The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed in healthy older adults between two psychological and physiological variables. The conceptual framework suggested that a relationship of psychological and physiological functions would facilitate positive adjustment to the stressors of aging. Life satisfaction represented psychological functioning; body temperature represented physiological functioning; body temperature represented physiological functioning. Because some evidence exists that normal temperature for older adults is lower than 98.6°F, an additional purpose was to determine if the sample had a normal body temperature lower than 98.6°F. Subjects were 174 healthy Caucasians aged 60-97. None were taking antibiotic, phenotiazine, cortisone, or reserpine containing drugs. Life satisfaction was measured using Neugarten's Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA); body temperature was measured with an IVAC 821 oral electronic thermometer. Subjects rated perceived health on the Health Status Scale (HSS), and enumerated the past year's stressful life events on a modification of Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ). Data were collected in winter and summer to determine if body temperature was different based on season. Statistical significance was p = .05. An ANOVA revealed no significant differences between winter and summer groups. The Pearson product-moment revealed no correlation between LSIA and TEMP. LSIA was significantly correlated with HSS and AGE; that is, subjects who were more satisfied with their lives considered themselves healthier, and were younger than other subjects. TEMP was significantly related only to SEX, indicating that females had higher temperatures than males. The mean temperature for all subjects, 98.24°F, was statistically different from 98.6°F, as were winter (98.32°F) and summer (98.17°F) group means. No difference was found between winter and summer mean temperatures, indicating that season of the year did not affect body temperatures in this sample. It was concluded that no psychophysiological relationship was found because body temperature may index only illness, not health. The mean temperature was not clinically different from 98.6°F most likely because these subjects were not taking drugs known to affect body temperature. A recommendation was that nurses evaluate each older client's temperature against his own normal, versus a universal normal.

This study provides the baseline and initial assessment of the napping habits of the United States Military Academy Class of 2007. This portion of a four-year longitudinal study examines data collected on 62 Cadets over 32 days from 4 October 2004 to 4 November 2004 using actigraphy data and sleep logs. Data were stratified and cleaned in accordance with nap infrastructure. A total of 607 naps were reported for a total of 73.3 hours of additional sleep. Naps ranged from 15 minutes to six hours and occurred most frequently on weekdays. This finding contrasts with research of other samples of adolescent college students. Weekend naps were shorter in duration than weekday naps. This finding was also a departure from current scientific nap research findings. Consistent with other research, most naps were between 30 minutes to one and one half hours in length. Frequency and duration of naps were greatest on Wednesdays. The primary type of nap taken was restorative, as opposed to appetitive or prophylactic in nature. Afternoon naps were more prevalent than morning naps, possibly reflecting Cadet class schedule rather than sleep need. Suggestions for additional research are proposed.

Background Based on the writers’ experiences, the ear thermometer is the most common method for temperature measurements, even though patients usually not are asked if they prefer it. No previous research about patients’ experiences of measurements with different thermometers was found.   Aim The aim of the study was to assess and compare patients' inconvenience and expected inconvenience, and preferences of different thermometers, totally and divided by gender and age.   Method A survey with 31 hospitalized patients in Central Sweden was conducted. The questionnaire contained questions about experienced and expected inconveniences from different types of thermometers. Data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney U-test and the results are descriptively presented.   Results Compared to oral and rectal thermometers, the ear thermometer was considered the least unpleasant. It was also the most preferred thermometer. The patients ranked the methods’ correctness as the most important characteristic. Regarding the different methods and also regarding experienced and expected inconveniences there were no statistically significant differences between age groups or between gender.   Conclusion Most participants preferred the ear thermometer before the rectal thermometer and the oral thermometer. The majority wanted a thermometer that was as precise as possible. More studies are needed to investigate differences between expectations and experiences of the thermometers. Studies that will conclude if there is a disparity between different age groups and gender are recommended. / Bakgrund Enligt författarnas erfarenhet är örontermometern idag den mest förekommande mätmetoden, vilken används även om patienterna inte blivit tillfrågade om de föredrar en annan metod. Ingen forskning kring patienternas upplevelser av olika temperaturmätningsmetoder står att finna.   