Thesis advisor: Devin O. Pendas / This dissertation studies the cooperation and competition amongst various right-wing paramilitaries in the southeastern portions of German-speaking Europe. My work overturns stereotypical, teleological narratives that presume any far-fight German extremism inherently meant “the rise of Nazism.” Instead, I reveal a complex mosaic of far-right paramilitary men, whose allegiances to and rivalries with each other oscillated with shifting situational contexts across one of the most contested and chaotic borders in interwar Europe. Consequently, my research results open new possibilities for conceptualizing volatile twentieth-century borderlands as stemming not just from international conflicts but also from intra-national infighting. Paramilitary men on both sides of the Austro-Bavarian border considered themselves German, but they conceived of their “Germanness” in very specific terms: southeastern, Catholic, and Alpine in contrast to the northern, Protestant, and Prussian variant of Germandom. How did right-wing groups blend greater German nationalism with their southeastern German regionalism? The hybridization of these two loyalties created an intoxicating affective brew that brought together right-wing agents on both sides of this border in fraternal solidarity but also instigated fratricidal violence, all as these German groups sought to settle the question of what it meant to be German. National identities founded on southeastern regional impulses thus formed a constitutive contradiction of greater German nationalism. The intersectionality of regionalism and nationalism generated internecine right-wing violence, as these groups disagreed over how to implement disparate versions of unification. The result was twenty years of street brawls, assassinations, terror, Putsch attempts, mobilizations, and transborder smuggling of munitions, troops, and funds. This region was thus a paragon of borderlands conflict. The crux was that it was an intra-national borderland: to these activists, national union should have been so simple, making it all the more frustrating when it eluded them. The assumed common nationality meant any perceived dissident was not simply a political opponent but something far worse: a traitor. Paradoxically, the supposedly “agreed-upon” national identity exacerbated borderland chaos and violence. Historians of Eastern and Central Europe have falsely conflated borderlands with spaces between nations in which multi-national populations struggle among each other for hegemony. My work overturns such assumptions by offering the first analysis of European borderlands violence stemming from a perceived communal nationality. This project thus serves as a needed corrective to the scholarship, offering a richly informed regional analysis with significant interventions in the broader fields of borderlands and right-wing extremism. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Law Pui Yin, Kathy. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2009-2010, design report." / "May 2010." / Includes bibliographical references (p. [102]-103). / 01 / BACKGROUND / Introduction / Case Study - Political Borders / HKSZ Border Future Speculation (Timeline Study) / Criticisms on HK Government / ISSUE / Interface / Urban Polarity / PROGRAM / Program Research / Program Proposal (Whole Border) / 02 / SITE / Site Selection / Site Planning / 03 / DESIGN CONCEPT / Case Study - Habitable Bridge / Case Study - River as a Physical Border / Design Concept / the DESIGN / Situated At Site / Program / Terraces / Types of Space / Types of Space: Truss BoxPartition / 04 / REFERENCE

This paper examines the current state of border hardening against refugees in the European Union and Australia through the lens of state crime. Border hardening strategies are described for both of these areas and a theoretical basis of state crime victimology is used to examine the refugees who encounter this border hardening. The present study analyzes two data sets on border deaths, one for the European Union and one for Australia, to examine the demographics of the refugees who perish while attempting to transgress the border. Results indicated that there remains a significant amount of missing data, suggesting that official methods of record-keeping are necessary to determine the most basic demographics, such as gender and age, so analyses can be run to determine significance in this area. One clear finding was that migrants most frequently die from drowning (EU: 83.6%; AU: 93%) compared to any other cause. Also, there is indication that those from disadvantaged areas of origin (such as the Middle East and Africa) are more likely to die in the borderlands than others in the dataset. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

