De la fin du XVIIème siècle jusqu'à l'abolition de 1848, l'île Bourbon, dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien, a connu un système esclavagiste marqué par une codification et des pratiques des différents pouvoirs dévalorisant ou niant les structures familiales des esclaves. A côté d'autres moyens de résistances serviles comme le marronnage ou la révolte, il apparaît, grâce à la reconstruction des familles esclaves, que ces formes d'organisation ont permis à une population provenant de razzias en Afrique ou à Madagascar, puis fortement créolisée, de retrouver son humanité, en investissant le champ de la parenté dont les pouvoirs civils ou religieux la privaient. Si un nombre restreint de familles furent reconnues, comme à l'époque de la Compagnie des Indes, la majorité des esclaves vécurent au sein de familles marrons, ignorées et méprisées. Elles apparaitront au grand jour après l'abolition de l'esclavage en 1848. La natalité fut reconnu importante au sein du groupe des esclaves mais accompagnée d'une forte mortalité infantile. Lieu privilégié de transmissions de valeurs culturelles et linguistiques, la famille esclave, quelles qu'en soient les formes, a permis à de très nombreux esclaves de survivre à un système inhumain, les exclus de la parenté appartenant essentiellement aux groupes ayant connu la destruction de leur système familial, à Madagascar ou en Afrique.

La difusión de la literatura francesa en el virreinato peruano en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII es el tema de estudio de este artículo. El autor reconstruye cómo por medio del comercio y del contrabando los libros franceses prohibidos y no prohibidos llegaron a manos de los lectores de la sociedad colonial. Argumenta que el estudio de la circulación de la literatura francesa permite examinar las contradicciones de la política cultural impulsada por la administración borbónica.---The dissemination of French literature in the Peruvian viceroyalty in the second part of the XVIII century is the theme of this article. The author reconstructs how, via commerce and contraband, forbidden and non-forbidden French books reached the hands of readers in colonial society. The author argues that the study of the circulation of French literature allows us to examine the contradictions in the cultural policy fostered by the Bourbon administration.

