I ett internationellt perspektiv har Sverige hög amningsfrekvens, men under 2000-talet har amningsfrekvensen sjunkit och stora regionala skillnader ses. Kvinnorna rekommenderas att helamma sex månader. Mödravårdcentralen (MVC) informerar om bröstmjölkens hälsoeffekter som till exempel att bröstmjölken skyddar barn mot allergier. Forskning visar att överviktiga och feta kvinnor har kortare amningsduration, men få studier behandlar svenska förhållanden. Syfte: Syfte med fördjupningsarbetet är att studera samband mellan mammans BMI relaterat till amningsduration och mammans skattning av barnets hälsa de tre första levnadsåren. Metod: Studien är en kvantitativ retrospektiv tvärsnittstudie. Data insamlades via enkäter, 418 deltagare inkluderades. Data har analyserats med Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). För deskriptiv och jämförande analys har parametriska och icke-parametriska analyser genomförts. Resultat: De kvinnor som inte ammade skattade sitt barns hälsa sämre vid tre års ålder i jämförelse med kvinnor som ammat någon period. Vid tre års ålder skattade kvinnor med övervikt och fetma sitt barns hälsa sämre. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att kunna identifiera kvinnor som är behov av stöd för att initiera amning och kunna bidra till anpassat stöd till dem. AbstractSweden reports high duration of breastfeeding compared to international findings. During the last century, the frequency of breastfeeding duration has decreased in Sweden, with large regional differences. Recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding is six months. Midwives provide information about healthy benefits of breast milk, such as breast milk protecting baby´s against allergies. Research has presented associations between obesity and short duration of breastfeeding. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding women in a Swedish context. Aim: To investigate the relation between mothers BMI, duration of breastfeeding and maternal valuation of the baby´s health during the first three year of life. Method: The study is a quantitative retrospective cross-sectional study. Data was collected through questionnaires, 418 participants were included. Data was analyzed using the SPSS. For descriptive and comparative analysis parametric and nonparamateric statistics have been used.Results: Women who did not breastfed perceived their baby´s health worse at three years compared with women who did breastfeed. Women with overweight and obesity also perceived the health of their three year old worse than the other maternal group. Conclusions: It´s important to identify women who need support to initiate breastfeeding and give them customized support.

No description available.

Introduction: Prevalence of childhood obesity is at an all-time high. The effect of childhood obesity on dental development and eruption is a widespread topic today in the dental field. Several cross-sectional studies over the past decade have found an association between advanced dental development and eruption and childhood obesity. The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal relationship between childhood Body Mass Index (BMI), and the development of the permanent dentition. Methods: 76 subjects from a longitudinal dataset (Iowa Facial Growth Study 1946-1960) were selected to examine the relationship between BMI and dental development during childhood. Periapical and lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to provide a dental maturity score for each subject using the Demirjian et al. (1973) method at three separate time points (age 4, 8, and 12). BMI was calculated using subjects’ height and weight at each time point. Results: Children with higher BMI’s at all three time points (4, 8 and 12) tended to have advanced dental development compared to children who were of normal weight status. Children who were considered underweight (< 5th BMI percentile) were more likely to be dentally delayed. BMI at age 4 was predictive of dental development status at age 8 and 12. Conclusion: Our results add to the growing body of evidence that childhood obesity is associated with advanced dental development. This is important in the dental and orthodontic fields, as early eruption has been hypothesized to be associated with increased dental caries, crowding, and malocclusions.

<p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka om de gymnasieelever i årskurs 3 som uppgav att de försökte minska sin vikt hade ett högre Body Mass Index (BMI) än de som inte försökte minska sin vikt, samt undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkade gymnasieelevernas vilja att gå ned i vikt? Författarna använde en survey-metod i form av en enkätundersökning för att kunna jämföra variabler samt se orsakssamband och påverkansfaktorer. Enkäterna besvarades på den aktuella gymnasieskolan med respektive klassföreståndare närvarande. Studiens resultat baseras på tre gymnasieklasser i årskurs 3 och omfattar 52 elever, varav 35 flickor och 17 pojkar. Resultatet visade att den största andelen deltagare som ville minska sin vikt var de normalviktiga och anledningen var för att de ansåg sig själva som för tjocka. Det framkom att en stor del av flickorna som ville minska sin vikt även hade någon i omgivningen som försökte minska sin vikt, dock sågs ingen signifikant skillnad hos pojkarna. Vidare visade resultatet att det främst var tonårsflickor som tog till sig budskap från media och påverkades av modetidningar. Det framkom även att flickor oftast valde att banta för att förändra sitt utseende, vilket inte kunde påvisas bland pojkarna. Slutsatsen som författarna har kommit fram till är att ungdomar i dagens samhälle har en stor press på sig, där omgivningen är den största påverkansfaktorn och som i sin tur kan orsaka ohälsosamma levnadsvanor.</p></p>

