Apesar da preocupação atual com a contaminação do ambiente, pelo uso agrícola de resíduos industriais e urbanos, metais pesados podem ser incorporados ao solo por práticas agrícolas tradicionais como uso de fertilizantes e defensivos. Objetivando avaliar o comportamento do cobre aplicado ao solo através de calda bordalesa foram conduzidos ensaios nos quais o fungicida foi aplicado ao solo acondicionado em colunas, bem como consideradas amostras de solo sob cultura de frutíferas. A mobilização do Cu foi estudada em experimento com colunas de lixiviação, feitas de tubos de cloreto de polivinil (PVC), utilizando dois tipos de solos: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd). O cobre aplicado por um material alcalino como a calda bordalesa é relativamente imóvel no solo, mas pressupõe-se que poderá ser mobilizado pela ação de compostos orgânicos que atuam como complexantes. Desta forma, foram aplicados como compostos orgânicos: dois materiais de uso generalizado na agricultura (esterco de galinha e torta de filtro); um material sintético de elevado poder complexante (NaH2EDTA) e citrato de amônio para representar os agentes quelantes de ocorrência natural no ambiente. Em adição ao experimento em colunas, para determinar as frações de cobre presente no solo, foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20 cm, no município de Louveira, Estado de São Paulo, em pomares de frutíferas onde se usa rotineiramente calda bordalesa como fungicida. Nesses locais, o teor de Cu do solo extraído por DTPA variou entre 6,5-34,3 mg Cu kg-1, enquanto que o teor de Cu total variou entre 40,8-108,8 mg kg-1. Para avaliar a disponibilidade do Cu nos solos de Louveira e nos solos do experimento em colunas foi escolhido o método de Neubauer, pela vantagem de ser um método biológico de determinação da quantidade disponível de elementos no solo. A lixiviação na coluna do solo LVAd, onde foi aplicado o EDTA, conseguiu mobilizar 436,5 µg de Cu, massa que representa uma fração muito pequena do cobre total aplicado ao solo por meio da calda bordalesa. Trata-se, entretanto, de um valor bastante significativo frente ao que foi removido nos demais tratamentos. Embora quase não tenha sido mobilizado cobre para fora das colunas, os resultados da análise química do solo indicaram a movimentação do cobre dos segmentos superiores para os inferiores, sob a ação dos tratamentos, na faixa de 5,0-48,2 mg Cu. Quanto à absorção de cobre pelas plantas no experimento de Neubauer, observou-se que a aplicação do EDTA favoreceu a absorção do cobre pelas plantas de arroz em ambos os solos estudados, entretanto não influenciou na massa seca das plantas. Já nas amostras dos solos de Louveira a absorção de cobre diminuiu a massa seca das plantas, tanto quando se considerou a concentração de cobre no tecido vegetal como a massa total de cobre absorvido. O Cu absorvido pelas plantas também se correlacionou com teores de cobre trocável, cobre ligado a carbonato e cobre ligado a óxidos de Fe e Mn, obtidos no estudo de fracionamento. O extrator DTPA mostrou ainda ser um bom indicador da disponibilidade de cobre aplicado pela calda bordalesa. / Despite the current concerns regarding the environment contamination by the agricultural use of industrial and urban wastes, heavy metals can be incorporated to the soil through traditional fertilizers and defensives. Aiming to evaluate the behavior of copper applied to the soil through the Bordeaux mixture, trials were carried out in which the fungicide was applied to the soil packed in columns, as well as samples of soil under fruit cultures were considered. The mobilization of Cu was studied in experiments with leaching columns, which consisted of polyvinyl chloride tubes (PVC), using two types of soil: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd). Copper applied through an alkaline material such as the Bordeaux mixture is relatively immobile in the soil but it is expected to be mobilized by the action of organic complexing compounds. This way they were applied as organic compounds, two materials generally used in agriculture: poultry manure and filter cake; a synthetic material with high affinity for metals (NaH2EDTA) and ammonium citrate in order to represent the ligants of wide spread occurrence in the environment. In addition to the experiment in columns and to determine the fractions of copper present in the soil, 0-20 cm samples of soil were collected in grape and fig orchard located in the city of Louveira , SP, where the Bourdeaux mixture is commonly used as a fungicide. Is these places the total copper content of the soil extracted by DTPA varied between 40,8-108,8 mg kg-1. To evaluate the availability of copper in the soil of Louveira, and in the soils of the column experiment, the Neubauer method was chosen due to the advantage of being a biological method of determination of the available amount of elements in the soil. The leaching in the LVAd soil column, where EDTA was applied was able to mobilize 436,5 µg of cu, mass that represents a very small fraction of the total copper applied to the soil through the Bordeaux mixture. It refers to, subconsequently to a very significant amount when compared to the quantity obtained through other methods. Although almost no copper was removed out of the columns, the results of the chemical analysis indicated the movement of copper from the upper segments to the lower segments, under the action of treatments, the range of 5-48,2 mg of copper. Regarding the absorption of copper by plants in the Neubauer experiment it was observed that the application of EDTA favored the absorption of copper by the rice plants, in both studied soil, however it didn’t influence the dry mass of plants. In the soil samples from Louvreira, the copper absorption diminished the total dry mass of the plants, when considered the copper concentration in the vegetal tissue, as well as the total content of copper absorbed. The copper absorbed by the plants was correlated to exchangeable copper content as well as copper linked to carbonate and copper linked to oxides of Fe and Mn, obtained through the fractioning study. The DTPA extractor proved to be a good indicator of the availability to plants of copper applied through the Bordeaux mixture.

Apesar da preocupação atual com a contaminação do ambiente, pelo uso agrícola de resíduos industriais e urbanos, metais pesados podem ser incorporados ao solo por práticas agrícolas tradicionais como uso de fertilizantes e defensivos. Objetivando avaliar o comportamento do cobre aplicado ao solo através de calda bordalesa foram conduzidos ensaios nos quais o fungicida foi aplicado ao solo acondicionado em colunas, bem como consideradas amostras de solo sob cultura de frutíferas. A mobilização do Cu foi estudada em experimento com colunas de lixiviação, feitas de tubos de cloreto de polivinil (PVC), utilizando dois tipos de solos: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd). O cobre aplicado por um material alcalino como a calda bordalesa é relativamente imóvel no solo, mas pressupõe-se que poderá ser mobilizado pela ação de compostos orgânicos que atuam como complexantes. Desta forma, foram aplicados como compostos orgânicos: dois materiais de uso generalizado na agricultura (esterco de galinha e torta de filtro); um material sintético de elevado poder complexante (NaH2EDTA) e citrato de amônio para representar os agentes quelantes de ocorrência natural no ambiente. Em adição ao experimento em colunas, para determinar as frações de cobre presente no solo, foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20 cm, no município de Louveira, Estado de São Paulo, em pomares de frutíferas onde se usa rotineiramente calda bordalesa como fungicida. Nesses locais, o teor de Cu do solo extraído por DTPA variou entre 6,5-34,3 mg Cu kg-1, enquanto que o teor de Cu total variou entre 40,8-108,8 mg kg-1. Para avaliar a disponibilidade do Cu nos solos de Louveira e nos solos do experimento em colunas foi escolhido o método de Neubauer, pela vantagem de ser um método biológico de determinação da quantidade disponível de elementos no solo. A lixiviação na coluna do solo LVAd, onde foi aplicado o EDTA, conseguiu mobilizar 436,5 µg de Cu, massa que representa uma fração muito pequena do cobre total aplicado ao solo por meio da calda bordalesa. Trata-se, entretanto, de