uma torre de resfriamento, como água de reposição. Foram avaliados como pré-tratamentos processos de coagulação/floculação, filtração com filtro de areia,sorção com carvão ativado comercial e combinações destes. A avaliação da eficiência dos tratamentos foi realizada através de análises de pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, dureza total, DQO, sílica e SDI. Após cada pré-tratamento, o efluente tratado foi alimentado no sistema de OI, avaliando-se o fluxo de permeado, permeabilidade hidráulica, retenção salina e a propensão ao fouling, para, então, determinar a eficiência do tratamento proposto. O permeado foi analisado e os parâmetros foram comparados com a água de reposição utilizada na torre de resfriamento. Verificou-se que o melhor tratamento obtido foi utilizando a coagulação/floculação seguida do filtro de areia, apresentando SDI5 5,5 e turbidez de 0,3 NTU; o processo de sorção com carvão ativado não demonstrou bons resultados para as condições testadas. Através das análises das membranas utilizadas para as medidas de SDI e dos valores dos contaminantes presentes após os pré-tratamentos, pôde-se perceber uma diminuição de incrustações referentes aos teores de sílica e dureza, principais causadores de fouling, indicando uma melhora na qualidade da corrente de purga pré-tratada, que apresentou características adequadas para alimentação do sistema de OI. Ainda, as membranas de OI apresentaram uma retenção salina em torno de 97% e as análises dos permeados obtidos indicaram valores de contaminantes inferiores aos da água de reposição da torre, demonstrando a possibilidade de reutilização. / Reverse Osmosis (RO) is widely used in demineralization processes, where spiral wound modules are used, which after 3-5 years are discarded to lose their performance. However, these modules can be reused for treatments that do not require final effluent with so high quality. The blowdown is drained from the basin of the cooling tower in order to reduce the concentration of salts and other impurities from recirculating water. These industrial processes use large quantities of water, so it’s important to study reuse possibilities. An alternative would be treating this stream using RO discarded membranes, but some limiting factors are the quality of the feed water and the thin feed channels. Thus, the aim of the study is to set a pretreatment to a RO system that uses discarded membranes from the demineralization process to treat the blowdown stream of a cooling tower, with will reuse as make-up water. Steps of coagulation and flocculation, sand filter filtration, sorption with activated carbon and combinations of these were proposed as pre-treatments. Analysis of pH, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, COD, silica and SDI were used to evaluate the efficiency of the pretreatments. After each proposed pre-treatment, the treated effluent was tested in RO system and the permeate flow, salt retention and hydraulic permeability were evaluated to identify the presence of fouling and the membranes performance. Also the permeate analysis were compared with the makeup water used in the cooling tower. The sand filter as only step treatment is not effective for good treatment of the stream, obtaining the best result when coupled with coagulation/flocculation process. The GAC had not shown good results for the tested conditions. RO discarded membranes presented high salt retention, about 97% and analysis of the permeates indicate the reuse possibility. Through MEV and EDS analysis of SDI membranes, we could notice a decrease of scale related to silica and hardness, which are the main cause of fouling, indicating an improvement of the quality of the treated stream, which presents suitable characteristics for feed RO systems with discarded modules.
12

Avaliação do pré-tratamento de uma corrente de purga para um sistema de filtração com membranas de osmose inversa descartadas

