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Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: To assess the effect of aerobic exercise dose has on diabetes control monitoring parameter of HbA1c and BMI. Methods: Studies were found from previous studies and through a search of PubMed. These studies were screened for eligibility and data was extracted using a data extraction tool. The outcomes of HbA1c and BMI were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to assess the impact of different doses of exercise on the outcome measures. Variability was measured using the I2 statistic and publication bias was assessed. Main Results: Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Moderate dose aerobic exercise was found to have moderate effect in reducing HbA1c and BMI (p = 0.00 & 0.03 respectively). Low dose and high dose aerobic exercise were not to reduce HbA1c (p = 0.07 & 0.13) or BMI (p = 0.61 & 0.25). There was excess variation found in both the HbA1c analysis and the BMI analysis (I2 = 72.28 & 84.04 respectively). There was no publication bias found (Kendall’s tau = 0.809). Conclusion: Moderate dose aerobic exercise was effective in reducing HbA1c and BMI, while low dose and high dose aerobic exercise were not found to have a statistically significant effect on either HbA1c or BMI.

Title: The relationship of BMI and body composition parametres in UK FTVS students Objectives: The main goal of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the relationship between BMI and some selected parameters of body composition assessed using a bioelectric impedance device (BIA - Tanita MC - 980). Methods: The diploma thesis has the character of an empirical research (observation method). The bioelectric impedance method (BIA - Tanita - MC - 980) was used to analyze the body composition. The relationships between BMI values and individual body composition parameters were evaluated using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. The statistical significance level was set at α = 0,05. In total, 170 students were studied (85 physiotherapy students, 85 physical education students). The group was further subdivided into several specific subgroup by gender, field of study and physical activity. Results: The results revealed a series of finding within the sample group including the following: an insignificant correlation (rs = 0,062) between BMI and body fat (%), a significant correlation (rs = 0,386) between BMI and fat mass (kg), a significant correlation (rs = 0,603) between BMI and visceral fat, a significant correlation (rs = 0,624) between BMI and fat-free mass (kg), a significant correlation (rs =...

INTRODUCTION: Health professionals emphasize the importance of breastfeeding in the development of children up to 6-months of age. It is known that short chain volatile fatty acids (SCVFAs) are a byproduct of nutrient fermentation by gut microbiome. These SCVFAs interact with the gut/brain axis and are known to influence infant development. Therefore, a reflection of maternal gut microbiome could likely be found in breastmilk (BM) due to diffusion of SCVFAs across the gut wall into the blood. Previous research in our laboratory has shown differences in the SCVFA fecal fermentation profile between individuals with normal (N) versus overweight/obese (OWOB) body mass index (BMI). Therefore, our research question is: Is there a difference in the relative amount and diversity of SCVFAs in the BM of N compared to OWOB women? We hypothesized that women of N will have a more diverse SCVFA profile than OWOB women in their BM. METHODS: BM samples (200 ml) were collected from 44 women (22 N (BMI 22.0) and 22 OWOB (BMI 33.7) p2 while OWOB participants had a pre-gravid BMI of greater than 25.0 kg/m2. A 300 mg aliquot of lyophilized BM was placed in a separatory funnel with 5 ml of hexane and 5 ml of volatile fatty acid solution (VFA, (oxalic acid (0.1M/L), sodium azide (40mM/L))). The funnel was rocked back and forth 50 times and placed on a ring stand to rest for 10 minutes. The bottom phase of the solution was collected and freeze-dried. Five hundred µL of VFA solution was added to the samples to resuspend, centrifuged (4,000 x g) for 20 minutes, the supernatant was removed and transferred to a microcentrifuge tube then centrifuged (12,000 x g) for 15 minutes and decanted. Three hundred µL of supernatant was transferred to autoinjector vials fitted with a 350 µL insert and analyzed for SCVFAs via gas chromatography (GC) (Shimadzu) using a Phenomenex ZB-Wax Plus glass capillary column. RESULTS: SCVFAs acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and caproate were not different (p>0.10), while valerate (p< 0.02), isocaproate (pCONCLUSION:To our knowledge, this is the first time that SCVFAs have been quantified in the milk of lactating women using GC with an FID detector. This data supports the argument that the pre-gravid BMI of a mother can correlate to the SCVFA profile of her BM. It is unknown if the concentration observed in the mother’s BM in this study has an influence on the neonate’s gut/brain axis and neurological signals, however, we have demonstrated that the SCVFA profile is more diverse in the N BMI mother. Further research is warranted on the influence of maternal BM SCVFA composition on the growth and neurological development of her infant.