um valor bastante significativo frente ao que foi removido nos demais tratamentos. Embora quase não tenha sido mobilizado cobre para fora das colunas, os resultados da análise química do solo indicaram a movimentação do cobre dos segmentos superiores para os inferiores, sob a ação dos tratamentos, na faixa de 5,0-48,2 mg Cu. Quanto à absorção de cobre pelas plantas no experimento de Neubauer, observou-se que a aplicação do EDTA favoreceu a absorção do cobre pelas plantas de arroz em ambos os solos estudados, entretanto não influenciou na massa seca das plantas. Já nas amostras dos solos de Louveira a absorção de cobre diminuiu a massa seca das plantas, tanto quando se considerou a concentração de cobre no tecido vegetal como a massa total de cobre absorvido. O Cu absorvido pelas plantas também se correlacionou com teores de cobre trocável, cobre ligado a carbonato e cobre ligado a óxidos de Fe e Mn, obtidos no estudo de fracionamento. O extrator DTPA mostrou ainda ser um bom indicador da disponibilidade de cobre aplicado pela calda bordalesa. / Despite the current concerns regarding the environment contamination by the agricultural use of industrial and urban wastes, heavy metals can be incorporated to the soil through traditional fertilizers and defensives. Aiming to evaluate the behavior of copper applied to the soil through the Bordeaux mixture, trials were carried out in which the fungicide was applied to the soil packed in columns, as well as samples of soil under fruit cultures were considered. The mobilization of Cu was studied in experiments with leaching columns, which consisted of polyvinyl chloride tubes (PVC), using two types of soil: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd). Copper applied through an alkaline material such as the Bordeaux mixture is relatively immobile in the soil but it is expected to be mobilized by the action of organic complexing compounds. This way they were applied as organic compounds, two materials generally used in agriculture: poultry manure and filter cake; a synthetic material with high affinity for metals (NaH2EDTA) and ammonium citrate in order to represent the ligants of wide spread occurrence in the environment. In addition to the experiment in columns and to determine the fractions of copper present in the soil, 0-20 cm samples of soil were collected in grape and fig orchard located in the city of Louveira , SP, where the Bourdeaux mixture is commonly used as a fungicide. Is these places the total copper content of the soil extracted by DTPA varied between 40,8-108,8 mg kg-1. To evaluate the availability of copper in the soil of Louveira, and in the soils of the column experiment, the Neubauer method was chosen due to the advantage of being a biological method of determination of the available amount of elements in the soil. The leaching in the LVAd soil column, where EDTA was applied was able to mobilize 436,5 µg of cu, mass that represents a very small fraction of the total copper applied to the soil through the Bordeaux mixture. It refers to, subconsequently to a very significant amount when compared to the quantity obtained through other methods. Although almost no copper was removed out of the columns, the results of the chemical analysis indicated the movement of copper from the upper segments to the lower segments, under the action of treatments, the range of 5-48,2 mg of copper. Regarding the absorption of copper by plants in the Neubauer experiment it was observed that the application of EDTA favored the absorption of copper by the rice plants, in both studied soil, however it didn’t influence the dry mass of plants. In the soil samples from Louvreira, the copper absorption diminished the total dry mass of the plants, when considered the copper concentration in the vegetal tissue, as well as the total content of copper absorbed. The copper absorbed by the plants was correlated to exchangeable copper content as well as copper linked to carbonate and copper linked to oxides of Fe and Mn, obtained through the fractioning study. The DTPA extractor proved to be a good indicator of the availability to plants of copper applied through the Bordeaux mixture.