Syfte Syftet var att undersöka patienters upplevda och förväntade obehag samt preferenser av temperaturmätningsmetoder, totalt sett och fördelat på köns- och åldersgrupper.   Metod En enkätstudie med 31 patienter på sjukhus i Mellansverige genomfördes. Enkäten innehöll frågor om bl.a. patientens upplevda och förväntade obehag av olika temperaturmätningsmetoder och om vilka karakteristika som var viktigast vid valet av termometer. Data analyserades med hjälp av Mann Whitney U-test och resultatet presenteras deskriptivt.   Resultat Örontermometer ansågs vara mindre obehaglig än oral och rektal temperaturmätning, och var också den mest föredragna mätmetoden. Patienterna ansåg att den viktigaste karakteristikan hos en mätmetod var att den var korrekt. Det fanns ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan ålders- eller könsgrupperna avseende obehag av de olika mätmetoderna eller mellan de som hade erfarenheter av mätmetoderna och de som skattade förväntat obehag av samma mätmetoder.   Slutsats De flesta patienter föredrog örontermometern framför rektal- och oraltermometern. Majoriteten ville också ha en termometer som är så korrekt som möjligt. Ytterligare studier för att undersöka om det finns en skillnad mellan patienters förväntningar och upplevelser av olika temperaturmätningsmetoder behövs. Även studier som kan utröna om det finns skillnader mellan olika åldersgrupper och mellan kvinnor och män rekommenderas.

A skill instruction technique based on cognitive behavioral principles was applied to thermal imagery to determine if it could enhance either subjective or physiological responsiveness. The effects of imagery instruction were compared with the effects of muscle relaxation on imagery vividness, thermal imagery involvement, and the finger temperature response. The subjects were 39 male and 29 female volunteers from a minimum security federal prison. The personality characteristic of absorption was used as a classification variable to control for individual differences. It was hypothesized that high absorption individuals would reveal higher levels of imagery vividness, involvement, and finger temperature change; that imagery skill instruction and muscle relaxation would be more effective than a control condition; and that the low absorption group would derive the greatest benefit from the imagery task instruction condition. None of the hypotheses was supported. Finger temperature increased over time during the experimental procedure but remained stable during thermal imagery. The results suggest that nonspecific relaxation effects may best account for finger temperature increases during thermal imagery. Results were discussed in relation to cognitive-behavioral theory and the characteristic of absorption.

Investigations have shown that the hypothalamus and pituitary respond to decreases in body temperature by stimulating thyroid release of T_3 and T_4 . This study was designed to bypass the control of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and investigate the direct effect of temperature on the thyroid gland. Hypothermia was by an in vivo isolated perfusion of the thyroid gland. Radio-immunoassay was used to measure T_3 and T_4 concentrations. Significant increases were observed in animals perfused between 36º and 25ºc. These results indicate that the thyroid gland is directly effected by decreased temperature and that it is capable of exerting control over body temperature independent of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Lower perfusion temperatures produced no significant increases.

Perioperative hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature lower than 36řC, is associated with increased perioperative complications and prolonged hospitalization. The aim of this thesis is to analyze measures that are taken to prevent perioperative hypothermia at the Orthopedic Clinic of one Czech hospital and compare them with the current recommendations of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, Association of Operating Room Nurses and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The study included 223 patients who underwent a planned orthopedic surgery and who were more than 18 years old. As a method of data collection I chose studying the medical documentation. The obtained data were processed quantitatively. The recommended body temperature range 36.5-37.5řC before leaving an operating room had total of 60.55% of cases. Neither one patient has been no action in terms of prevention of hypothermia. Body temperature was taken in 22.4% of cases at the beginning of and during the surgery. Except for a cotton sheet, which was used in 100% of patients, no additional measures were taken in 18,4% of patients. Thermal insulation was used in 41,7% of patients, in-line warming system of infusion fluids in 65% of patients, forced air warming system in 17.9% of patients, and disposable...