<p>The aim of the study was to describe food habits among adolescents in the ninthgrade in a big community in the middle of Sweden and a small community in thesouth of Norrland. The aim was also to analyze differences in food habits betweenthe two communities and between girls and boys in the two schools. The studywas carried out in 2009 as an empirical quantitative study with a descriptive andcomparative design. It was 64 adolescents, 33 girls and 31 boys who participatedin the study. They were responding to a questionnaire that was distributed andcollected by the authors. The results of the study showed that over half of theresponded adolescents had breakfast every day and that barely half of the schooladolescents had school lunches every day. The adolescents from the smallercommunity had more often breakfast every day than the adolescents from thebigger community. The adolescents from the school in the bigger community hadlunch more days in the week than the adolescents from the school in the smallercommunity. There was no significant difference between boys and girls breakfasthabits but more girls than boys had school lunch every day.</p>

The aim of the study was to describe food habits among adolescents in the ninthgrade in a big community in the middle of Sweden and a small community in thesouth of Norrland. The aim was also to analyze differences in food habits betweenthe two communities and between girls and boys in the two schools. The studywas carried out in 2009 as an empirical quantitative study with a descriptive andcomparative design. It was 64 adolescents, 33 girls and 31 boys who participatedin the study. They were responding to a questionnaire that was distributed andcollected by the authors. The results of the study showed that over half of theresponded adolescents had breakfast every day and that barely half of the schooladolescents had school lunches every day. The adolescents from the smallercommunity had more often breakfast every day than the adolescents from thebigger community. The adolescents from the school in the bigger community hadlunch more days in the week than the adolescents from the school in the smallercommunity. There was no significant difference between boys and girls breakfasthabits but more girls than boys had school lunch every day.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om de gymnasieelever i årskurs 3 som uppgav att de försökte minska sin vikt hade ett högre Body Mass Index (BMI) än de som inte försökte minska sin vikt, samt undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkade gymnasieelevernas vilja att gå ned i vikt? Författarna använde en survey-metod i form av en enkätundersökning för att kunna jämföra variabler samt se orsakssamband och påverkansfaktorer. Enkäterna besvarades på den aktuella gymnasieskolan med respektive klassföreståndare närvarande. Studiens resultat baseras på tre gymnasieklasser i årskurs 3 och omfattar 52 elever, varav 35 flickor och 17 pojkar. Resultatet visade att den största andelen deltagare som ville minska sin vikt var de normalviktiga och anledningen var för att de ansåg sig själva som för tjocka. Det framkom att en stor del av flickorna som ville minska sin vikt även hade någon i omgivningen som försökte minska sin vikt, dock sågs ingen signifikant skillnad hos pojkarna. Vidare visade resultatet att det främst var tonårsflickor som tog till sig budskap från media och påverkades av modetidningar. Det framkom även att flickor oftast valde att banta för att förändra sitt utseende, vilket inte kunde påvisas bland pojkarna. Slutsatsen som författarna har kommit fram till är att ungdomar i dagens samhälle har en stor press på sig, där omgivningen är den största påverkansfaktorn och som i sin tur kan orsaka ohälsosamma levnadsvanor.