Frick, Julia Menegotto January 2013 (has links)
A Osmose Inversa (OI) é amplamente utilizada nos processos de desmineralização, onde são utilizados módulos espirais que após 3 a 5 anos de uso são descartados devido à queda de seu desempenho. Estes módulos ainda podem ser reaproveitados em tratamentos que não exijam um efluente final com qualidade tão elevada, como por exemplo, em correntes de reuso. Um efluente com potencial para ser reutilizado é a purga, a qual é drenada da bacia da torre de resfriamento com a finalidade de reduzir a concentração de sais e outras impurezas da água de recirculação. Estes processos industriais utilizam grandes quantidades de água, sendo de grande importância estudos que visem o seu reaproveitamento. Uma alternativa seria o tratamento desta corrente utilizando as membranas de OI descartadas, porém um fator limitante é a qualidade do efluente que irá alimentar os módulos de OI descartados, devido à pequena espessura dos canais de alimentação. A proposta deste trabalho foi ajustar o pré-tratamento para um sistema de filtração com membranas de OI descartadas com o objetivo de tratar e reutilizar a corrente de purga de uma torre de resfriamento, como água de reposição. Foram avaliados como pré-tratamentos processos de coagulação/floculação, filtração com filtro de areia,sorção com carvão ativado comercial e combinações destes. A avaliação da eficiência dos tratamentos foi realizada através de análises de pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, dureza total, DQO, sílica e SDI. Após cada pré-tratamento, o efluente tratado foi alimentado no sistema de OI, avaliando-se o fluxo de permeado, permeabilidade hidráulica, retenção salina e a propensão ao fouling, para, então, determinar a eficiência do tratamento proposto. O permeado foi analisado e os parâmetros foram comparados com a água de reposição utilizada na torre de resfriamento. Verificou-se que o melhor tratamento obtido foi utilizando a coagulação/floculação seguida do filtro de areia, apresentando SDI5 5,5 e turbidez de 0,3 NTU; o processo de sorção com carvão ativado não demonstrou bons resultados para as condições testadas. Através das análises das membranas utilizadas para as medidas de SDI e dos valores dos contaminantes presentes após os pré-tratamentos, pôde-se perceber uma diminuição de incrustações referentes aos teores de sílica e dureza, principais causadores de fouling, indicando uma melhora na qualidade da corrente de purga pré-tratada, que apresentou características adequadas para alimentação do sistema de OI. Ainda, as membranas de OI apresentaram uma retenção salina em torno de 97% e as análises dos permeados obtidos indicaram valores de contaminantes inferiores aos da água de reposição da torre, demonstrando a possibilidade de reutilização. / Reverse Osmosis (RO) is widely used in demineralization processes, where spiral wound modules are used, which after 3-5 years are discarded to lose their performance. However, these modules can be reused for treatments that do not require final effluent with so high quality. The blowdown is drained from the basin of the cooling tower in order to reduce the concentration of salts and other impurities from recirculating water. These industrial processes use large quantities of water, so it’s important to study reuse possibilities. An alternative would be treating this stream using RO discarded membranes, but some limiting factors are the quality of the feed water and the thin feed channels. Thus, the aim of the study is to set a pretreatment to a RO system that uses discarded membranes from the demineralization process to treat the blowdown stream of a cooling tower, with will reuse as make-up water. Steps of coagulation and flocculation, sand filter filtration, sorption with activated carbon and combinations of these were proposed as pre-treatments. Analysis of pH, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, COD, silica and SDI were used to evaluate the efficiency of the pretreatments. After each proposed pre-treatment, the treated effluent was tested in RO system and the permeate flow, salt retention and hydraulic permeability were evaluated to identify the presence of fouling and the membranes performance. Also the permeate analysis were compared with the makeup water used in the cooling tower. The sand filter as only step treatment is not effective for good treatment of the stream, obtaining the best result when coupled with coagulation/flocculation process. The GAC had not shown good results for the tested conditions. RO discarded membranes presented high salt retention, about 97% and analysis of the permeates indicate the reuse possibility. Through MEV and EDS analysis of SDI membranes, we could notice a decrease of scale related to silica and hardness, which are the main cause of fouling, indicating an improvement of the quality of the treated stream, which presents suitable characteristics for feed RO systems with discarded modules.
13

An Experimental Investigation of Crank-Resolved Exhaust Pressure Profiles in a Single Cylinder Research Engine with Emphasis on the Potential of Harvesting Exhaust Energy

Bohach, Taylor C 11 December 2015 (has links)
The experiments detailed in this thesis give necessary preliminary information for analyzing the theoretical potential of direct exhaust pulse energy harvesting through expander devices. A detailed review of pertinent literature determined that there has been little specific focus on directly converting exhaust pulse energy into useful power. Crank position resolved exhaust pressure was measured as engine load and speed were varied to quantify their influences. Potential theoretical improvements average a 15.6% increase in overall fuel conversion efficiencies while indicated power can potentially be increased by an average of 14.3% for the operating conditions tested. A potential increase of up to 20% in indicated specific fuel consumption was shown. With increasing regulations on combustion engine efficiencies, emissions, and fuel requirements, the ability to reduce waste energy through improving existing waste energy recovery (WER) technologies and proposing novel WER strategies that maximize WER have the potential to be extremely valuable.
14

