Patient’s mobility throughout his lifetime leaves a trial of information scattered in laboratories, clinical institutes, primary care units, and other hospitals. Hence, the medical history of a patient is valuable when subjected to special healthcare units or undergoes home-care/personal-care in elderly stage cases. Despite the rhetoric about patient-centred care, few attempts were made to measure and improve in this arena. In this thesis, we will describe and implement a high-level view of a Patient Centric information management, deploying at a preliminary stage, the use of Agent Technologies and Grid Computing. Thus, developing and proposing an infrastructure that allows us to monitor and survey the patient, from the doctor’s point of view, and investigate a Persona, from the patients’ side, that functions and collaborates among different medical information structures. The Persona will attempt to interconnect all the major agents (human and software), and realize a distributed grid info-structure that directly affect the patient, therefore, revealing an adequate and cost-effective solution for most critical information needs. The results comprehended in the literature survey, consolidating Healthcare Information Management with emerged intelligent Multi-Agent System Technologies (MAS) and Grid Computing; intends to provide a solid basis for further advancements and assessments in this field, by bridging and proposing a framework between the home-care sector and the flexible agent architecture throughout the healthcare domain.

Abstract This thesis proposes cross-layer approaches which enable to improve energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks and wireless body area networks (WSN & WBAN). The focus is on the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of communication protocol stack and exploiting their interdependencies. In the analysis of the PHY and MAC layers, their relevant characteristics are taken into account, and cross-layer models are developed to study the effect of these layers on energy efficiency. In addition, cross-layer analysis is applied at the network level by addressing hierarchical networks' energy efficiency. The objective is to improve energy efficiency by taking into account that substantial modifications to current standards and techniques are not required to take advantage of the proposed methods. The studied scenarios of WSN take advantage of the wake-up radio (WUR). A generic WUR-based MAC (GWR-MAC) protocol with objective to improve energy efficiency by avoiding idle listening is proposed. First, the proposed cross-layer model is developed at a general level and applied to study the forward error correction (FEC) code rate selection effect on the length of the transmission period and energy efficiency in a star topology network. Then an energy efficiency model for intelligent hierarchical architecture based on GWR-MAC is proposed and performance comparison with a duty-cycle radio (DCR) approach is performed. Interactions between different layers' devices are taken into account, and the WUR and DCR approaches are compared as a function of event frequency. The third cross-layer model focuses on the effect of the FEC code rate and data packet payload length on the energy efficiency of the IEEE Std 802.15.6-based WBANs using IR-UWB PHY. The results acquired by using analytical modelling and simulations with the Matlab software clearly illustrates the potential energy gains that can be achieved with the proposed cross-layer approaches. The developed WUR-based MAC protocol, analytical models and achieved results can be exploited by other researchers in the WSN and WBAN field. The contribution of this thesis is also to stimulate further research on these timely topics and foster development of short-range communication, which has a crucial role in future converging networks such as the Internet of Things. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan protokollakerrosten välistä tietoa hyödyntäviä (cross-layer) lähestymistapoja, jotka mahdollistavat energiatehokkuuden parantamisen langattomissa sensori- ja kehoverkoissa. Työ kohdistuu fyysisen- ja kanavanhallintakerroksen välisen vuorovaikutuksen tutkimiseen. Fyysisen- ja kanavanhallintakerrosten analyysissä huomioidaan niiden tärkeimmät ominaisuudet ja tutkitaan kerrosten yhteistä energiatehokkuutta. Lisäksi kerrosten välistä analyysiä sovelletaan verkkotasolle tutkimalla hierarkkisen verkon energiatehokkuutta. Tavoitteena on energiatehokkuuden parantamisen mahdollistaminen siten, että merkittäviä muutoksia nykyisiin standardeihin ja tekniikoihin ei tarvitse tehdä hyödyntääkseen ehdotettuja menetelmiä. Tutkitut sensoriverkkoskenaariot hyödyntävät heräteradiota. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan geneerinen heräteradiopohjainen kanavanhallintaprotokolla (GWR-MAC), jolla parannetaan energiatehokkuutta vähentämällä turhaa kanavan kuuntelua. Kerrosten välinen malli kehitetään ensin yleisellä tasolla ja sen avulla tutkitaan virheenkorjauskoodisuhteen valinnan vaikutusta lähetysperiodin pituuteen ja energiatehokkuuteen tähtitopologiaan pohjautuvissa sensoriverkoissa. Sitten väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan energiatehokkuusmalli älykkäälle GWR-MAC -protokollaan perustuvalle hierarkkiselle arkkitehtuurille ja sen suorituskykyä vertaillaan toimintajaksoperiaatteella toimivaan lähestymistapaan. Eri kerroksilla olevien laitteiden väliset vuorovaikutukset huomioidaan heräteradio- ja toimintajaksoperiaatteella toimivien verkkojen suorituskykyvertailussa tapahtumatiheyden funktiona. Kolmas malli kohdistuu virheenkorjauskoodisuhteen ja datapaketin hyötykuorman pituuden energiatehokkuusvaikutuksen tutkimiseen IEEE 802.15.6 -standardiin perustuvissa langattomissa kehoverkoissa. Analyyttinen mallinnus ja Matlab-ohjelmiston avulla tuotetut simulointitulokset osoittavat selvästi energiatehokkuushyödyt, jotka saavutetaan ehdotettuja menetelmiä käyttämällä. Kehitetty GWR-MAC -protokolla, analyyttiset mallit ja tulokset ovat hyödynnettävissä sensori- ja kehoverkkotutkijoiden toimesta. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on myös näiden ajankohtaisten aiheiden jatkotutkimuksen stimulointi sekä lyhyen kantaman viestinnän kehityksen vauhdittaminen, sillä niillä on erittäin merkittävä rooli tulevaisuuden yhteen liittyvissä verkoissa, kuten esineiden ja asioiden Internetissä.

The master thesis is a prototyping project of a wireless body area network (WBANs) for patient monitoring in hospitals. The goal of this project was to study various technologies suitable for wireless body area networks, complete a requirement analysis, design a WBAN suitable to achieve the requirements and to test and evaluate the system against the requirements. Seven sensor end nodes are chosen to monitor seven vital signs for patient monitoring. After studying different technologies suitable for WBANs, IEEE 802.15.4j was chosen because it communicates in a special allocation of medical spectrum of 2360 to 2400MHz. A coordinator or master will be the center of the network using a star topology. Due to certain limitations in the firmware of the NXP FRDMKW40Z, IEEE 802.15.4j had to be dropped and IEEE 802.15.4 was the final chosen technology because the only difference between IEEE 802.15.4j and IEEE802.15.4 is the difference in the physical layer, while the developed application remains the same, making the shift back to IEEE802.15.4j, in the future, simple. There have been several projects working on the same idea with IEEE 802.15.4, but they do not combine multiple sensors to form a network and the total throughput requirements for this thesis project are much higher. The beacon mode and the non-beacon mode of IEEE 802.15.4 are studied. Non beacon mode is unpredictable due to the use of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) to access the medium. When multiple end nodes compete to get access to the medium, unreliability is introduced into the system. In the beacon mode, because of the slotted CSMA access of sixteen equally spaced time slots for communication, there is a restriction of the size of a time slot and thus, the high throughput requirement of the system is not met. The solution proposed in the thesis project is to develop a custom time slot system in the non-beacon mode, where each end node is granted a reserved time slot of a specific length as required by the end node. There is a timer mechanism which makes sure that the time slots for each device maintain the time limit on the time slot, on the side of the main master/coordinator of the network and on the side of the end node. The protocol for an end node to join a personal area network (PAN) is called as the association process. The association process enables the end node to be a part of a PAN to exchange its sensor data. Traditionally, in IEEE 802.15.4, the end nodes scan the sixteen IEEE 802.15.4 channels and when an appropriate coordinator is found, the end node initiates the association process with the coordinator. The solution proposed for the formation of the network by the association process is to use two different technologies. The end nodes and the coordinator exchange information using near field communication (NFC) technology by a simple tapping mechanism. The end node has an active NFC tag while the coordinator has an NFC reader. During the tap between the two devices, first the coordinator reads the end node data from the active tag. This data is required to form the custom time slot. Next the coordinator writes all association information into the active tag. After the NFC data exchange is done, the end node initiates the traditional IEEE 802.15.4 association protocol to join the coordinator’s PAN. Similarly after seven end nodes are associated to the coordinator, the network begins to function. All the end nodes communicate their data to the coordinator. The coordinator collects all the sensor data from the seven end nodes and may send the cumulative sensor data to the backend database servers which may be viewed by the medical authorities, this part is not included in the current version of the project. Several tests are run on this system to evaluate the requirements of latency, throughput and quality of service with two different ranges of 20cm and 250cm. The latency of association between the coordinator and end node is 632ms. The required throughput is met by the network. The packet delivery rate of the system is always above 99%. The graphs for packet delivery rates for all the sensors with a range of 20cm and 250 cm are shown in the appendices. The probabilities for the packet delivery rates greater than 90%, 99%, 99.9% and 99.99% are also graphically shown using a normal distribution in the appendices.

