Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hurvida en LCHF (Low Carb High Fat) kost skulle kunna vara en hälsosam livsstil utifrån hur den påverkar olika hälsomarkörer hos normalviktiga personer där en viktminskning ej har eftersträvats. Frågeställningen var följande: Hur påverkar en LCHF-kost med maximalt 30 gram kolhydrater per dag under 3 veckor normalviktiga kvinnors BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), blodlipider, blodglukos, blodtryck, kroppssammansättning, midje- och höftmått samt deras kroppsvikt? Metod En experimentell studie har genomförts på 8 normalviktiga kvinnor mellan 20 och 35 år. Samtliga försökspersoners BMR, blodlipider, blodglukos, blodtryck, kroppssammansättning, midje- och höftmått samt kroppsvikt mättes vid normala levnadsförhållanden innan studiens start samt efter 3 veckor av en strikt LCHF-kost med endast 30 gram kolhydrater per dag. Resultat BMR sänktes i genomsnitt med 4,4% vilket var signifikant (P<0,05). HDL (High-density lipoproteins), LDL (Low-density lipoproteins) samt totalkolesterol höjdes signifikant (P<0,01) med 21%, 25% respektive 22%. Ingen signifikant skillnad i LDL/HDL-kvot, triglycerider eller blodtryck erhölls. Blodglukos sänktes med 12%, skillnaden var dock ej signifikant. Andel kroppsfett sänktes signifikant med 8,7% (P<0,01) och fettmassan med 11% (P<0,01). Den fettfria massan visade ingen signifikant skillnad. Midjemåttet minskade signifikant med 2,3% (P<0,05) och kroppsvikten i genomsnittt med 1,24 kg (P<0,05). Höftmåttet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan mätningen före och efter 3 veckors LCHF-kost. Slutsats Studiens resultat tyder på övervägande negativa effekter av 3 veckors LCHF-kost på olika hälsomarkörer, vilket skulle kunna få allvarliga följder så som kardiovaskulära sjukdomar och depression förutsatt att verkan successivt ökar. / Abstract Aim The aim of this study is to examine if LCHF (Low Carb High Fat) could be a healthy lifestyle based on how it affects various health markers in normal weight people where weight loss has not been pursued. Specific question: How does intake of a LCHF diet with a maximum of 30 grams of carbohydrates per day during 3 weeks affect normal-weight women´s BMR, blood lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure, body composition, waist and hip dimensions and body weight? Method An experimental study was performed on 8 normal-weight women aged 20 to 35 years old. All subject´s BMR, blood lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure, body composition, waist and hip dimensions and body weight were measured at normal living conditions before the study began. Each subject was put on a strict 3 week Low Carb High Fat diet consisting of only 30 grams of carbohydrates per day. Results BMR was reduced by an average of 4,4% which was significant (P<0,05). HDL, LDL and total cholesterol were increased significantly (P<0,01) by 21, 25 and 22%, respectively. There were no significant differences in LDL/HDL ratio, triglycerides or blood pressure. Blood glucose concentration was reduced by an average of 12%, however the reduction was not statistically significant. Percentage body fat was significantly lowered with 8,7% (P<0,01) and fat mass with 11% (P<0,01). The fat free mass showed no significant difference between pre- and post-tests. The waist circumference was significantly decreased by 2,3% (P<0,05) and average body weight of 1,24 kg (P<0,05). The hip dimension showed no significant difference between pre- and post-tests.   Conclusion The results of this study indicate negative effects on the blood lipid profile after 3 weeks of LCHF diet, which could lead to serious consequences such as cardiovascular disease and depression provided that the effect is progressively enhanced.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T17:59:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) guilherme_mendes_soares.pdf: 1467495 bytes, checksum: a12842857f82af37f5532c481c2dbbfc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-05-16T19:03:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) guilherme_mendes_soares.pdf: 1467495 bytes, checksum: a12842857f82af37f5532c481c2dbbfc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T19:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) guilherme_mendes_soares.pdf: 1467495 bytes, checksum: a12842857f82af37f5532c481c2dbbfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O aumento significativo das concentra??es de CO2 atmosf?rico ap?s a Revolu??o Industrial tem agravado o efeito estufa natural do planeta, levando a eleva??o das temperaturas m?dias e ?s mudan?as clim?ticas globais. O tema tem preocupado cientistas, governo e sociedade, resultando em medidas para redu??o das emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs) e mitiga??o de seus efeitos nocivos. Em 1997, o Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu metas de redu??o de emiss?es de GEEs, sobretudo o CO2. Como esp?cies de r?pido crescimento s?o consideradas eficientes na fixa??o de