Heat-Flux Measurements for a Realistic Cooling Hole Pattern and Different Flow Conditions

Davis, Shanon Marie 20 October 2011 (has links)
No description available.
15

Efficiency of a high-pressure turbine tested in a compression tube facility

Yasa, Tolga 01 July 2008 (has links)
Highly loaded single stage gas turbines are being developed to minimize the turbine size and weight. Such highly loaded turbines often result in transonic flows, which imply a reduction in the efficiency due to the shock losses. The efficiency of a turbine is defined as the ratio between the real work extracted by the turbine rotor from the fluid and the maximum available enthalpy for a given pressure ratio. The relationship between turbine performance and design parameters is not yet fully comprehended due to the complexity of the flow field and unsteady flow field interactions. Hence, experimental and numerical studies remain necessary to understand the flow behavior at different conditions to advance the state of the art of the prediction tools. The purpose of the current research is to develop a methodology to determine the efficiency with an accuracy better than 1 % in a cooled and uncooled high pressure (HP) turbine tested in a short duration facility with a running time of about 0.4s. Such low level of uncertainty requires the accurate evaluation of a large number of quantities simultaneously, namely the mass flow of the mainstream, the coolant, and leakage flows properties, the inlet total pressure and total temperature, the stage exit total pressure, the shaft power, the mechanical losses and the heat transfer. The experimental work is carried out in a compression tube facility that allows testing the turbine at the temperature ratios, Re and Mach numbers encountered in real engines. The stage mass flow is controlled by a variable sonic throat located downstream of the stage exit. Due to the absence of any brake, the turbine power is converted into rotor acceleration. The accurate measurement of this acceleration as well as those of the inertia and the rotational speed provides the shaft power. The inertia of the whole rotating assembly was accurately determined by accelerating and decelerating the shaft with a known energy. The mass-flow is derived from the measured turbine inlet total pressure and the vane sonic throat. The turbine sonic throat was evaluated based on a zero-dimensional model of the turbine. The efficiencies of two transonic turbines are measured at design and off-design conditions. The turbine design efficiency is obtained as 91.8 %. The repeatability of the measurements for 95% confidence level varies between 0.3 % and 1.1 % of the efficiency depending on the test case. The theoretical uncertainty level of 1.2 % is mainly affected by the uncertainty of exit total pressure measurements. Additionally, the effect of vane trailing edge shock formations and their interactions with the rotor blade are analyzed based on the experimental data, the numerical tools and the loss correlations. The changes of blade and vane performances are measured at mid-span for three different pressure ratios which influence the vane and rotor shock mechanisms. Moreover, the unsteady forces on the rotor blades and the rotor disk were calculated by integration of the unsteady static pressure field on the rotor surface.
16

[en] NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO-PHASE GAS PIPELINE BLOWDOWN WITH HOMOGENEOUS MODEL / [pt] SIMULAÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE ESCOAMENTOS BIFÁSICOS EM EVENTOS DE DESPRESSURIZAÇÃO DE GASODUTOS UTILIZANDO O MODELO HOMOGÊNEO