A organização da sociedade atual acontece em decorrência dos encontros entre culturas, sejam por meio de tragédias naturais, guerras mundiais, diásporas, reconfiguração de fronteiras ou da hibridização cultural. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a construção da multiplicidade do Ser de fronteira a partir da perspectiva da escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldúa e do amazonense Milton Hatoum nas narrativas Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), e Dois Irmãos (2000), respectivamente. Partindo das questões identitárias, o caminho para a análise das narrativas transita pelo espaço ficcional na intenção de evidenciar os deslocamentos e os fluxos migratórios das personagens como articuladores para compreender as feridas abertas nos espaços de fronteira. No decorrer da investigação foi possível ressignificar a fronteira como locus da diferença cultural e fragmentação para contrapor a ideia de que os lugares fronteiriços são fixos ou funcionam com divisores de sistemas culturais. Para desenvolver o trabalho, utilizo os métodos comparatistas e de aporte teórico da corrente culturalista. Uso os conceitos-chave de Walter Mignolo sobre a colonialidade do saber e de Stuart Hall e Homi Bhabha sobre as identidades heterogêneas. Na corrente filosófica, Jacques Derrida, com a teoria desconstrucionista, e Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, com o rizoma e a teoria dos agenciamentos. Esse aporte é o fio condutor do debate sobre a modernidade tardia e da diferença cultural, tendo em vista espaços elaboradores de sujeitos marginalizados, periféricos, excluídos e silenciados. Sendo assim, a negação da postura essencialista, a partir da leitura das obras, serve de estratégia analítica e de compreensão da ferida aberta como espaço da multiplicidade dos sujeitos em regiões de fronteira. / Nowadays society’s structure is built upon/on encounters between cultures, natural tragedies, world wars, diasporas, reconfiguration of borders and cultural hybridization. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the construction of the multiplicity of the Frontier Self as it is through the approach of the Chicano writer Gloria Anzaldúa and in the approach of the Amazonian writer Milton Hatoum in Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) and Dois Irmãos (2000), respectively. Considering the identity issues, the analysis of the narratives transits/moves/focuses on through the fictional space to highlight the displacements and the migratory flows of the characters as articulators in order to understand the open wounds in border spaces. Therefore, during the research, it was possible to re-signify the frontier as a locus of cultural difference and fragmentation to counteract the idea that frontier places are fixed or function as divisors of cultural systems. To develop this work, I apply comparative and theoretical methods within the culturalist approach as well as the key concepts of Walter Mignolo on the coloniality of knowledge, and Stuart Hall and Homi Bhabha on heterogeneous identities. The denial of the essentialist position, based on the reading of the works, serves as an analytical strategy and understanding of the open wound as the space of the multiplicity in border regions.

A organização da sociedade atual acontece em decorrência dos encontros entre culturas, sejam por meio de tragédias naturais, guerras mundiais, diásporas, reconfiguração de fronteiras ou da hibridização cultural. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a construção da multiplicidade do Ser de fronteira a partir da perspectiva da escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldúa e do amazonense Milton Hatoum nas narrativas Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), e Dois Irmãos (2000), respectivamente. Partindo das questões identitárias, o caminho para a análise das narrativas transita pelo espaço ficcional na intenção de evidenciar os deslocamentos e os fluxos migratórios das personagens como articuladores para compreender as feridas abertas nos espaços de fronteira. No decorrer da investigação foi possível ressignificar a fronteira como locus da diferença cultural e fragmentação para contrapor a ideia de que os lugares fronteiriços são fixos ou funcionam com divisores de sistemas culturais. Para desenvolver o trabalho, utilizo os métodos comparatistas e de aporte teórico da corrente culturalista. Uso os conceitos-chave de Walter Mignolo sobre a colonialidade do saber e de Stuart Hall e Homi Bhabha sobre as identidades heterogêneas. Na corrente filosófica, Jacques Derrida, com a teoria desconstrucionista, e Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, com o rizoma e a teoria dos agenciamentos. Esse aporte é o fio condutor do debate sobre a modernidade tardia e da diferença cultural, tendo em vista espaços elaboradores de sujeitos marginalizados, periféricos, excluídos e silenciados. Sendo assim, a negação da postura essencialista, a partir da leitura das obras, serve de estratégia analítica e de compreensão da ferida aberta como espaço da multiplicidade dos sujeitos em regiões de fronteira. / Nowadays society’s structure is built upon/on encounters between cultures, natural tragedies, world wars, diasporas, reconfiguration of borders and cultural hybridization. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the construction of the multiplicity of the Frontier Self as it is through the approach of the Chicano writer Gloria Anzaldúa and in the approach of the Amazonian writer Milton Hatoum in Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) and Dois Irmãos (2000), respectively. Considering the identity issues, the analysis of the narratives transits/moves/focuses on through the fictional space to highlight the displacements and the migratory flows of the characters as articulators in order to understand the open wounds in border spaces. Therefore, during the research, it was possible to re-signify the frontier as a locus of cultural difference and fragmentation to counteract the idea that frontier places are fixed or function as divisors of cultural systems. To develop this work, I apply comparative and theoretical methods within the culturalist approach as well as the key concepts of Walter Mignolo on the coloniality of knowledge, and Stuart Hall and Homi Bhabha on heterogeneous identities. The denial of the essentialist position, based on the reading of the works, serves as an analytical strategy and understanding of the open wound as the space of the multiplicity in border regions.