Les événements urbains festifs (EUF) s'imposent non seulement comme de nouvelles pratiques sociales, mais aussi en tant qu'action urbaine et objet d'analyse de la recherche urbaine. Ils agissent sur l'espace public suivant des logiques distinctes éphémères, cycliques, immatérielles des actions urbaines " traditionnelles " et des modalités actuelles de gestion de tels espaces. Aussi, cette recherche vise à appréhender si les logiques de gestion des EUF ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la gestion des espaces publics. Pour répondre à ce questionnement, le cadre théorique de la " Gestion de site " a été mobilisé. Ce dernier décrit et permet d'appréhender les modalités de gestion de quatre sites urbains (gares multimodales, centres-villes, centres commerciaux, résidences privées avec services) complexes (du point de vue de la coexistence de fonctions, de services urbains, d'usages et d'intérêts sectoriels, spécifiques), permanents, de natures distinctes et proposant des ambiances particulières à leurs usagers.Il est apparu que ce cadre théorique permettait bien d'appréhender les modalités de gestion d'autres sites urbains aussi complexes que ceux analysés par la " Gestion de site ", et pourtant de nature éphémères : les sites de déroulement des EUF. Ce cadre théorique a donc été confronté à deux EUF se déroulant sur des sites éphémères : " Bordeaux-fête-le-vin " et les " Rendez-vous de l'Erdre " à Nantes. Ce choix est motivé principalement par le fait que ces EUF sont mis en place précisément sur des sites composés par une série d'espaces publics dont la gestion quotidienne et événementielle est complexe : les " espaces publics fluviaux ". L'analyse de la gestion de ces deux EUF par le prisme de la " Gestion de site " met en évidence des enseignements sur la gestion de l'événementiel qui, d'une part, nourrissent la réflexion autour de la gestion des espaces publics complexes et, d'autre part, enrichissent la " Gestion de site " en apportant des éléments inédits à ce cadre théorique nouveau

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Arts : Paris 8 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 317-339.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Augsburg, Univ., Diss., 2006 und Bordeaux, Univ. Michel de Montaigne, Diss., 2006

Diss. Universität Mainz, 2008.

Florimond de Raemond (1540 ?-1601) est une figure majeure de l'intelligentsia bordelaise. Successeur de Michel de Montaigne au Parlement de Bordeaux, il participe activement aux conflits religieux qui déchirent le royaume durant la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle. Si la postérité a retenu de lui l'image d'un parlementaire intransigeant, ultra-catholique et peu tolérant, c'est parce que durant toute sa vie, Raemond ne cesse de combattre le protestantisme. La lutte qu'il mène pour la religion catholique romaine par la rédaction des arrêts et des lois se voit complétée en 1587 par un autre engagement, celui de « l'entrée en polémique ». Raemond change alors de visage et devient un parlementaire-controversiste dont les ouvrages connaissent un succès certain. Ces deux « occupations » ne sauraient être séparées. En effet, Raemond conçoit le glaive et la plume comme deux éléments symbiotiques, deux armes au service d'une seule et même cause. C'est pourquoi, les ouvrages de Florimond de Raemond ne peuvent être étudiés en tant que tels mais doivent être envisagés comme l'élément central d'une stratégie au service de l'édification d'un « moi » social. La vie de Raemond, telle que nous avons pu la reconstituer, n'est qu'une longue suite d'événements confirmant une volonté d'appartenir à un certain « réseau » d'érudits. Son « moi » social - autrement nommé l'habitus chez Pierre Bourdieu, l'ethos « préalable » chez Ruth Amossy ou l'ethos « pré-discursif » chez Dominique Maingueneau - est donc le résultat d'un désir personnel entraînant des choix de vie. Qu'il s'agisse de son milieu familial et de sa jeunesse, de ses mariages, de son attachement à sa province d'origine, de ses amitiés littéraires et politiques, de la manière dont il acquiert progressivement l'un des plus beaux hôtels particuliers de la ville offrant au public un véritable musée d'antiques, tout pousse à croire que rien n'est dû au hasard mais bien plus à une volonté consciente d'autopromotion. / Forimond de Raemond (1540 ?