Body-channel communication (BCC) is based on the principle of electrical field data transmission attributable to capacitive coupling through the human body. It is gaining importance now a day in the scenario of human centric communication because it truly offers a natural means of interaction with the human body. Traditionally, near field communication (NFC) considers as a magnetic field coupling based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The RFID technology also limits the definition of NFC and thus reduces the scope of a wide range of applications. In recent years BCC, after its first origin in 1995, regain importance with its valuable application in biomedical systems. Primarily, KAIST and Philips research groups demonstrate BCC in the context of biomedical remote patient health monitoring system. BCC transceiver mainly consists of two parts: one is digital baseband and the other is an analog front end (AFE). In this thesis, an analog front end receiver has presented to support the overall BCC. The receiver (Rx) architecture consists of cascaded preamplifier and Schmitt trigger. When the signals are coming from the human body, they are attenuated around 60 dB and gives weak signals in the range of mV. A high gain preamplifier stage needs to amplify these weak signals and make them as strong signals. The preamplifier single stage needs to cascade for the gain requirement. The single stage preamplifier, which is designed with ST65 nm technology, has an open loop gain of 24.01 dB and close loop gain of 19.43 dB. A flipped voltage follower (FVF) topology is used for designing this preamplifier to support the low supply voltage of 1 V because the topology supports low voltage, low noise and also low power consumption. The input-referred noise is 8.69 nV/sqrt(Hz) and the SNR at the input are 73.26 dB. The Schmitt trigger (comparator with hysteresis) is a bistable positive feedback circuit. It builds around two stage OTA with lead frequency compensation. The DC gain for this OTA is 26.94 dB with 1 V supply voltage. The corner analyzes and eye diagram as a performance matrix for the overall receiver are also included in this thesis work.

Body coupled communication (BCC) is a hot topic in personal networking domain. Many works arepublished suggesting different architectures for BCC since its inception in 1995 by Zimmerman. The number ofelectronic gadgets used by a single person increases as time pass by. Its a tedious job to transfer data betweenthen from a user point of view. Many of these gadgets can share their resources and save power and money.The existing wired or wireless networks does not meet the requirements for this network like scalable data rate,security etc. So here comes the novel idea of using human body as communication medium. The aim of thisthesis is to realize a hardware for BCC based on wide band signaling as part of a big project.The human body consists of 70% of water. This property makes the human body a fairly good conductor.By exploiting this basic property makes the BCC possible. A capacitance is formed if we place a metal platenear to the human body with the skin as a dielectric. This capacitance forms the interface between the humanbody and the analog front-end of the BCC transceiver. Any other metal structures near to the human body canattenuate the signal.A first-order communication link is established in software by the human body model and the transceiver inthe loop along with noise and interference. This communication link is used to verify the human body modeland the base band model done as part of the same big project. Based on the results a hardware prototype isimplemented. Measurements are taken in different scenarios using the hardware setup. The trade-off betweendesign parameters are discussed based on the results. At the end, it suggests a road map to take the projectfurther.

The main focus of the work presented in this thesis concerns the development and improvement of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) as well as Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). WSN consist of interlinked, wireless devices (nodes) capable of relaying data wirelessly between the nodes. The applications of WSNs are very broad and cover both wireless fitness monitoring systems such as pulse watches or wireless temperature monitoring of buildings, among others. The topics investigated in the work presented within this thesis covers antenna design, wireless propagation environment evaluation and modeling, adaptive antenna control and wireless nodes system design and evaluation. In order to provide an end-user suitable solution for wireless nodes the devices require both small form factor and good performance in order to be competitive on the marked and thus the main part of this thesis focuses on techniques developed and data collected to help achieve these goals.  Several different prototype systems have been developed which have been used to measure data by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), GKN Aerospace Sweden AB, the Swedish Transport Administration. The system developed with GKN Aerospace was used to do real-time test measurements inside a running RM12 jet engine and required a substantial amount of measurements, environmental modeling and system validation in order to properly design a wireless system suitable for the harsh and fast fading environment inside a jet engine. For FOI improvements were made on a wearable wireless body area network initially developed during the authors master thesis work. Refinements included work on new generation wireless nodes, antenna packaging and node-supported diversity techniques. Work and papers regarding the design of different types of antennas suitable for wireless nodes are presented. The primary constraints on the presented antennas are the limited electrical size. The types of antennas developed include electrically small helix antennas manufactured both on stretchable substrates consisting of a PDMS substrate with Galinstan as the liquid metal conductors, screen printed silver ink for helix antennas and conformal dual patch antennas for wireless sensor nodes. Other standard type antennas are included on the wireless sensors as well.