Alcohol consumption and overweight in women are both becoming more prevalent in the United States. Data from NHANES 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 was collected consisting of non-pregnant women between the ages of 20 and 29 years. Variables measured were BMI, drinking occasions, drinking consumption per week, and women?s perception of their weight. Data was analyzed using chi-square in application to SUDAAN to test significance between variables. Results indicated a correlation between weight perception and drinking occasions per week (p-value 0.013). Nutrition implications suggested that individuals who were classified as overweight had more drinking occasions than individuals classified as underweight.

School districts are charged with the task of providing America’s youth with the most well-rounded education so that they can grow into the most productive adult citizens. However, school funding cuts and the unending demand to make AYP often push students out of the center of that focus. As a result, matters like school-based Body Mass Index notifications have been moved to the backburner and are often simplified to only what the law requires. Although researchers have sought the best practice to address this cause, it still remains that those not directly involved in the process are designing and implementing regulations. The perceptions of parents and school personnel are not being addressed. As a result, this exploratory, single-case, qualitative study, researched the best school-based body mass index notification practice according to the perspective of eleven total parents and school personnel. These participants were from a school in Southeastern Pennsylvania, whose process is mandated by the state. Based on the findings, it is recommended that schools collaborate with parents to establish the most informative notification letter that meets their needs, rather than simply address the requirements of the state’s mandate. This collaboration must be inviting and easy to enter into and the findings need to be implemented, instead of just gathered and recorded. Prior notification must also be improved and supplemental materials need to be included in the mailing. / Educational Leadership

ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF HIV DISEASE AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS ON CELLULAR AGING IN TRANSGENDER WOMEN by Scott Stephen Sohn Background: Telomeres are short tandem repeats of nucleotides at the ends of chromosomes. These specialized structures serve as caps on the end of the chromosomes, which protect DNA integrity. Telomeres get shorter each time a cell replicates, but the DNA remains intact as long as the telomere caps are a sufficient length. In time, telomeres become too short to protect DNA, which leads to cellular death. Previous research has shown that disease and negative lifestyle factors play a role in accelerated telomere attrition throughout the cellular life cycle. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if HIV infection and lifestyle factors in a transgender population living in Atlanta Georgia are associated with telomere length reduction. Participants/setting: This study is a secondary analysis of data provided by a Georgia State University study entitled “Telomere Length, Environmental Stressors and Health Related Outcomes among Transgender Women”. The study included 92 transgender women from Atlanta, Georgia with 49 reporting HIV infection. Two sources of data were collected, survey responses collected during face to face interviews and a saliva sample for DNA analysis. Statistical analysis: Frequency statistics were used to describe the sample population. A Mann Whitney U was used to evaluate telomere length using the T/S ratio by HIV status, by physical activity level (healthy active or low active) and by fruit and vegetable intake category (Don’t eat, 1-2 servings/day, 3-4 servings/day vs. >5 servings/day) in the total Population. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between independent variables (activity level, body mass index, fruit and vegetable intake, hormone use, race, HIV status and age) and telomere length. Results: The majority of the population was Black (84%) with a median age of 33 years (range, 18 to 65 years). No significant association was observed between HIV infection and T/S ratio. The vast majority of the population reported low activity level and only 9% reported consuming >5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. No significant association was found between fruit and vegetable intake or physical activity level and T/S ratio in this population. Conclusion: HIV infection, Fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity were not found to impact telomere length in an urban population of transgender women. Future research is needed to further understand the mechanisms that impact telomere length throughout the cellular life cycle within the transgender population.

Objective: To conduct a secondary analysis of dietary variety consumed by individuals of African-origin in two countries with differing stages of economic development. Our overall aim is to determine the relationships of two different dietary variety scores developed previously in our laboratory with reported energy intake (rEI), ER (which will be a more accurate reflection of true EI) and BMI in the total sample and the plausibly reporting subsample. Methods: Data for this analysis were collected as part of METS between January 2010 to September 2011, whose purpose was to elucidate the associations of physical activity and diet with body weight, diabetes, and risk of cardiovascular disease. Five communities of African-origin and in different countries were selected based on their different levels of economic development, as measured using the UN Human Development Index. A subsample of 141 (Ghana, n=70 and U.S., n=71) men and women with an average age of 35.1±0.5 years and an average BMI of 27.5±0.6 kg/m2 were randomly selected to have their total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Participants were interviewed using the multiple-pass method designed by the Medical Research Council of South Africa to estimate their dietary intake the day after consumption. Data was transferred to Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR) ver. 2011 and dietary variety scores (DVS) were calculated for combination and ingredient varieties. Combination variety was defined as the total number of unique foods and beverages consumed in a day. Ingredient variety was the total number of unique ingredients consumed in a day. Implausibility of rEI was controlled for by calculating rEI as a percentage of TEE. Associations of dietary variety scores with total energy intake and BMI were assessed for both the total sample and plausible subsample using SPSS version 22 through univariate analyses of variance and correlations. Results: Both combination and ingredient variety were positively associated with rEI in both countries when implausible reporting was not controlled, but no significant association was observed in both countries when implausible reporting was controlled. Ingredient variety was negatively associated with TEE when implausible reporting was both controlled and uncontrolled in the U.S. (p= 0.029), but no association was observed in Ghana. Ingredient and combination variety were also negatively associated with log BMI, percent body fat, and weight in U.S. when implausible reporting was not controlled but not in Ghana’s. However, in Ghana, combination variety was positively associated with percent body fat (p=0.041) and log BMI (p= 0.027) when plausible reporting was controlled but was not significant when implausible reporting was uncontrolled. Conclusion: Dietary variety was positively associated with rEI in both countries when implausible reporting was not controlled and with obesity markers in Ghana when plausible reporting was controlled.