Comunidades que vivem em regiões sem energia elétrica apresentam suas atividades sincronizadas pelo ciclo dia/noite e por compromissos sociais podendo haver uma diferença sazonal no comportamento. No ambiente urbano a energia elétrica cria a possibilidade de nos organizarmos temporalmente de acordo com os nossos interesses. Este comportamento tem sido apontado como uma das causas para a ausência de sazonalidade nos ritmos biológicos humanos. Este estudo fenomenológico naturalístico em índios Guarani que viviam em casas sem energia elétrica nos permitiu refletir sobre a presença de sazonalidade nos ritmos biológicos. O ritmo de temperatura do punho em 21 índios e o ciclo de atividade/repouso em 16 índios foram comparados entre o inverno e verão. O perfil temporal da temperatura não se alterou nas duas épocas, mas houve diferença nos valores de amplitude e MESOR que pode ser explicada pela variação sazonal do padrão de dissipação de calor através da pele. Não houve diferença entre o inverno e verão para os valores de acrofase, e os índios mais novos apresentaram horários de acrofase da temperatura mais tardios que os índios mais velhos. Do inverno para o verão observamos um atraso nos horários de repouso sem alteração significativa na duração. Não verificamos diferença nos horários e na duração do repouso entre os dias de semana e fins de semana. O padrão de atividade/repouso não apresentou relação com a duração/alocação da noite no inverno e verão e houve uma correlação negativa com os valores de temperatura do punho. Os índios adultos da Aldeia Boa Vista apresentam ritmos biológicos com características típicas de uma comunidade de transição. As atividades na aldeia são sincronizadas pelas diferentes relações sociais que se estabelecem em cada época do ano. / Communities living in areas without electricity present biological rhythms synchronized by the day/night cycle and social schedules; it seems possible to detect seasonal differences in their behaviour. In urban areas electricity allow us to organize our activities according to our interests. This behaviour has been pointed as a cause for the absence of seasonality in human biological rhythms. The present naturalistic phenomenological study of Guarani indians that living in no electricity houses allowed us to think about the presence of seasonality in biological rhythms. Wrist temperature and activity/rest rhythms of 21 indians were compared between winter and summer. The temperature profile did not change, but a seasonal difference was found for amplitude and MESOR values which may be related to metabolic-behavioral processes involved in thermoregulation. In summer the vasodilation is intense and the heat dissipation is maximum (with low variability), the opposite tends to occur in winter. We did not find seasonality in acrophase values between subjects, and we also found the same correlation described for urban populations: a phase advance of body temperature in the elderly. From winter to summer the onsets/offset of rest were delayed, with no change in rest duration. For the indians there was no difference in the schedules of rest/activity during the week. The activity/rest cycle was not determined by the day/night cycle but showed a significant correlation with wrist temperature. The adult indians of Boa Vista settlement showed typical characteristics in their biological rhythms of a transition community. The activities in the settlement are synchronized by singular relationships that take place in each season.

As serpentes são animais ectotérmicos capazes de modificar seu comportamento termorregulatório e consequentemente sua temperatura corpórea para otimizar o desempenho de determinadas atividades, dentre elas, a reprodução. Segundo vários estudos, a reprodução é um dos fatores fisiológicos mais influenciados pela seleção de temperatura corpórea em Squamata. Fêmeas reprodutivas de muitas espécies têm apresentado termofilia gestacional. Esse comportamento tem corroborado a hipótese de manipulação materna da temperatura ótima para o desenvolvimento embrionário, com isso, a fêmea garante o fenótipo da prole e seu sucesso reprodutivo. Aqui investigamos a influência do status reprodutivo na biologia termal de fêmeas de Crotalus durissus em cativeiro semiextensivo. Para isso, foram utilizados sensores de temperatura interna (datalogger) inseridos cirurgicamente na cavidade celomática de fêmeas prenhes e não prenhes. As análises dos dados demonstraram que fêmeas prenhes mantiveram a média de temperatura corpórea significativamente mais elevadas do que fêmeas não prenhes no verão. No entanto, a variação da Tc de fêmeas prenhes não difere de fêmeas não prenhes. O benefício mais frequentemente citado sobre a evolução da viviparidade, é que fêmeas prenhes podem acelerar o desenvolvimento embrionário por meio da termorregulação. A elevação e estabilidade da temperatura