Long-term evolution (LTE) standard has been successfully stabilized, and launched in several areas. However, the required channel capacity is expected to increase significantly as the explosively increasing number of smart-phone users implies. Hence, this is already the time for leading researchers to concentrate on a new multiple access scheme in wireless communications to satisfy the channel capacity that those smart users will want in the not-too-distant future. The diversity and multiplexing in a new domain - polarization domain - can be a strong candidate for the solution to that problem in future wireless communication systems. This research contributes largely to the comprehensive understanding of polarized wireless channels and a new multiple access scheme in the polarization domain - polarization division multiple access (PDMA). The thesis consists of three streams: 1) a novel geometrical theory and models for fixed-to-mobile (F2M) and mobile-to-mobile (M2M) polarized wireless channels; 2) a new wireless body area network (BAN) polarized channel modeling; and 3) a novel PDMA scheme. The proposed geometrical theory and models reveal the origin and mechanism of channel depolarization with excellent agreement with empirical data in terms of cross-polarization discrimination (XPD), which is the principal measure of channel depolarization. Further, a novel PDMA scheme utilizing polarization-filtering detection and collaborative transmitter-receiver-polarization (Tx-Rx-polarization) adjustment, is designed considering cellular orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The novel PDMA scheme has large potential to be utilized with the conventional time, frequency, and code division multiple access (TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA); and spatial multiplexing for next-generation wireless communication systems.

Pour réduire la consommation d'énergie due aux transmissions radio dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil, nous proposons une nouvelle approche associant les techniques de précodage MIMO et de relais, appelé précodage distribué max-dmin (DMP). Considérant une source et un relais avec une antenne chacun, et une destination disposant de deux antennes, nous déployons un système MIMO précodé virtuel 2 × 2. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions deux techniques de relais Amplify and Forward (AF) et Decode and Forward (DF). Des comparaisons en termes de taux d'erreur et d'efficacité énergétique par rapport aux systèmes plus classiques comme les codes spatio-temporels distribués ou les combinaisons à gain maximal montrent que notre système est intéressant pour des distances de transmission moyennes (à partir de 16 mètres). Toujours dans l'objectif de maximiser l'efficacité énergétique, nous proposons une allocation de puissance sur les nœuds source et relais. Pour cela, nous dérivons analytiquement les performances du système précodage distribué max-dmin selon le mode AF et DF. Enfin,pour améliorer les performances des systèmes avec décodage au relais (DF), nous proposons un nouveau récepteur (à la destination) qui tient compte des erreurs éventuelles au niveau du relais. / Among various cooperative techniques aiming to reduce power consumption for transmissions between Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) and base stations, we present a new approach, named distributed max-dmin precoding (DMP), combining MIMO precoding techniques and relay communications. This protocol is based on the deployment of a virtual 2 × 2 max-dmin precoding over one source, one forwarding relay, both equipped with one antenna and a destination involving 2 antennas. In this context, two kinds of relaying, amplify and forward (AF) or decode and forward (DF) protocols, are investigated. The performance evaluation in terms of Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and energy efficiency are compared with non cooperative techniques and the distributed space time block code (STBC) scheme. Our investigations show that the DMP takes the advantage in terms of energy efficiency from medium transmission distances (after 10 meters). In order to maximise the energy efficiency, we propose a power allocation over the source and the relay. Thus, we derive the performance of our system, both for AF and DF, analytically. To further increase the performance of DF cooperative schemes, we also propose to design a new decoder at the destination that takes profit from side information, namely potential errors at the relay.

In this thesis we explore if a proposed random binary sequence generation algorithm can be combined with a separately proposed symmetric key agreement protocol to provide usable security for communications in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Other previous works in this area fall short by only considering key generation between two of the same signals or allowing for key generation between two different types of signals but with the cost of a significant signal collection time requirement. We hoped to advance this area of research by making secure key generation more efficient with less signal collection time and allowing keys to be generated between two sensors that measure two different physiological signals. However, while the binary sequence generation algorithm and key agreement protocol perform well separately, they do not perform well together. The combined approach yields keys that have good properties for use in a WBAN, but the generation rate is low.

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