A organização da sociedade atual acontece em decorrência dos encontros entre culturas, sejam por meio de tragédias naturais, guerras mundiais, diásporas, reconfiguração de fronteiras ou da hibridização cultural. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a construção da multiplicidade do Ser de fronteira a partir da perspectiva da escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldúa e do amazonense Milton Hatoum nas narrativas Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), e Dois Irmãos (2000), respectivamente. Partindo das questões identitárias, o caminho para a análise das narrativas transita pelo espaço ficcional na intenção de evidenciar os deslocamentos e os fluxos migratórios das personagens como articuladores para compreender as feridas abertas nos espaços de fronteira. No decorrer da investigação foi possível ressignificar a fronteira como locus da diferença cultural e fragmentação para contrapor a ideia de que os lugares fronteiriços são fixos ou funcionam com divisores de sistemas culturais. Para desenvolver o trabalho, utilizo os métodos comparatistas e de aporte teórico da corrente culturalista. Uso os conceitos-chave de Walter Mignolo sobre a colonialidade do saber e de Stuart Hall e Homi Bhabha sobre as identidades heterogêneas. Na corrente filosófica, Jacques Derrida, com a teoria desconstrucionista, e Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, com o rizoma e a teoria dos agenciamentos. Esse aporte é o fio condutor do debate sobre a modernidade tardia e da diferença cultural, tendo em vista espaços elaboradores de sujeitos marginalizados, periféricos, excluídos e silenciados. Sendo assim, a negação da postura essencialista, a partir da leitura das obras, serve de estratégia analítica e de compreensão da ferida aberta como espaço da multiplicidade dos sujeitos em regiões de fronteira. / Nowadays society’s structure is built upon/on encounters between cultures, natural tragedies, world wars, diasporas, reconfiguration of borders and cultural hybridization. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the construction of the multiplicity of the Frontier Self as it is through the approach of the Chicano writer Gloria Anzaldúa and in the approach of the Amazonian writer Milton Hatoum in Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) and Dois Irmãos (2000), respectively. Considering the identity issues, the analysis of the narratives transits/moves/focuses on through the fictional space to highlight the displacements and the migratory flows of the characters as articulators in order to understand the open wounds in border spaces. Therefore, during the research, it was possible to re-signify the frontier as a locus of cultural difference and fragmentation to counteract the idea that frontier places are fixed or function as divisors of cultural systems. To develop this work, I apply comparative and theoretical methods within the culturalist approach as well as the key concepts of Walter Mignolo on the coloniality of knowledge, and Stuart Hall and Homi Bhabha on heterogeneous identities. The denial of the essentialist position, based on the reading of the works, serves as an analytical strategy and understanding of the open wound as the space of the multiplicity in border regions.

As intolerance against Mexican Americans and Mexican migrants persists in the United States-- apparent in the passage of Arizona State Bill 1070, Arizona House Bill 2281, and multiple English-only laws-- Chicanas and Mexicanas continue to resist by sustaining relationships and knowledge through storytelling. This dissertation employs a floating borderlands framework to explore how Chicanas and Mexicanas in the United States-Mexico borderlands use storytelling in oral and written traditions to keep cultural and regional knowledge. Floating borderlands is an interdisciplinary framework that reveals survivance, that is, survival as an act of resistance, through cultural maintenance, agency, and creativity in lived experiences. Drawing upon concepts and research from disciplines that include Mexican American Studies, American Indian Studies, Gender and Women's Studies, and Education, floating borderlands reveals how storytelling helps Chicanas and Mexicanas maintain an understanding of home and homelands that facilitates resistance to obstacles such as racial and gender discrimination and challenges to their right to be in these spaces. This dissertation acknowledges multiple forms of knowledge keeping by Chicanas and Mexicanas throughout the last two centuries; recognizes intersectionality; and complicates or creates multiple layers in narratives of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. This project is directly informed by narratives of Chicana and Mexicana life in the borderlands. It centers oral and written traditions, including my original poetry. Key words: Chicanas, Mexicanas, border, borderlands, floating borderlands, survivance, oral traditions, written traditions, home, homelands, migration, identity, cultural maintenance, poetry, story.

