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Background: Every year, several people in Sweden undergo an ostomy operation. Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer are some of the reasons for stoma is inserted. Living with a stoma can affect the person´s experience of health and suffering as well as the view of their own body. As a nurse, it is important to have knowledge and be able to support affected people with a stoma i na professional way. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe adult people's experiences of living with a stoma. Method: A literature-based study based on qualitative research was conducted. Eleven scientific articles were reviewed, analyzed and compiled into a result. Results: The result was based on two themes and six subthemes. The first theme was: Body function and appearance, with the three subthemes: Loss of body control, body control using strategies, varied feelings and behavior related to the appearance of the body. The second theme was: Impact on social life, with the three subthemes: Significant support and guidance from healthcare, mixed feelings in front of returning to work and difficulty with intimate relationships. Conclusion: Living with a stoma is associated with both positive and negative experiences and varies from person to person. Increased support and information from nurses give people with stoma a greater opportunity to adapt to their new life. / Syftet med examensarbetet var att ta reda på vuxna personers erfarenheter av att leva med stomi. Stomi är en kirurgisk öppning i buken där avföring kan rinna ut. En stomi anläggs vid trauma eller sjukdom i tarmarna. Resultatet visade att många personer hade svårt att acceptera sin nya kropps utseende och funktion efter anläggning av stomi. Till följd av förändringen såg vissa personer med stomi negativt på sig själva, vilket påverkade dem psykiskt. Kroppens tidigare naturliga funktion förändrades vilket för många var påfrestande och upplevdes som en förlust av kroppskontroll. Olika typer av egenvård användes för att återfå kontroll över tarmen, ett exempel var irrigation som gjorde det möjligt för personer med stomi att uppnå kontinens. Personer med stomi kände att de fick tillbaka sitt självförtroende och en känsla av makt över sin kropp tack vare den återfunna kontrollen. För personer med inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomar sågs dock stomibildandet och den förändrade kroppsfunktionen som en återvunnen kroppskontroll. Oro för okontrollerbara gasutsläpp och påsläckage gjorde att många personer undvek att umgås med vänner och familj, eller att vistas i sociala sammanhang. Oron och den förändrade bilden av kroppen påverkade även sexlivet negativt. Oron och de psykiska besvären till följd av stomin hindrade personer att njuta av intimitet. Flera personer upplevde svårigheter att återgå till arbetet då känslor av fördomar och diskriminering uppkom. Många personer med stomi såg stöd som en viktig del för att acceptera sitt nya liv, men flera upplevde ett otillräckligt stöd från sjukvården. Personer med stomi finns överallt inom vården vilket innebär att allmänsjuksköterskan ofta möter dessa patienter. För att kunna bemöta och hjälpa personer med stomi på bästa sätt, behöver sjuksköterskan ha kunskap om hur det kan upplevas att leva med stomi. Examensarbetet är litteraturbaserat med grund i analys av kvalitativa studier. Elva artiklar valdes ut och granskades för att sedan analyseras och bilda resultatet till examensarbetet. Tidigare studier visade att personer med stomi hade problem med oro och skamrelaterat till stomin. Detta stämde även överens med resultatet i examensarbetet.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body image, attitudes about appearance, and levels of constrained leisure for college-age women and their mothers. It also examined how the body image concerns of young women are influenced by their mothers'. Thompson and Gray's Body-Image Assessment Scale (BIAS) was used to assess body image while Spangler's Beliefs About Appearance Scale (BAAS) was used to assess the participants' beliefs about appearance. Raymore's hierarchical leisure constraints scale was used to measure levels of leisure constraints. The sample was taken from female students at a private western American university and consisted of 116 daughters and 76 mothers. The data supported the hypotheses that body image and beliefs about appearance pose significant leisure constraints for college-age as well as middle-aged women. The data also indicated some maternal influence on appearance-related concerns of daughters.

Negative body image and preoccupation with weight are the norm for most women and girls in Western society, despite their potentially harmful consequences for psychological and physical wellness. While we know that many in this population experience negative feelings towards their bodies, we do not know if their beliefs about their body size are accurate and what effect a correct or incorrect assessment of one's body size has in terms of actual behavior. I examine this question among adolescent girls using data from the 2002 Health Behaviors in School-Age Children Survey. With a sample of 2,784 girls between the ages of 11 and 17, I run Poisson regression models to assess the relationship between actual and perceived body size and healthy versus unhealthy weight control behaviors, controlling for a number of indicators known to be associated with weight control, including parent and peer relationships, media exposure, and age of first menstruation. Results indicate that a discrepancy between actual and perceived body size is associated with increases in both positive and negative weight control behaviors, though the association with negative weight control behaviors is much larger. Starting puberty later is associated with a decrease in both types of these behaviors. Difficult family relationships appear to be more strongly associated with negative weight control than positive weight control. Other associations are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.

Researchers have traditionally used two measures of self-objectification, the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) and the Objectified Body Consciousness Body Surveillance subscale (McKinley & Hyde, 1996), to demonstrate that self-objectification is related to body shame and dissatisfaction, appearance anxiety, decreased awareness of internal states, decreased flow experiences, disordered eating, depression and sexual dysfunction. Although the SOQ and OBC have been used widely, they also have several limitations, including problems with missing data, lack of generalizability, and concerns about content validity. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a new measure of self-objectification called the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (SOBBS). Male and female college students (473 women and 202 men) completed an online questionnaire including a pool of items designed to measure self-objectification. The item pool was constructed through focus groups and consultation with subject matter experts. Participants also completed two existing measures of self-objectification and related constructs (i.e., interpersonal sexual objectification, body image, disordered eating behavior, depressive symptoms, and sexual functioning), and a subset of participants completed the new measure at a two-week interval. A 12-item, 2-factor measure of self-objectification was derived through exploratory factor analysis. Overall, the newly developed measure demonstrated excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data also supported the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the scale as a measure of self-objectification for women and men. Implications for research in the area of self-objectification and for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders will be discussed.