-1601) was a major figure in the intelligentsia of Bordeaux. The successor to Michel de Montaigne in the Parliament of Bordeaux, he participated actively in the religious conflicts which tore the realm apart during the second half of the sixteenth century. If posterity has retained of him the image of an intransigent parliamentarian, ultra-Catholic and far from tolerant, that is because throughout his life Raemond never ceased to combat Protestantism. The struggle that he waged on behalf of the Roman Catholic religion by drawing up decrees and laws found fulfilment in 1587 in another form of engagement, namely his “entry into polemics”. Raemond then altered his aspect and became a controversialist parliamentarian, whose writings met with a certain success. These two activities cannot be separated. Indeed, Raemond conceived of the sword and the pen as two symbiotic elements, two weapons in the service of one and the same cause. This is why the works of Florimond de Raemond cannot be studied in isolation but must be viewed as the central element of a strategy aimed at constructing a social persona. The life of Raemond, insofar as we have been able to reconstitute it, amounts to a long series of events confirming his desire to belong to a certain “network” of learned men. Hence his social persona - otherwise identified as the “habitus” by Pierre Bourdieu or the “ prior ethos” by Ruth Amossy - is the result of a personal desire involving choices in life. Whether one considers his family situation and his youth, his marriages, his attachment to his province of origin, his literary and political friendships, or the way in which he progressively acquired one of the finest private residences in the city, offering the public a veritable museum of antiquities, all leads us to suppose that nothing was due to chance but rather to a conscious will to self-promotion.

Tandis que la Drôle de Guerre est l’occasion d’une première confrontation avec la réglementation et la réquisition, la signature de l’armistice marque pour les entreprises de la Gironde occupée le début d’un dialogue complexe et fécond avec le gouvernement de Vichy et les autorités allemandes. Celles-ci font face à une polycratie franco-allemande, imposant des nouveaux cadres, administratifs et territoriaux, à leur activité. L’entreprise devient un enjeu réel de pouvoir. Apparaissent à la fois des réels points de convergence (aryanisation des « entreprises juives », rémunérations du travail) et d’importantes surfaces de tension (contrôle du port, concentration de la production, départ d’ouvriers pour l’Allemagne). Par ailleurs, le régime de Vichy ne lésine pas sur les moyens, en vue de faire de l’entreprise une vitrine idéologique (Révolution nationale) : cérémonies collectives, structures d’entraide, corporatismes, associations politiques, mouvements collaborationnistes. Armé d’un redoutable arsenal législatif et répressif, il parvient – avec le soutien des Allemands – à en faire un lieu d’exclusion, d’où sont violemment extraits les éléments jugés indésirables, que ce soit pour leurs activités politiques (les communistes) ou pour leur appartenance religieuse abusivement qualifiée de « raciale » (les juifs). À l’inverse, la stratégie consistant à faire de chaque établissement un lieu d’intégration à ses idéaux, ne rencontre qu’un succès mitigé. L’attachement des acteurs de l’entreprise à la personne même du maréchal Pétain, réel au début de la période, s’estompe sous l’effet des épreuves et des sujétions dont sont victimes les Girondins. De ce point de vue, la politique sociale de l’État français (Charte du travail et comités sociaux) ne lui permet pas – sauf exception – de « ramener » patrons et ouvriers dans le giron vichyste. Dans un contexte de graves pénuries (matières premières, main-d’œuvre, moyens de transport), les entreprises girondines cherchent bien des alternatives à ce qu’on appelle communément la « collaboration économique » : utilisation de produits de remplacement, reconversion des activités, réadaptation de l’appareil productif, essor des pratiques illicites (marché noir). Mais rares sont les patrons à ne pas devoir se poser la question de l’opportunité de proposer une offre de services à l’occupant. Cette offre est largement répandue, mais variable selon les métiers, les branches et les temps de l’Occupation. Les occupants tirent ainsi profit des atouts du tissu économique local, puisqu’ils parviennent à intégrer à leur économie de guerre les industries anciennement mobilisées pour la Défense nationale et plus encore les richesses tirées du sol girondin : le bois, la résine, le vin. / While the Phoney War occasioned a first confrontation with regulations