<div>Decades of scaling in semiconductor technology has resulted in a drastic reduction in the cost and size of unit computing. This has enabled computing capabilities in small form factor wearable and implantable devices. These devices communicate with each other to form a network around the body, commonly known as the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Radio wave transmission over air is the commonly used method of communication among these devices. However, the human body can be used as the communication medium by utilizing its electrical conductivity property. This has given rise to Human Body Communication (HBC), which provides higher energy efficiency and enhanced security compared to over the air radio wave communication enabling applications like remote health monitoring, secure authentication. In this thesis we characterize the human body channel characteristics at low frequencies, utilize the insight obtained from the channel characterization to build high energy-efficiency, interference-robust circuits and demonstrate the security and selectivity aspect of HBC through a Common Off the Shelf (COTS) component-based system. First, we characterize the response of the human body channel in the 10KHz1MHz frequency range with wearable transmitter/ receiver to study the feasibility of using it as a broadband communication channel. Voltage mode measurements with capacitive termination show almost at-band response in this frequency range, establishing the body as a broadband channel. The body channel response is also measured across different interaction scenario between two wearable devices and a wearable and a computer. A bio-physical model of the HBC channel is developed to explain the measurement results and the wide discrepancies found in previous studies.We analyze the safety aspect of different type of HBC by carrying out theoretical circuit and FEM based simulations. A study is carried out among multiple subjects to assess the effect of HBC on the vital parameters of a subject. A statistical analysis of the results shows no signicant change in the vital parameters before and during HBC transmission, validating the theoretical simulations showing >!000x safety margin compared to the established ICNIRP guidelines. Next, an HBC transceiver is built utilizing the wire-like, broadband human body channel to enable high energy efficiency. The transceiver also provides robustness to ambient interference picked up by the human body through integration followed by periodic sampling. The transceiver achieves 6.3pJ/bit energy effciency while operating at a maximum data rate of 30Mbps, while providing -30dB interference tolerant operation. Finally, a COTS based HBC prototype is developed, which utilizes low frequency operation to enable selective and physically secure communication strictly during touch for Human Computer Interaction (HCI) between two wearable devices for the rst time. A thorough study of the effect of different parameters such as environment, posture, subject variation, on the channel loss has also been characterized to build a robust HBC system working across different use cases. Applications such as secure authentication (e.g. opening a door, pairing a smart device) and information exchange (e.g. payment, image, medical data, personal profile transfer) through touch is demonstrated to show the impact of HBC in enabling new human-machine interaction modalities.</div>

Cette thèse aborde les performances d’un réseau corporel utilisant la technologie optique sans fil, comme alternative aux radiofréquences. L’application visée concerne la télésurveillance de patients mobiles, en milieu hospitalier. Après avoir défini les principales caractéristiques des réseaux corporels radiofréquences, notamment dans le cas de l’ultra large bande, nous présentons les avantages à utiliser la technologie optique sans fil. Nous considérons ensuite cette technologie en infrarouge, avec une méthode de propagation dite diffuse, exploitant les réflexions des rayons optiques dans l’environnement du réseau corporel. Les différentes méthodes de modélisation d’un canal optique diffus sont introduites, et nous utilisons deux types de méthodes pour modéliser le canal entre deux noeuds portés : un modèle classique dit « à une réflexion », permettant d’évaluer rapidement des variations de performances, et une méthode de lancer de rayon pour considérer un grand nombre de réflexions. En utilisant différents scénarios, ainsi que la notion de probabilité de rupture, nous montrons que l’optique diffuse permet de réaliser un lien corporel, pour les débits et la qualité de service requise