corpórea durante a gestação têm sido consideradas o mecanismo primordial para assegurar o desenvolvimento embrionário. Desta forma, aumenta o fitness da prole e garante a viabilidade da ninhada. Os dados apresentados aqui demonstram que a condição reprodutiva de fêmeas prenhes de Crotalus durissus tem grande influência sobre a seleção de temperaturas mais elevadas, corroborando com a hipótese de que fêmeas alteram o comportamento termorregulatório quando estão prenhes. / Snakes are ectothermic animals capable of modifying their thermoregulatory behavior and consequently their body temperature to optimize the performance of certain activities, among them, reproduction. According to several studies, reproduction is one of the physiological factors most influenced by the selection of body temperature in Squamata. Reproductive females of many species have shown gestational thermophily. This behavior has corroborated the hypothesis of maternal manipulation of the optimum temperature for embryonic development, therefore, the female assures the phenotype of offspring and their reproductive success. Here we investigate the influence of reproductive status on the thermal biology of Crotalusdurissus females in semiextensive captivity. For this, internal temperature sensors (dataloggers) were inserted surgically in the coelomic cavity of pregnant and non-pregnant females. Data analyzes demonstrated that pregnant females maintained significantly higher mean body temperature than non-pregnant females in the summer. However, the body temperature variation of pregnant females does not differ from non-pregnant females. The most frequently cited benefit on the evolution of viviparity is that pregnant females can accelerate embryonic development through thermoregulation. The elevation and stability of body temperature during pregnancy have been considered the primordial mechanism to ensure the embryonic development. Thus, it increases the fitness of offspring and ensures the viability of the clutch. The data presented here, demonstrate that the reproductive condition of pregnant females of Crotalus durissus has great influence on the selection of higher temperatures, corroborating with the hypothesis that females alter the thermoregulatory behavior when they are pregnant.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar possíveis relações entre a ocorrência dos fogachos e as oscilações da temperatura periférica, atividade motora e do humor. Participaram do protocolo 19 pacientes do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo, separadas em 2 grupos: mulheres pós-menopausa com fogachos e mulheres pós-menopausa sem fogachos, mais o grupo controle. As variáveis coletadas foram: a atividade motora do braço, temperatura da pele do punho e ocorrência de fogachos. Encontramos ritmicidade circadiana significativa na ocorrência de fogachos em 5 voluntárias e ritmicidade infradiana significativa (períodos entre 7 e 14 dias) em 4 voluntárias. Observamos correlação positiva entre essa pontuação do questionário de cronotipo e a amplitude da curva ajustada do ritmo de temperatura punho e correlação positiva entre fogachos e a média da temperatura do punho. A média da temperatura do punho das mulheres com fogachos foi maior que a das mulheres sem fogachos e controles. Na população estudada demonstramos evidências de relações entre os episódios de fogachos e as oscilações da temperatura periférica, atividade motora. Não encontramos relações significativas entre a ocorrência de fogachos e variações dos estados de humor alegria e ansiedade. / In this study we evaluated possible correlations between peripheral (wrist) temperature, rest/activity and mood circadian rhythms and the occurrence of hot flashes in post-menopausal women. Nineteen patients from Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo had participated this study. The patients were separated in 2 groups: post-menopausal women with hot flashes (n=13) aged 55±4; postmenopausal women without hot flashes (n=6) with 59±1.51 years old, besides the control group (n=10) with 36±4 years old. The data collected were motor activity of the arm, peripheral (wrist skin) temperature and occurrence of episodes of hot flashes. Volunteers wore actimeters to collect motor activity data and wrist temperature along 30 consecutive days and filled sleep diaries and two visual analogue scales (anxiety and joy) for mood self-evaluations every three hours and during the hot flashes. All volunteers filled the chronotype questionnaire (QC). We found significant (p<0.05) circadian rhythmicity of hot flashes occurrence in 5 women and significant (p<0.05) infradian rhythmicity (periods between 7 and 14 days) in 4 women; positive correlation between QC scores and total number of hot flashes (r=0.424; p<0.05). We also observed positive correlation between the QC score and the amplitude of the