carbono, nesta pesquisa foram utilizados tr?s clones de esp?cies de Eucalyptus e Corymbia, haja vista seu r?pido crescimento e sua alta produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar pelo m?todo destrutivo, aos 12 meses de idade, a produ??o da massa de carbono da parte a?rea de tr?s clones: um h?brido espont?neo de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake, um h?brido tri-cross de E. urophylla x (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), e um h?brido de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson x Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S implantados em diferentes espa?amentos de plantio: 3x3 m; 3x1,5 m; e 3x1 m. O estudo foi conduzido em uma ?rea experimental da empresa Aperam Bioenergia S/A, localizada no munic?pio de Itamarandiba, MG. Foram abatidas 36 ?rvores amostras, que foram cubadas, desgalhadas e desfolhadas, foram coletadas amostras de folhas, galhos, casca e madeira para determina??o de massa seca e teor de carbono dos componentes da parte a?rea. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que o espa?amento que registrou a maior fixa??o de carbono por unidade de ?rea foi o 3x1 m, e os clones mais produtivos foram os h?bridos de E. urophylla e o tri-cross de E. urophylla x (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis). Al?m disso, o espa?amento 3x3 m apresentou os valores mais elevados de massa seca e de carbono por ?rvore. Os clones utilizados neste experimento se apresentaram como alternativa potencial para projetos de sequestro de carbono e mitiga??o dos gases de efeito estufa. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Industrial Revolution has exacerbated the natural greenhouse effect on the planet, resulting in rising average temperatures and global climates changes. The issue has worried scientists, government and society, leading them to take action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and mitigating its harmful effects. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established GHG emissions reduction targets, especially CO2. As a fast-growing species are considered efficient in carbon sequestration, this research were used three clones of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia, given its rapid growth and high productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate by the destructive method, at 12 months of age, the production of dry mass and carbon of the aerial part of three clones: a spontaneous hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake, an hybrid tri-cross E. urophylla x (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), and a hybrid of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) KD Hill & LAS Johnson x Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D Hill & L. A. S deployed in different planting spacings: 3x3 m; 3x1.5 m; and 3x1 m. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the company Aperam Bioenergia S/A, located in the county of Itamarandiba, MG. Thirty six trees were felled , this were cubed, delimbed and leafless, samples of leafs, twigs, bark and wood were collected to determine the dry mass and shoot carbon of the aerial part components. According to the results, it is concluded that the spacing which recorded the largest allocation of carbon per unit area was 3x1 m, and the most productives clones were hybrids E. urophylla and of tri-cross E. urophylla x (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis). Furthermore, the spacing 3x3 m showed the highest values of dry mass and carbon per tree. The clones used in this experiment were presented as potential alternative for projects of carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gases.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the legal requirements for Euro VI and CARB regarding OBD certification in order to identify the challenges that may come for a manufacturer’s move from Euro VI classified heavy-duty engines to engines that meet the requirements of CARB. Furthermore, the study also aims to identify the effects that these challenges will have on the organisation. Research question: What type of challenges arise for a manufacturing company when developing an OBD certification process according to the requirements from CARB compared to Euro VI and how do these challenges affect the organisation? Method: The nature of this study was qualitative with a deductive method as an approach, where theories and empirical findings interacts. The theoretical framework is divided into two parts, in which the first part is obtained from scientific articles and books and the second part from legislations. The empirical data was gathered from interviews at a case study company and the information was thematically analysed. Conclusion: This study concludes that the movement from Euro VI to CARB standards will result in comprehensive changes for a company’s OBD process itself as well as organisational changes within the company. There will be a need to establish new processes and new ways of working within the organisation which can lead to comprehensive coordination difficulties that should be taken into consideration. In conclusion, it is as important to consider the effects of the changes that this movement will bring on the company and the actors within, as it is with the implementation of the process itself. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra lagkraven för Euro VI och CARB angående OBD certifieringen och därmed identifiera de utmaningar som kan uppstå i och med övergången från Euro VI klassificerade motorer till motorer som uppfyller kraven från CARB. Vidare syftar studien även till att undersöka hur dessa utmaningar påverkar organisationen. Forskningsfråga: Vilka utmaningar uppstår för ett tillverkande företag vid utveckling av en OBD certifieringsprocess enligt lagkrav från CARB i jämförelse med Euro VI och hur påverkar dessa utmaningar organisationen? Metod: Denna studie är av en kvalitativ karaktär som är baserad på en deduktiv forskningsmetod. Den teoretiska referensramen är uppdelat i två sektioner, vari den första är baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker och den andra från lagkrav. Empiriska data har samlats från intervjuer på fallstudieföretaget och metoden som har använts för att analysera materialet är tematisk analys. Slutsats: Denna studie konkluderar att övergången från Euro VI till CARB lagkrav resulterar i omfattande förändringar för företagets OBD process och bringar organisationsförändringar inom företaget. Det kommer att finnas ett behov av att etablera nya processer och nya arbetssätt inom organisationen som kan leda till omfattande samordningsproblem som bör has i åtanke. Sammanfattningsvis är det av yttersta vikt att ta hänsyn till de organisationsförändringarna som förväntas uppstå i och med denna förändring och inte enbart fokusera på att implementera en ny process.

The parts in this report that are classified have been replaced by the symbol □.Even axes in some figures have been erased by the same reason.In emission legislation from California Air Resources Board, CARB, futuredemands on misfire detection in heavy duty diesel vehicles will cover anextended operating area than previous demands. Industry standard has so farbeen using crank shaft speed based methods. It is not obvious that speedbased methods will manage to detect misfire in the extended area.This report shows an alternative approach for misfire detection, based uponmeasured pressure in the exhaust manifold. The method compares themeasured pressure pattern with known templates. This work shows that themethod works at stationary measurements in the whole required operatingarea. Furthermore, measurements has shown that the exhaust brake can beused at pressures up to about □□□ hPa without any significant change to theexhaust pressure pattern. The influence of waste gate use at low load has beenanalysed. It shows low influence on the pressure trace when using misfiredetection template. Finally location of the pressure sensor has been studied,showing a possibility to improve misfire detection by placing the sensor closeto the exhaust port at the cylinder where improvement is needed. / De delar av denna rapport som är hemligstämplade har ersatts av symbolen□. Även axlar i vissa figurer har raderats av samma skäl.I emissionslagstiftning från California Air Resources Board, CARB, kommermisständningsdetektion för tunga dieselfordon att krävas i ett störrearbetsområde än vad som tidigare kravställts. Industristandard har hittillsvarit varvtalsbaserad misständningsdiagnos, men det är inte uppenbart attden metoden kommer att klara detektion i det utökade lagkravsområdet.Denna rapport visar en alternativ metod för misständningsdetektion sombaseras på uppmätt tryck i avgassamlaren. Metoden som används jämföruppmätt avgastryck mot ett känt mönster. Det har i detta arbete visats attmetoden fungerar vid stationära mätningar i hela lagkravsområdet. Vidare harmätningar visat att avgasbroms kan användas upp till ca □□□ hPa mottryckutan att tryckmönstret ändras signifikant. Inverkan av turbons waste gate vidlåga laster har analyserats och visar låg påverkan i fall då man användermisständning som detektionsmönster. Slutligen har placering avtrycksensorer analyserats. Denna visar att det går att förbättradetektionsförmågan genom att placera sensorn närmare utblåset på dencylinder man önskar förbättra detektionen.