par une application de télésurveillance médicale, et pour une puissance de transmission très inférieure à la limite imposée par la sécurité oculaire. Finalement, nous étudions les performances théoriques d’un réseau corporel en optique diffuse en termes de probabilité d’erreur, avec une gestion de l’accès multiple réalisé par répartition de codes optiques. Nous concluons qu’un réseau de capteurs corporels en optique diffuse est théoriquement réalisable, pour une application médicale de surveillance de patients mobiles dans l’environnement. / This thesis deals with the performance of optical girelles communications for body area networks (BAN) as an alternative solution to the radiofrequency one, in the context of mobile healthcare monitoring. After presenting the main characteristics of a BAN using the radiofrequency technology, specifically in the UWB band, we explain the advantages of the optical wireless technology. Diffuse propagation based on infrared technology is then considered for BAN, exploiting optical reflections from environment surfaces. Several optical wireless channel modeling methods are introduced, and we consider two solutions for the link between two on-body nodes: a classical method named “one reflection model”, used to estimate performance variations, and a ray-launching method, used to take into account a great amount of optical reflections. Considering several scenarios, we determine the outage probability, and show that the diffuse optical wireless technology is able to achieve an on-body link, with the data rates and the quality of service required by health monitoring applications, for a transmitted power far lower than the limit defined in standards. Then, we evaluate the theoretical performance, in terms of error probability, of an optical wireless BAN, considering the optical code division multiple access technique. Finally, we show that a BAN using optical wireless technology is theoretically feasible, regarding a health monitoring application, and considering the mobility of the patient in indoor environment.

Abstract Impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) technology, due to its baseband signaling, potentially offers a low cost, low complexity and low power consumption option for different short range sensor network applications. These sensor networks can be applied to many kinds of future implementations, including the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In the medical and healthcare context, the term wireless body area network (WBAN) is often used, but, as mentioned, the wireless technology itself can be applied to any kind of body, e.g., to car or robot body networks. This thesis studies IR-UWB receivers’ performances in different hospital environment channel models by means of computer simulation. The main focus is on receivers that are capable of detecting the signals specified either in the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 or in the IEEE 802.15.6-2012 standards. The used channel models from two independent research groups include both on-body to on-body and on-body to off-body scenarios in different hospital environments. The evaluations and comparisons of various receivers include energy detector (ED) and rake receivers, the latter with both selective- and partial-rake structures. One of the studied receiver structures is further analyzed as it was noticed that the simulation results did not correspond to the assumed theoretical bit error probability (BEP) curves. Along the standards based studies, some modifications are also suggested for the two existing IR-UWB standards for increased compatibility and improved performance. One of the propositions resulted a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent application. Additionally, an extensive survey is provided offering a compilation which includes presentations of IR-UWB research by other researchers, existing standards’ IR-UWB physical layer (PHY) specifications and the main global regulations concerning UWB. / Tiivistelmä Erittäin laajakaistainen impulssiradioteknologia (IR-UWB) tarjoaa potentiaalisen vaihtoehdon yksinkertaisille, edullisille ja matalan tehonkulutuksen omaaville lähetin-vastaanotin-ratkaisuille, jotka soveltuvat lyhyen kantaman sensoriverkkoihin. Nämä sensoriverkot ovat monikäyttöisiä soveltuen esimerkiksi tulevaisuuden esineiden internetin (IoT) tiedonsiirtoratkaisuiksi. Esimerkiksi sairaanhoidon ja terveydenhuollon asiayhteyksissä käytetään monesti termiä langaton kehoverkko (WBAN), joka voidaan asentaa monenlaisiin eri sovelluskohteisiin kuten autoon tai vaikkapa robotin "keholle". Tässä väitöskirjassa on