SAMMANFATTNING Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka om det fanns några samband mellan ålder, iso-BMI, upplevt problem av övervikten och motivation till förändring hos barnen som behandlas på överviktsenheten för barn och ungdom. Metod: Designen var en tvärsnittstudie med kvantitativ ansats och materialet är delar av de anamnesformulär som barnen fyllt i inför nybesöket på överviktsenheten samt iso-BMI från sjukhusjournaler. Statistiska analyser gjordes i SPSS. I studien ingick 118 barn; 54 flickor och 64 pojkar.                                                                   Resultat: Studien visade att 94,4 % av flickorna och 76,6% av pojkarna upplevde att deras övervikt var ett problem. Det fanns inget samband mellan iso-BMI och hur stort problem övervikten upplevdes som, men ett negativt samband mellan ålder och problemets upplevda storlek sågs i båda grupperna. Pojkar som upplevde övervikten som ett mindre problem hade högre tankar om sin förmåga att agera mot övervikten jämfört med de som upplevde övervikten som ett större problem. Resultaten visade även att de barn som trodde mycket på sin förmåga att agera mot övervikten också var mer redo att agera. Slutsats: Merparten av barnen som har kontakt med överviktsenheten upplever att deras övervikt är ett problem och det finns en koppling mellan barnets ålder och hur stort problemet upplevs. Övervikt och fetma hos barn och ungdom är ett stort samhällsproblem och fortsatta studier och utveckling av behandlingsmetoder är av stor vikt. / SUMMARY Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate whether there was any correlation between age, iso-BMI, experienced problem of overweight and motivation for change in the children being treated at the pediatric obesity clinical unit. Method: The design was a cross sectional study with quantitative data. The material is a part of the questionnaire that the children and their parents filled out before their first visit at the obesity unit and iso-BMI was collected from hospital records. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. The study included 118 children; 54 girls and 64 boys. Results: The study showed that 94.4% of girls and 76.6% of boys felt that their obesity was a problem. There was no correlation between iso-BMI and experienced problem of the overweight. In both groups a negative correlation was found between age and how big the problem was seen. Boys who experienced their overweight as a minor problem had a higher confidence in their ability to act against their overweight compared to boys who experienced their overweight as a bigger problem. The results also showed that the children who thought highly of their ability to act against their overweight also were more ready to act. Conclusion: A majority of the children who have contact with the pediatric obesity clinical unit feel that their obesity is a problem and there is a correlation between the child's age and how big the problem is perceived. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is a major problem in our society and further studies and development of treatment is of great importance.

There is a strong need for powerful unified statistical methods for discovering underlying genetic architecture of complex traits with the assistance of omics information. In this paper, two methods aiming to detect novel association between the human genome and complex traits using intermediate omics data are developed based on statistical mediation modeling. We demonstrate theoretically that given proper mediators, the proposed statistical mediation models have better power than genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to detect associations missed in standard GWAS that ignore the mediators. For each ofthe modeling methods in this paper, an empirical example is given, where the association between a SNP and BMI missed by standard GWAS can be discovered by mediation analysis.

South Asians have 2-4 times higher risk of heart disease than Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics and India has the highest number of individuals with type 2 diabetes. National studies on South Asians chronic disease prevalence, nutrition knowledge, and dietary patterns are limited in the U.S. since all Asian subgroups are aggregated into the "Asian" category. These are particularly important for South Asians because their genetic predisposition and acculturation into the westernized lifestyle after immigration increases their risk for chronic diseases. The objectives of the study were to focus on various factors that influence dietary patterns and changes that increase the risk of diet-related diseases and general nutrition knowledge of South Asians living in the U.S. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire on dietary habits, nutrition knowledge and health of 105 South Asians (men=58, women=47). The mean age and Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants was about 24 years and 22.8 +/- 3.5 kg/m^2 respectively. On average, respondents scored moderately on dietary habits scale. Participants reported an increase in weight after coming to the U.S. The top 3 barriers to eating healthy were "not a priority", "busy lifestyle" and "healthy foods not tasting as good." The top 3 motivators for healthy eating were "losing weight", "prevention of diseases", and "ability to find quick healthy recipes." The nutrition knowledge was assessed by qualitative and quantitative measures .Approximately half of the participants reported avoiding junk, incorporating low fat, low sugar, more vegetables, fruits and increased intake of water. Furthermore, obese individuals scored better on dietary behavior scale as compared to their peers. The multivariate regression model was significant (df=13, F=2.980, R2 =0.356, P<0.002) for Nutrition Behaviors of South Asians and 35.6% of the variance in nutrition behavior was explained by the variables in the model. Nutrition Behavior was significantly and positively related to use of food labels and BMI. With the current emphasis on cultural competency and providing culturally appropriate health services, results from this study can help to develop strategies to prevent diseases using nutritional strategies and to promote a general healthy life style among this educated South Asian group.