Von historischen und kulturellen Konzeptionen strukturiert, durch politische Grenzen zerstückelt und geprägt von Kooperation und Konflikten sind Grenzräume ein komplexer Untersuchungsgegenstand. Der vorliegende Band versammelt geschichtswissenschaftliche, soziologische, ethnologische und informationswissenschaftliche Zugänge in zwölf Einzelbeiträgen und einer Schreibdiskussion. Neben theoretisch-methodischen Überlegungen stehen epochen- und auch disziplinübergreifend europäische Grenzräume im Fokus. Die Beiträge des Bandes analysieren diese Raum- und Grenzkonzeptionen empirisch fundiert mit Blick auf die soziale Konstruktion des Raums, die rechtlichen Verknüpfungen, die Alltagspraxis der Grenze, die Ausprägungen von Geschichtsbewusstsein und Geschichtskultur und die Inklusions- und Exklusionsdynamiken in verschiedenen Epochen. / Borderlands are a complex subject to study. They are structured by various historical and cultural conceptions, fragmented by political borders, and shaped by cooperation and conflict. This volume brings together different approaches from history, sociology, ethnology, and information science. It includes twelve individual contributions and a writing discussion. In addition to theoretical-methodological considerations, the volume focuses specifically on European borderlands across epochs and disciplines. The empirical contributions in this volume analyse conceptions of space and borders with special regard to the social construction of space, legal linkages, praxeology of the border, formation of historical consciousness and historical culture as well as the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in different epochs.

Since 1994, Chicana/o artists, musicians, and activists have been in dialogue with the Zapatista indigenous movement of Chiapas, Mexico. Such a transnational bridge has resonated in a new and unique form of Chicana/o cultural politics centered on the Zapatista concept of “autonomy” and “autonomous organizing.” In Los Angeles, California, this brand of “Chicana/o urban Zapatismo,” as I refer to it in the dissertation, is symbolic of recent political and cultural organizing efforts by Chicanos to combat housing gentrification, economic restructuring, racial and ethnic cleansing, environmental pollution in low-income areas, and mass anti-immigrant hysteria. This dissertation contends that Chicana/o urban Zapatismo is a result of various local, statewide, national, and international social justice movements that embrace the global trend in urban and rural areas towards constructing locally rooted participatory and democratic methods of organizing that are “horizontal” and that mobilize against such far-reaching social forces as racism and global capitalism. Using ethnographic data and interviews collected between 2005 to 2007, this dissertation maps the emergence of Chicana/o urban Zapatismo by tracing its historical origins to the changing social, political, and economic conditions of ethnic Mexican communities in Los Angeles, California; capturing the everyday internal and external tensions between one primarily working class Chicano autonomous collective, the Eastside Café ECHOSPACE in El Sereno, California; offering the case study of the South Central Farm, a 14-acre Mexican and Latino immigrant community garden; and charting the trans-border organizing of Chicana/o urban Zapatistas surrounding the most recent Zapatista-initiated project, “the Mexican Other Campaign”. These four distinct case studies converge in Los Angeles in the creation of a unique political process referred to as “urban Zapatismo”. This ethnographic study suggests that by uncovering the everyday relationships and tensions between Chicana/o urban Zapatistas in Los Angeles and the communities they live in, researchers looking at the production of different forms of racisms and structural inequalities in urban areas may derive a greater understanding of social (re)organization and mobilization by a growing, diverse, and historically marginalized group like Chicanos in the United States. / text

This is the history of a turbulent borderland in a time of transition. Colonialism redefined the meaning of borders in Burundi, and in the traumatic shift from colonial rule to Independence it became dangerous to live on the frontier. Responding to Newbury’s plea to ‘bring the peasant back in’ to the written history of the Great Lakes region, the thesis takes a micro-history approach, viewing the tumultuous events of the 1960s and 1970s from the perspective of the hills and the homestead. The border with Rwanda, as experienced in the two communes of Kabarore and Busiga, is tested as the point of encounter between society and state in this crucial time. It reveals the function and dysfunction of political linkage, and the tensions of being a citizen and a subject in the margins of a political community ruled by suspicion and paranoia. The themes - dissent, collaboration, elimination, repression - link this local history to the flow of national politics and the making of a new African state. Taking as its scope the pivotal period from decolonisation to the military state’s ‘selective genocide’, enacted against its Hutu population, the thesis identifies ‘vigilance’ as the most productive concept by which to study concepts of governance, political community and political linkage in the Great Lakes at the vital point of transformation. A communicative act that blends the stance of the citizen and the subject to shape a means of cautious cooperation and mutual recognition between people and state, vigilance also proved the destructive weapon that violently distilled the population into a subjugated peasantry beneath a bloodied state. The interaction on the border reveals these vital issues in acute contrast, opening the door to their examination elsewhere. This thesis studies the border; its conclusions may be chased far beyond it.