and requisition, the signing of the Armistice marked the start of a complex period for the enterprises in occupied Gironde, in that it prompted a fruitful dialogue with the Vichy government and the German authorities. These enterprises faced a French German polycracy, which imposed new administrative and territorial executives on their activities. Enterprise became a real power issue. There were points of convergence (the aryanisation of “Jewish enterprises”, the remuneration of work) as there were of conflict (the control of the port, the concentration of production, the workers' departure for Germany). Moreover, the Vichy regime did all it could to make enterprise an ideological showcase (“Révolution Nationale”): ceremonies, support groups, corporatism, political associations, collaborationist movements. Armed with a formidable legislative and repressive arsenal, it managed – with the support of the Germans – to create a place of exclusion, from which were violently removed, any elements that were judged undesirable either for their political activities (communists) or for their religious affiliation, abusively qualified as “racial” (Jews). On the contrary, the strategy which consisted in making each establishment a place of integration of its ideals, was not met with much success. The attachment that the actors of the enterprises had for Maréchal Pétain himself, which was very real in the beginning, soon faded with the trials and constraints that the people of Gironde had to suffer. From this point of view, the social policy of the French State (“Charte du Travail”) did not allow it – with some exceptions – to “bring” employers and workers back to the Vichy realm. In a context of severe shortage (primary goods, labour and means of transport), enterprises in Gironde looked for alternatives to what we commonly call the “economic collaboration”: use of products of replacement, reconversion of activities, readjustment of the productive machine, development of illicit practices (black market). Few entrepreneurs, however, missed the business opportunity that lay in offering their services to the occupying forces. These services were widespread, but varied according to jobs, fields of activity and times of the Occupation. In this way, the occupying forces benefited, from the strengths of the local economic fabric, since they managed to integrate into their war economy not only the industries that had earlier been mobilized for the “Défense Nationale” but also the natural resources of the land: wood, resin, wine.

Les événements urbains festifs (EUF) s'imposent non seulement comme de nouvelles pratiques sociales, mais aussi en tant qu'action urbaine et objet d'analyse. Ils agissent sur l'espace public suivant des logiques distinctes – éphémères, cycliques, immatérielles – des actions urbaines « traditionnelles » et des modalités actuelles de gestion de tels espaces. Aussi, cette recherche vise à appréhender si les logiques de gestion des EUF ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la gestion des espaces publics. Pour répondre à ce questionnement, le cadre théorique de la « Gestion de site » a été mobilisé. Ce dernier décrit les modalités de gestion de quatre sites urbains (gares multimodales, centres-villes, centres commerciaux, résidences privées avec services) complexes (du point de vue de la coexistence de fonctions, de services urbains, d'usages et d'intérêts sectoriels, spécifiques), permanents, de natures distinctes et proposant des ambiances particulières. Il est apparu que ce cadre théorique permettait bien d'appréhender les modalités de gestion d'autres sites urbains aussi complexes que ceux analysés par la « Gestion de site », et pourtant de nature éphémères : les sites de déroulement des EUF. Ce cadre théorique a donc été confronté à deux EUF se déroulant sur des sites éphémères : « Bordeaux-fête-le-vin » et les « Rendez-vous de l'Erdre » à Nantes. Ce choix est motivé principalement par le fait que ces EUF sont mis en place précisément sur des sites composés par une série d'espaces publics dont la gestion – quotidienne et événementielle – est complexe : les « espaces publics fluviaux ». L'analyse de la gestion de ces deux EUF par le prisme de la « Gestion de site » met en évidence des enseignements sur la gestion de l'événementiel qui, d‟une part, nourrissent la réflexion autour de la gestion des espaces publics complexes et, d'autre part, enrichissent la « Gestion de site » en apportant des éléments inédits à ce cadre théorique nouveau.