tutkittu tietokonesimulaatioiden avulla erilaisten IR-UWB vastaanotinrakenteiden suorituskykyä sairaalaympäristöä mallintavissa radiokanavissa. Tutkimuksen painopiste on vastaanottimissa, jotka kykenevät vastaanottamaan joko IEEE 802.15.4-2015- tai IEEE 802.15.6-2012-standardeissa määritellyn signaalin. Sairaalaympäristöä mallintavat radiokanavat perustuvat kahden toisistaan riippumattoman tutkijaryhmän mallinnuksiin, jotka sisältävät sekä keholta-keholle että keholta-kehon ulkopuolelle -radiokanavamallit. Energiailmaisin (ED) ja erilaiset harava-vastaanottimet ovat niitä vastaanotinrakenteita, joita tähän väitöskirjaan kuuluvissa artikkeleissa on arvioitu ja vertailtu. Yhtä vastaanotinrakennetta on myös analysoitu tarkemmin, kun havaittiin, etteivät kyseistä rakennetta koskevat simulaatiotulokset vastanneet oletettuja teoreettisia bittivirhetodennäköisyyksiä. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin lisäksi olemassa olevien standardien ratkaisuihin liittyviä parannusehdotuksia, joita esitettiin muutamissa tähän väitöskirjaan sisällytetyissä artikkeleissa. Yhdestä ehdotuksesta tehtiin myös PCT-sopimuksen alainen patentointihakemus. Lisäksi yhdessä tähän väitöskirjaan sisällytetyssä artikkelissa on paitsi laaja kirjallisuuskatsaus sisältäen katsauksen muiden tekemiin IR-UWB- tutkimuksiin, myös olemassa olevien standardien fyysisten kerroksien määritykset koskien IR-UWB-teknologiaa ja tärkeimmät maailmanlaajuiset UWB-tekniikkaa koskevat signaalin tehotiheysmääräykset.

Les études présentées dans cette thèse font l’objet d’un travail innovant concernant la conception des antennes pour les réseaux de type BAN et la modélisation des canaux associés. L’ouvrage de thèse est réparti en quatre chapitres. Deux chapitres sont consacrés à la modélisation de la propagation le long du corps où l’on montre que les formulations analytiques d’ondes de surface et d’ondes rampantes sont applicables dans ce contexte. L’effet des tissus adipeux est également pris en compte par le biais d’un modèle à trois couches (peau, graisse et muscle) et renseigne sur la variabilité du bilan de liaison suivant les personnes. Ce type de modélisation est le premier à inclure les formes du corps, les caractéristiques électriques des tissus biologiques et les caractéristiques de rayonnement des antennes. Une méthode basée sur l’autocorrélation du canal est également présentée afin de connaître les temps de cohérences des évanouissements lents et rapides. Par la suite, il est montré comment les évanouissements lents sont extraits par le biais d’un filtrage FFT fonction du temps de cohérence associé. L’étude des canaux se termine sur une série de mesures en chambre anéchoïde qui a permis de vérifier la validité des modèles analytiques. Des mesures en milieu indoor ont abouti à la proposition de plusieurs modèles statistiques basés sur une loi de Nakagami-m fonction de la distance sur le corps. Deux autres chapitres sont consacrés à la conception d’antennes à proximité de tissus biologiques et devant être intégrées dans des biocapteurs ou des vêtements. Pour cela, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux structures en F-inversé comme les IFA imprimées et les PIFA. Nous avons également réalisé des monopôles courts ayant un comportement de type magnétique. Nous montrons par le biais de simulations et de mesures sur un fantôme que seules les antennes du type monopôle et PIFA permettent une bonne excitation des ondes de surface. On montre par la suite l’influence du facteur de qualité d’une antenne sur son rendement et l’on en conclue qu’une antenne doit présenter un facteur de qualité faible pour avoir un bon rendement. La désensibilisation d’une antenne face au corps est également présentée. L’emploi de feuilles de ferrites aide à concentrer le champ réactif et limite ainsi les inévitables désadaptations dues au corps. Le coefficient de qualité joue également un rôle important dans le comportement de l’antenne face aux variabilités des tissus biologiques. L’estimation du rendement est un autre point difficile à réaliser lorsque les antennes sont sur le corps. Malgré tout nous proposons une nouvelle méthode que nous vérifions par simulation. Finalement, une structure à diversité est également proposée. Cette dernière tient compte des connaissances acquises au long de ce travail de recherche. Une sélection des meilleurs types d’antennes du point de vu canal et rendement est réalisée. La structure choisie est composée d’une PIFA et d’un monopôle court découplés par le biais de fentes λ/4. Des mesures in situ en milieu indoor donnent un gain en diversité maximum de 8.1 dB pour un schéma de type sélection / BAN antennas conception and channel modelling