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:14:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IramiAF.pdf: 222778 bytes, checksum: 19ba0c4bd484b69016b906c3ab34fc7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-27 / Laparoscopic surgery is associated with reduced surgical trauma, and less acute phase response, as compared with open surgery. Cytokines are important regulators of the biological response to surgical and anesthetic stress. The aim of this study was to determine if CO2 pneumoperitoneum would change cytokine expression, gas parameters and leukocyte count in septic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control (anesthesia only), laparotomy, CO2 pneumoperitoneum, cecum ligation and puncture by laparotomy, and laparoscopic cecum ligation and puncture. After 30 min of the procedures, arterial blood samples were obtained to determine leukocytes subpopulations by hemocytometer. TNF&#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6 were determined in intraperitoneal fluid (by ELISA). Gas parameters were measured on arterial blood, intraperitoneal and subperitoneal exsudates. Results: Peritoneal TNF&#945;, IL-1&#946; and IL-6 concentrations were lower in pneumoperitoneum rats than in all other groups (p<0.05). TNF&#945;, IL-1&#946; and IL-6 expression was lower in the laparoscopic than in laparotomic sepsis (p<0.05). Rats from laparoscopic cecum ligation and puncture group developed significant hypercarbic acidosis in blood and subperitoneal fluid when compared to open procedure group. Total white blood cells and lymphocytes were significantly lower in laparoscopic cecum ligation and puncture rats than in the laparotomic (p<0.01). Nevertheless, the laparotomic cecum ligation rats had a significant increase in blood neutrophils and eosinophils when compared with controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the CO2 pneumoperitoneum reduced the inflammatory and immune response in an animal model of peritonitis with respect to intraperitoneal cytokines, white blood cell count and clinical correlates of sepsis. The pneumoperitoneum produced hypercarbic acidosis in septic animals / A cirurgia laparosc?pica est? associada com trauma reduzido e baixa resposta metab?lica na fase aguda do trauma, quando comparada com a cirurgia aberta. As citocinas e o balan?o ?cido-base s?o fatores importantes da resposta biol?gica ao trauma cir?rgico-anest?sico. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o pneumoperit?nio com CO altera a express?o das citocinas intraperitoneais, a gasometria do sangue arterial, dos exsudatos intraperitoneal e subperitoneal, e a contagem diferencial de leuc?citos em ratos com sepse abdominal. M?todo: Ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente distribu?dos em cinco grupos: controle (somente 2anestesia), laparotomia, pneumoperit?nio com CO2, ligadura e pun??o do ceco por laparotomia, ligadura e pun??o do ceco por laparoscopia. Ap?s 30 minutos dos procedimentos, sangue arterial foi colhido para leucometria em hemocit?metro. FNT&#945;, IL-1&#946; e IL-6 foram dosadas no lavado intraperitoneal (por ELISA). Os par?metros gasosos foram medidos no sangue arterial e nos exsudatos intraperitoneal e subperitoneal. Resultados: Os valores de FNT&#945;, IL-1&#946; e IL-6 foram significantemente menores nos ratos submetidos ao pneumoperit?nio do que em todos os outros grupos (p<0.05). Express?o de FNT&#945;, IL-1&#946; e IL-6 foi menor no grupo sepse induzida por laparoscopia do que por laparotomia (p<0.05). Os ratos submetidos ? ligadura e pun??o do ceco por via laparosc?pica desenvolveram acidose hiperc?rbica no sangue arterial e exsudato subperitoneal, mais intensa do que no grupo sepse laparot?mica. Leucopenia e linfopenia foram mais acentuadas no grupo sepse laparosc?pica (p<0.01). Entretanto, os animais submetidos a sepse laparot?mica desenvolveram significante aumento de neutr?filos e eosin?filos quando comparados com os controles (p<0.05). Conclus?es: Este estudo demonstrou que o pneumoperit?nio com CO contribuiu para reduzir a resposta inflamat?ria e imunol?gica em ratos submetidos a modelo de sepse abdominal, no que diz respeito a citocinas intraperitoneais e leucometria diferencial. O pneumoperit?nio tamb?m contribuiu para instala??o de acidose hiperc?rbica nos ratos s?pticos

No description available.

Introduction: The main topic of this diploma thesis was the nutrition of athletes compared to people with a sedentary lifestyle. Aim: The main goal of the thesis was the nutrition of athletes compared to people with a sedentary lifestyle using analyzing dietary regimen. Material and methods: We evaluated the dietary regimen of 40 women at the age of 20- 30 years old. Women were divided into the groups of non-athletes ("sedentary people") and women who exercise fitness sports ("fitness people"). Their average age was in the range of 25,3-26 years. Respondents filled out the form with their dietary regimen for three days using a 24-hod recall. Records where evaluated with using an extensive food database which was created at the Institute of Physical Education, First of Medicine, Charles University. Student's two-tailed unpaired mean t-test was used to compare the groups. We used the F-test to analysing a equation scattering before using t-test. Results: Group of fitness athletes consumed average 335 kcal less total energy (p = 0.008), 15.17 g more plant-based proteins (p = 0.031), 15.24 g less fats (p = 0.025) and 13.23 g less animal fat (p = 0.044). The results for other nutrients weren't statistically significant, but from a nutritional point of view they provided an interesting overview of eating...