The purpose of this study was to examine how body image, Body Mass Index (BMI), self-esteem and eating attitudes were related in a non-clinical sample of New Zealand women. The sample consisted of 36 women ranging in age from 17 to 55 years of age. Body image was assessed using the Body Shape Questionnaire, BMI was calculated based on measures of height and weight; eating attitudes was assessed with the Eating Concern subscale of the Eating Disorders Examination and self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results of this study conclude that elevated BMI is associated with higher dissatisfaction with body image, and there is a positive correlation between body image and eating attitudes. Self-esteem and eating attitudes were significantly correlated with lower self-esteem being associated with increased disturbance in eating attitudes. Self-esteem and BMI were found to significantly contribute to eating attitudes on their own as well as together. Body image on its own also made a significant contribution to eating attitudes. Previous research informs us of the negative implications of dissatisfaction with body image, elevated BMI, disturbed eating attitudes and low-self-esteem and this study examines the links between these variables in order to add further information to what contributes to each of the variables. These findings were discussed in light of sociocultural theories of eating disorders and their implications to women from nonclinical populations.

Patienter med maligna blodsjukdomar kan få munproblem som kan medföra en sårig munslemhinna, detta kan leda till att bakterier kommer in i cirkulationen vilket i sin tur kan orsaka livshotande infektioner (Dickson &amp; Porter, 2006). Att upprätthålla ett gott näringstillstånd är gynnsamt för tillfrisknandet vid cancersjukdom (Cunningham&amp; Bell, 2000). På grund av munproblem och dess eventuella orsak till ett försämrat näringstillstånd studeras munproblem, BMI och åtgärder i uppsatsen. Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att via journaler från patienter som genomgått stamcellstransplantation (SCT) beskriva munproblem och body mass index (BMI) året efter SCT, eventuell relation mellan munproblem och BMI samt vilka åtgärder som dokumenterats vid munproblem. Resultatet baseras på en granskning av 20 (14 män och 6 kvinnor) patientjournaler från patienter som genomgått SCT på grund av olika maligna blodssjukdomar. Patienterna som studerades i uppsatsen har följts upp rutinmässigt och regelbundet på en hematologisk klinik under det första året efter SCT. De data som uppsatsen bygger på är framtagna från patientjournaler vid SCT samt vid de kontroller som görs 3, 6 och 12 månader efter SCT. Utav de 20 patienter som ingick i den här uppsatsen hade 75 % munproblem. En stor del, 90 %, av patienterna med munproblem hade minskat BMI vid 6 respektive 12 månader efter SCT, jämfört med BMI vid SCT. Hos patienterna utan munproblem hade 75 % ett minskat BMI vid 6 respektive 12 månader efter SCT jämfört med BMI vid SCT. Det framkom av resultatet att 70 % av patienterna med munproblem, som enligt journaldokumentation var retningsfria i munhålan efter 8 månader hade ett minskat BMI. Resultatet kunde inte påvisa någon direkt relation mellan munproblem och BMI utan att orsaken till patienternas viktnedgång troligtvis berodde på en kombination av de biverkningar som kommer av SCT. De åtgärder som var mest förekommande vid munproblem var smärtlindring och munfuktande medel enligt patienternas journaler. Vidare forskning inom området behövs, därför vore det intressant med en större studie för att se om de patienter som har svårighet att inta näring via munnen även hade munproblem och utifrån det framkomna resultatet studera om det finns ett samband mellan munproblem och ett sämre Subjective Global Assessment of nutritional status (SGA) värde.