<p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p>The current state of the art in biopotential recordings rely on radiative electromagnetic (EM) fields. In such transmissions, only a small fraction of this energy is received since the EM fields are widely radiated resulting in lossy inefficient systems. Using the body as a communication medium (similar to a ’wire’) allows for the containment of the energy within the body, yielding order(s) of magnitude lower energy than radiative EM communication. The first part of this work introduces Animal Body Communication for untethered rodent biopotential recording and for the first time this work develops the theory and models for animal body communication circuitry and channel loss. In vivo experimental analysis proves that ABC successfully transmits acquired electrocardiogram (EKG) signals through the body with correlation greater than 99% when compared to traditional wireless communication modalities, with a 50x reduction in power consumption. The second part of this work focusses on the analysis and design of an Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication (EQS-HBC) system for simultaneous sensing and transmission of biopotential signals. In this work, detailed analysis on the system level interaction between the sensing and transmitting circuitry is studied and a design to enable simultaneous sensing and transmission is proposed. Experimental analysis was performed to understand the interaction between the Right Leg-Drive circuitry and the HBC transmission along with the effect of the ADC quantization on signal quality. Finally, experimental trials proves that EKG signals can be transmitted through the body with greater than 96% correlation when compared to Bluetooth systems at extremely low powers. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

Le développement des réseaux de capteurs sans fil fait que chaque utilisateur ou organisation est déjà connecté à un nombre important de nœuds. Ces nœuds génèrent une quantité importante de données, rendant la gestion de ces données non évident. De plus, ces données peuvent contenir des informations concernant la vie privée. Les travaux de la thèse attaquent ces problématiques. Premièrement, nous avons conçu un middleware qui communique avec les capteurs physiques pour collecter, stocker, traduire, indexer, analyser et générer des alertes sur les données des capteurs. Ce middleware est basé sur la notion de composants et de composites. Chaque nœud physique communique avec un composite du middleware via une interface RESTFul. Ce middleware a été testé et utilisé dans le cadre du projet Européen Mobesens dans le but de gérer les données d'un réseau de capteurs pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'eau. Deuxièmement, nous avons conçu un protocole hybride d'authentification et d'établissement de clés de paires et de groupes. Considérant qu'il existe une différence de performance entre les noeuds capteur, la passerelle et le middleware, nous avons utilisé l'authentification basé sur la cryptographie basée sur les identités entre la passerelle et le serveur de stockage et une cryptographie symétrique entre les capteurs et les deux autres parties. Ensuite, le middleware a été généralisé dans la troisième partie de la thèse pour que chaque organisation ou individu puisse avoir son propre espace pour gérer les données de ses capteurs en utilisant le cloud computing. Ensuite, nous avons portail social sécurisé pour le partage des données des réseaux de capteurs / Nowadays, each user or organization is already connected to a large number of sensor nodes which generate a substantial amount of data, making their management not an obvious issue. In addition, these data can be confidential. For these reasons, developing a secure system managing the data from heterogeneous sensor nodes is a real need. In the first part, we developed a composite-based middleware for wireless sensor networks to communicate with the physical sensors for storing, processing, indexing, analyzing and generating alerts on those sensors data. Each composite is connected to a physical node or used to aggregate data from different composites. Each physical node communicating with the middleware is setup as a composite. The middleware has been used in the context of the European project Mobesens in order to manage data from a sensor network for monitoring water quality. In the second part of the thesis, we proposed a new hybrid authentication and key establishment scheme between senor nodes (SN), gateways (MN) and the middleware (SS). It is based on two protocols. The first protocol intent is the mutual authentication between SS and MN, on providing an asymmetric pair of keys for MN, and on establishing a pairwise key between them. The second protocol aims at authenticating them, and establishing a group key and pairwise keys between SN and the two others. The middleware has been generalized in the third part in order to provide a private space for multi-organization or -user to manage his sensors data using cloud computing. Next, we expanded the composite with gadgets to share securely sensor data in order to provide a secure social sensor network