S'han sintetitzat derivats de BINOL (2,2'-dihidroxi-1,1'-binaftale) amb substitucio en C-3 i C-3' per grups dialquilaminometil anomenats, genericament, binaftolamines. S'ha evaluat la capacitat coordinant d'aquestes binaftolamines amb sals de lantanids (III) determinant que la combinacio de 3,3'-bis[(dietilamino)metil]-2,2'-dihidroxi-1,1'-binaftale (BINOLAM) i triflats de lantanids (III) condueix a la formacio de complexos quirals, d'estequiometria 3:1, amb simetria D3 i amb quiralitat predeterminada en el lantanid. Son especies estables al aire i emmagatzemables sense cap precaucio especial. Presenten una xarxa organitzada de centres acid de Lewis-acid de Bronsted-base de Bronsted (LABABB) de gran rellevancia per explicar la seva activitat catalitica. En dissolucio, son especies cineticament labils, estables en la majoria de dissolvents organics anhidres. S'ha estudiat la capacitat catalitica enantioselectiva dels complexos obtinguts en la reaccio nitroaldolica directa d'aldehids i &#945;-trifluorometil cetones amb nitrometa obtenint els corresponents &#946;-nitroaldols i &#945;-trifluorometil nitroaldols terciaris amb rendiments quimics i enantioselectivitats de moderats a excel·lents. / Se han sintetizado derivados de BINOL (2,2'-dihidroxi-1,1'-binaftaleno) con sustitucion en C-3 y C-3' por grupos dialquilaminometil denominados, genericamente, binaftolaminas. Se ha evaluado la capacidad coordinante de estas binaftolaminas para con sales de lantanidos (III) determinando que la combinacion de 3,3'-bis[(dietilamino)metil]-2,2'-dihidroxi-1,1'-binaftaleno (BINOLAM) i triflatos de lantanidos (III) conducen a la formacion de complejos quirales, de estequiometria 3:1, con simetria D3 y con quiralidad predeterminada en el lantanido. Son especies estables al aire y almacenables sin ninguna precaucion especial. Presentan una red ordenada de centros acido de Lewis-acido de Bronsted-base de Bronsted (LABABB) de gran relevancia para explicar su actividad catalitica. En disolucion, son especies cineticamente labiles, estables en la mayoria de disolventes organicos anhidros. Se ha estudiado la capacidad catalitica enantioselectiva de los complejos obtenidos en la reaccion nitroaldolica directa de aldehidos y &#945;-trifluorometil cetonas con nitrometano obteniendo los correspondientes &#946;-nitroaldoles y &#945;-trifluorometil nitroaldoles terciarios con rendimientos quimicos y enantioselectividades de moderados a excelentes. / We have synthesized BINOL (2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphtalene) derivatives having dialkylaminomethyl groups at C-3 and C-3' generically named binaphtolamines. We assessed the ability of these ligands to coordinate lanthanide (III) salts. We found that the combination of 3,3'-bis[(diethylamino)methyl]-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphtalene (BINOLAM) with lanthanide (III) triflates led to the formation of chiral complexes characterized by having 3:1 stoichiometry, D3 symmetry and predetermined chirality on the lanthanide center. They are shelf stable species i.e., storable for months without any special precautions. They possess an arrayed network of Lewis acid-Bronsted acid-base Bronsted centres (LABABB) which is relevant to explain its catalytic activity. In solution, these species are kinetically labile and are stable in most anhydrous organic solvents. We have studied the ability of these complexes to work as enantioselective catalysts in the direct nitroaldol (Henry) reaction of aldehydes and &#945;-trifluoromethyl ketones with nitromethane thereby giving rise to the corresponding &#946;-nitroaldols and &#945;-trifluoromethyl tertiary nitroaldols with moderate to high chemical yields and enantioselectivity.