FERNANDO MARTINS CAMPOS COELHO 12 August 2016 (has links)
[pt] O Brasil possui uma já extensa malha offshore de gasodutos e, no desenvolvimento da produção do Pré-Sal, esta deve continuar se expandindo em razão das necessidades de aumento da capacidade de escoamento de gás e também da sua reinjeção nos próprios reservatórios (seja apenas como descarte ou como um método de recuperação avançado). Uma vez instalada, esta malha deve ser periodicamente passar por manutenção, o que implica em eventos esporádicos de esvaziamento destes dutos, normalmente operando a altas pressões. Devido ao custo elevado de tais operações, deve-se estimar com boa precisão o tempo total necessário para despressurização, que pode levar várias horas ou até dias. Além disso, também é importante a previsão do inventário de líquido remanescente nos dutos após a despressurização. No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico para prever a despressurização de gasodutos considerando escoamento bifásico homogêneo e unidimensional. A formação e o consumo de condensado é obtida a partir de um inventário inicial de fluido supercrítico, com premissa de equilíbrio entre as fases. As propriedades termodinâmicas dos fluidos são determinadas utilizando-se pacotes comerciais e pré-tabuladas em função de pressão e temperatura. As equações de conservação foram discretizadas pelo método das diferenças finitas, utilizando o método de Euler implícito para o termo temporal e aproximação upwind nas derivadas espaciais. O sistema algébrico resultante foi resolvido diretamente de forma acoplada. Os resultados obtidos mostram boa concordância ao compará-los a dados reais de campo e resultados de simuladores comerciais de referência. / [en] Although Brazilian gas pipeline grid is already quite extensive, it continues to expand due to the Pre Salt development, since there is a growing need to increase the flowing capacity towards onshore facilities and injection wells (gas to be discarded or used for advanced oil recovery). Once pipelines are installed, maintenance operation must be performed quite often to guarantee process efficiency. Usually these operations demand depressurization from very high pressures. Considering the costs involved in such operations it is mandatory to accurately predict the total time for a complete blowdown, which may take several hours or even a couple of days. Furthermore, it is also important to evaluate the condensate content in the pipeline after the depressurization event. In the present work, a numerical model was developed to simulate gas pipeline depressurization considering unidimensional two-phase homogeneous flow. The formation and consumption of condensate from an initial supercritical state is obtained assuming phase equilibrium. Fluid properties are taken from tables generated by PVT packages. Conservation equations are discretized through the finite difference method employing Euler implicit approximation for the time derivatives and upwind scheme for spatial terms. A coupled direct algorithm was adopted to solve the resulting algebraic system. The results are compared to real field data and commercial software showing good agreement.
17

Exhaust Pressure Based Misfire Detection / Avgastryckbaserad misständningsdetektion

Nybäck, Björn January 2018 (has links)
The parts in this report that are classified have been replaced by the symbol □.Even axes in some figures have been erased by the same reason.In emission legislation from California Air Resources Board, CARB, futuredemands on misfire detection in heavy duty diesel vehicles will cover anextended operating area than previous demands. Industry standard has so farbeen using crank shaft speed based methods. It is not obvious that speedbased methods will manage to detect misfire in the extended area.This report shows an alternative approach for misfire detection, based uponmeasured pressure in the exhaust manifold. The method compares themeasured pressure pattern with known templates. This work shows that themethod works at stationary measurements in the whole required operatingarea. Furthermore, measurements has shown that the exhaust brake can beused at pressures up to about □□□ hPa without any significant change to theexhaust pressure pattern. The influence of waste gate use at low load has beenanalysed. It shows low influence on the pressure trace when using misfiredetection template. Finally location of the pressure sensor has been studied,showing a possibility to improve misfire detection by placing the sensor closeto the exhaust port at the cylinder where improvement is needed. / De delar av denna rapport som är hemligstämplade har ersatts av symbolen□. Även axlar i vissa figurer har raderats av samma skäl.I emissionslagstiftning från California Air Resources Board, CARB, kommermisständningsdetektion för tunga dieselfordon att krävas i ett störrearbetsområde än vad som tidigare kravställts. Industristandard har hittillsvarit varvtalsbaserad misständningsdiagnos, men det är inte uppenbart attden metoden kommer att klara detektion i det utökade lagkravsområdet.Denna rapport visar en alternativ metod för misständningsdetektion sombaseras på uppmätt tryck i avgassamlaren. Metoden som används jämföruppmätt avgastryck mot ett känt mönster. Det har i detta arbete visats attmetoden fungerar vid stationära mätningar i hela lagkravsområdet. Vidare harmätningar visat att avgasbroms kan användas upp till ca □□□ hPa mottryckutan att tryckmönstret ändras signifikant. Inverkan av turbons waste gate vidlåga laster har analyserats och visar låg påverkan i fall då man användermisständning som detektionsmönster. Slutligen har placering avtrycksensorer analyserats. Denna visar att det går att förbättradetektionsförmågan genom att placera sensorn närmare utblåset på dencylinder man önskar förbättra detektionen.

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