fitted curve of peripheral temperature rhythm (r= 0.628; p<0.01) and positive correlation between total number of hot flashes and mean value of wrist temperature (r=0.505;p<0.05). The mean value of peripheral temperature of postmenopausal women with hot flashes was higher than that for post-menopausal women without hot flashes and control group (p<0.036, Kruskal-Wallis test). We found an increase (p< 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) in mean wrist temperature within 15 minutes of hot flashes. The occurrence of hot flashes tends to be concentrated between the evening and sleep onset for most of the women who referred hot flashes. We have demonstrated some evidences of relationships between episodes of hot flashes and the peripheral temperature and motor activity oscillations. We have not found significant relations between the occurrence of hot flashes and mood oscillations as measured for the states of anxiety and joy.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipotermia é um fator de risco independente no aumento da mortalidade em recém-nascidos pré-termos muito baixo peso (RNPTs MBP). A prática de envolver o corpo do RNPT MBP em película de polietileno ou saco plástico durante a reanimação neonatal após o nascimento é uma medida recomendada visando prevenir a hipotermia neonatal. É necessário avaliar o impacto da introdução dessa prática sobre a estabilidade térmica do RNPT MBP nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. OBJETIVO: Comparar a variação da temperatura corporal nas primeiras 24 horas de vida de RNPTs MBP envoltos e não em saco plástico durante a reanimação neonatal ao nascimento. MÉTODO: Estudo longitudinal com coleta retrospectiva de dados de prontuários. Foram analisados prontuários de 282 RNs com idade gestacional menor que 33 semanas ou peso inferior a 1500 gramas, nascidos no período de 2004 a 2007 e 2009 a 2012, respectivamente antes e após a introdução da prática de envolver o RNPT MBP em saco plástico no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A análise estatística das variáveis maternas, perinatais, neonatais e a variável dependente, temperatura corpórea do RN nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e ocorrência de hipotermia foram relacionadas às variáveis de exposição e ao grupo de RNPT MBP envolto em saco plástico (ESP) ou não envolto em saco plástico (NESP). A existência de associação entre as variáveis independentes e dependente foi determinada para as variáveis nominais com o teste Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher e teste t de Student para as variáveis discretas. As variáveis contínuas foram analisadas com o teste ANOVA. Para analisar a existência de relação entre variável de exposição e ocorrência de hipotermia neonatal em diferentes períodos de aferição da temperatura nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, foi utilizado o teste de Breslow-Day-Tarone. O teste de Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel foi empregado para analisar a existência de associação entre hipotermia e uso do saco plástico controlado pelo intervalo de aferição da temperatura corpórea. A estimativa da razão de chance de ocorrer hipotermia entre os recém-nascidos que foram envoltos em saco plástico foi obtida mediante o uso de teste de Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio Estimate. Foi adotado nível de significância estatística de p < 0,05 e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O projeto de pesquisa recebeu aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição campo do estudo. RESULTADOS: Houve distribuição homogênea entre os grupos NESP e ESP quanto às variáveis maternas, perinatais e neonatais com exceção da idade gestacional e do peso do RN ao nascimento, com média de idade do grupo NESP de 29,29 semanas e do ESP de 27,79 semanas, p=0,000; médias de peso ao nascimento dos grupos NESP e ESP, respectivamente, de 1287,47 gramas e 1115,29 gramas, p=0,000. As médias das temperaturas dos RNPTs MBP apresentaram diferenças significativas ao longo das primeiras 24 horas de vida para ambos os grupos, sendo p=0,000, e na comparação dos grupos NESP e ESP, de p=0,002. A evolução da temperatura ao longo das primeiras 24 horas não foi igual nos dois grupos (p = 0,032). Não se encontrou associação entre o uso do saco plástico e a idade gestacional com relação à hipotermia, p=0,772, mas no grupo de RN com idade gestacional até 28 semanas envoltos em saco plástico a prevalência de hipotermia ao longo das primeiras 24 horas de vida foi menor em comparação ao grupo não envolto em saco plástico (p = 0,009). A evolução da temperatura também não foi igual quando da análise dos grupos NESP e ESP com até 28 semanas, sendo as médias das temperaturas do ESP maiores, p=0,028. A variável peso ao nascimento apresentou relação estatística significante com a ocorrência de hipotermia, p = 0,000, OR = 0,999 [IC 95%, 0,999 0,999]. CONCLUSÕES: O uso do saco plástico não mostrou mais efetividade na prevenção de hipotermia em RNPT com idade gestacional entre 29 e 32 semanas, porém nos com idade menor que 28 semanas houve menor prevalência de hipotermia nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, indicando efeito benéfico do uso de saco plástico. Os resultados indicam que apesar da implementação da prática de envolver os RNPTs MBP em saco plástico, medidas complementares necessitam ser adotadas na prevenção da hipotermia nas primeiras 24 horas de vida do RN. / BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is an independent risk factor for increased mortality in very low birth weight preterm infants (VLBWPI). The practice of involving the body of VLBWPI in polyethylene film or plastic bag during neonatal resuscitation after birth is a recommended measure to prevent neonatal hypothermia. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of the implementation of this practice on the thermal stability of VLBWPI within the first 24 hours of life. OBJECTIVE: To compare the variation of VLBWPI body temperature in the first 24 hours of life of wrapped (WPG) and non-wrapped in plastic bag (NWPG) during neonatal resuscitation at delivery room. METHODS: A longitudinal study with retrospective collection data. It was analyzed 282 medical records of preterm infants with gestational age less than 33 weeks or birth weight less than 1500 grams, born from 2004 to 2007 and from 2009 to 2012, respectively before and after the implementation of the practice of wrapping the VLBWPI in plastic bag at the University of Sao Paulo University Hospital. Statistical analysis of maternal, perinatal and neonatal variables and the dependent variable, VLBWPI body temperature within the first 24 hours of life and occurrence of hypothermia were related to the exposure variables - group of VLBWPI (WPG) or group of not wrapped in plastic bag (NWPG). The existence of an association between the independent and dependent variables were analyzed, and for nominal variables, the chi-square test was used and Fisher\'s exact and Student\'s t test were used to analyze discrete variables. Continuous variables were analyzed with ANOVA. To analyze the relationship between the independent variable and the occurrence of neonatal hypothermia in different periods of body temperature measures in the first 24 hours of life, was used the test of Breslow-Day-Tarone. To analyze the association between hypothermia and use of plastic bag controlled by body temperature measurement range, it was used the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. The estimated ratio of hypothermia occurrence among infants were wrapped in plastic bags was obtained by the test of Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio Estimate. The statistical significance level adopted was < 0.05 and confidence interval 95%. The University of Sao Paulo School of Nursing and University Hospital Research Ethics Committee approved the research project. RESULTS: There were homogeneous distributions between the WPG and NWPG regarding maternal, perinatal and neonatal variables except for gestational age and birth weight, mean gestational age for NWPG 29.29 weeks and for WPG, 27.79 weeks, p=0.000; mean birth weight for NWPG and WPG, respectively 1287.47 grams and 1115.29 grams, p=0.000. The mean body temperature showed significant differences over the first 24 hours of life for both groups, p=0.000 and when compare NWPG with WPG, p=0.002. The evolution of the body temperature throughout the first 24 hours was not similar for both groups, p=0.032. There was no association between the use of plastic bag and gestational age with occurrence of hypothermia, p= 0.772, but in the group of VLBWPI with gestational age up to 28 weeks wrapped in plastic bag (WPG) the prevalence of hypothermia over the first 24 hours of life was lower compared to the NWPG with same gestational age, p = 0.009. The evolution of the body temperature also was not equal when it examined the NWPG and WPG of up to 28 gestational weeks, the mean temperature of WPG was higher, p=0.028. The variable birth weight showed a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of hypothermia , p = 0.000 , OR = 0.999 [95% CI , 0.999 to 0.999 ] . CONCLUSIONS: The use of plastic bag not shown to be more effective for preventing hypothermia in VLBWPI, with gestational age between 29 to 32 weeks, but for those up 28 weeks the hypothermia prevalence was in the first 24 hours of life, indicating a beneficial effect of wrapping them in the plastic bag during the neonatal resuscitation at birth. The results indicate that although the practical implementation of involving VLBWPI in a plastic bag, additional measures need to be adopted in the prevention of hypothermia in the first 24 hours of life of the newborn