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is already providing solutions to various tasks related to monitoring the environment and controlling devices over wired and wireless networks. It is estimated by several well-known research facilities that the number of IoT devices will be in the order of tens of billions by 2020. This inevitably brings challenges and costs in deployment, management, and maintenance of networks. The focus of this thesis is to provide solutions that mainly help in the deployment and maintenance of various wireless IoT networks. Different applications have different requirements for a wireless link coverage. It is important to utilize suitable radio technology for a particular application in order, e.g., to maximize the lifetime of a device. A wireless body area network (WBAN) typically consists of devices that are within couple of meters from each other. The WBAN is suitable for, e.g., measuring muscle activity and transferring data to a storage for processing. The wireless link can use air as a medium, or alternatively, an induced electric field to a body can be used. In this thesis, it is shown that a location of the electrodes in the body have impact to the attenuation. Home automation IoT applications are typically implemented with mid-range wireless technologies, known as wireless personal area networks (WPAN). In order to minimize and get rid of battery change operations, a wake-up receiver could be utilized in order to improve the device’s energy efficiency. The concept is introduced and performance of the current state-of-the-art works are presented. In addition, a control loop enabling a passive device to have control over an energy source is proposed. Applications that have low bandwidth requirements can be implemented with low-power wide area networks (LPWAN). One technology – LoRaWAN – is evaluated, and it is recommended as based on the results to use it in non-critical applications. / Tiivistelmä Esineiden internet (Internet of Things, IoT) mahdollistaa jo laajan kirjon erilaisia ratkaisuja ympäristön monitorointiin ja laitteiden hallintaan hyödyntäen sekä langattomia että langallisia verkkoja. Usea hyvin tunnettu tutkimusorganisaatio on arvioinut, että vuonna 2020 IoT laitteiden määrä tulee olemaan kymmenissä miljardeissa. Se luo väistämättä haasteita laitteiden sijoittamisessa, hallinnassa ja kunnossapidossa. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy tarjoamaan ratkaisuja, jotka voivat helpottaa langattomien IoT laitteiden sijoittamisessa ja kunnossapidossa. IoT sovellusten laaja kirjo vaatii erilaisia langattomia radioteknologioita, jotta sovellukset voitaisiin toteuttaa, muun muassa, mahdollisimman energiatehokkaasti. Langattomassa kehoverkossa (wireless body area network, WBAN) käytetään usein hyvin lyhyitä langattomia linkkejä. WBAN on soveltuva esimerkiksi lihasten aktiivisuus mittauksessa ja mittaustiedon siirtämisessä talteen varastointia ja prosessointia varten. Linkki voidaan toteuttaa käyttäen ilmaa rajapintana, tai vaihtoehtoisesti, kehoa. Tässä työssä on näytetty, että käytettäessä kehoa siirtotienä, elektrodien sijainnilla on merkitystä signaalin vaimennuksen kannalta. Kotiautomaatio IoT sovellukset ovat tyypillisesti toteutettu käyttäen langatonta likiverkkoa, jossa linkin pituus sisätiloissa on alle 30 metriä. Jotta päästäisiin eroon pariston vaihto-operaatiosta tai ainakin vähennettyä niiden määrää, herätevastaanotinta käyttämällä olisi mahdollista parantaa laitteiden energiatehokkuutta. Herätevastaanotin konsepti ja tämänhetkistä huipputasoa edustavien vastaanottimien suorituskyky ovat esitetty. Lisäksi, on ehdotettu menetelmä joka takaa energian saannin passiiviselle IoT laitteelle. IoT sovellukset jotka tyytyvät vähäiseen kaistanleveyteen voidaan toteuttaa matalatehoisella laajan alueen verkolla (low-power wide area network, LPWAN). Yhden LPWAN teknologian, nimeltään LoRaWAN, suorituskykyä on evaluoitu. Tulosten perusteella suositus on hyödyntää kyseistä teknologiaa ei-kriittisissä sovelluksissa.