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Cette thèse propose d'étudier une source littéraire négligée : les poèmes et les feuilletons publiés dans les journaux de Bourbon et de Maurice de 1817 à 1848. Après le dépouillement des deux presses, après la sélection des œuvres et leur rassemblement dans deux annexes littéraires, l'auteur en propose ses commentaires historiques et littéraires. Les Bourbonnais et les Mauriciens cultivés réagissent aux changements politiques qui les secouent en composant des poèmes subtils. Or, la réforme majeure de ces décennies 1817-1848 demeure l'abolition de l'esclavage, progressive pour Maurice (1835 et 1839) et brutale pour La Réunion (1848). Ces riches documents dessinent une Histoire culturelle et littéraire, une Histoire de la Presse, une Histoire des élites ainsi qu'une Histoire politique des Îles-Sœurs. Ces poèmes permettent surtout une nouvelle Histoire de l'Abolition de l'esclavage dans ces colonies. Si certaines œuvres expriment les peurs et les rejets par les colons de l'abolition, d'autres textes livrent des opinions créoles, étonnantes de philanthropie. L'image de l'élite créole en est rénovée : ces colons de la première moitié du XIXe siècle se révèlent être cultivés, amoureux des métaphores et comparaisons, intéressés par l'Histoire. / The aim of this thesis is to study quite neglected literary source: poems and serial stories, published in the Bourbon's and Mauritius newspapers, dating from 1817 to 1848. After a careful and tedious selection, the author gathers these texts in two appended. She can propose, about them, her historical and literary analysis. This period 1817-1848 is thoroughly marked by the Abolition of the Slavery: progressive for Mauritius (in 1835 and 1839) and sudden for La Reunion (1848). By their poems and serial stories, colonists express their fears, prejudices, their refuses as so as their pragmatism. Few texts underline Creole opinions very astonishing of philanthropy. These elites of Bourbon and Mauritius of this period 1817-1848 appear clever, kin on metaphors and comparisons, fond of History. Theses passionate sources let the author of the thesis to write a literary and cultural History, a History of the Press, a politic History and the History of the elites in these Isles-Sisters.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du café « Bourbon Pointu », Coffea arabica var. laurina, né d'une mutation spontanée de la variété Bourbon à l’île de La Réunion. Les teneurs moyennes des composés majoritaires non volatils du café vert sont (pourcentage de matière sèche) les suivantes : saccharose (7,1), trigonelline (1,3), caféine (0,75), acide caféoyl-5- quinique (4,7), acide palmitique (5,0), acide linoléique (6,5). L’analyse sensorielle a permis de mettre au point un profil de torréfaction original de courte durée. Parmi les 145 composés volatils extraits des poudres de café torréfié par SPME, cinq sont majoritaires (teneurs moyennes en ppm): acide acétique (34), 2-furaneméthanol (117), 5-méthyl-2-furfural (166), furfural (144), 2-méthylpyrazine (47). Ces cinq composés volatils extraits par SPE se retrouvent dans le café en tasse : acide acétique (23), 2-furaneméthanol (405), 5-méthyl-2-furfural (36), furfural (85), 2-méthylpyrazine (73) avec en plus, la -butyrolactone (97). Le ratio entre la concentration de la molécule et son seuil de perception définit l’Odor Activity Value (OAV). La conversion des concentrations des composés volatils en unités OAV a permis de dégager neuf molécules ayant un impact olfactif important : 2-furfurylthiol (café torréfié), 2-méthylpropanal (chocolat), dodécanal (agrume), 2-éthylhexan-1-ol (agrume), -pinène (boisé, agrume), furfural (boisé, caramel), 2-hydroxy-3-méthylcyclopent-2-én-1-one (érable), hex-2-énal (pomme verte), 2-méthylbut-2-énal (fruité, vert). La détermination de ces OAV a permis de différencier les trois catégories commerciales au niveau olfactif avec la prédominance d’aldéhydes pour les « Grand cru », le phénylacétaldéhyde pour les « Sublime », et les pyrazines pour les « Authentique ». Les conditions géoclimatiques et les transformations post-récoltes influencent de façon non négligeable la composition chimique du café vert et donc les arômes générés lors de la torréfaction et en conséquence, la répartition des cafés dans les trois catégories. L’ensemble de ces résultats fait du «Bourbon Pointu», un café haut de gamme classé parmi les «cafés gourmets». / This thesis is devoted to the study of “Bourbon Pointu” coffee, Coffea arabica var. laurina, born from a spontaneous mutation of the Bourbon variety in Reunion Island. The mean contents of non-volatile main compounds of green coffee are (percentage of dry matter): sucrose (7.1), trigonellin (1.3), caffeine (0.75), cafeoyl-5-quinic acid (1.7), palmitic acid (5.0), linoleic acid (6.5). Sensory analysis allowed to develop an original short time roasting profile. Among the 145 volatiles compounds extracted from roasted coffee powders by SPME, the mean contents of the five major components (ppm) are: acetic acid (34), 2-furanmethanol (117), 5-methyl-2-furfural (166), furfural (144), 2 methylpyrazine (47). These five volatile compounds extracted by SPE are found in the brew coffee: acetic acid (23), 2-furanmethanol (405), 5-methyl-2-furfural (36), furfural (85), 2- methylpyrazine (73) plus -butyrolactone (97). The ratio of molecule content to its perception threshold defines the “Odor Activity Value” (OAV). The conversion of the contents of volatile compounds in units OAV emphasized nine molecules with an important olfactory impact: 2-furfurylthiol (roasted coffee), 2-methylpropanal (chocolate), dodecanal (citrus), 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (citrus),-pinene (woody, citrus), furfural (woody, caramel), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one (maple), hex-2-enal (green apple), 2-methylbut-2- enal (fruity, green). The determination of these OAV differentiated the three commercial categories related to their typical odor due to the predominance of aldehydes for the "Grand cru", phenylacetaldehyde for "Sublime" and pyrazines for "Authentic". Geoclimatic conditions and post-harvest processing have a significant influence on the green coffee composition, on the flavors generated during roasting and thus, on the coffee distribution in the three categories. All these results define the "Bourbon Pointu" as a premium coffee and classify it as a "specialty coffee."

La présente thèse tente d'aborder, pour la première fois, une analyse comparative du rôle que la musique liturgique a joué dans le processus de construction de l'image sacrée des souverains de la maison Bourbon de France et d'Espagne dans le cadre des cérémonies religieuses célébrées aux cours de Madrid et de Versailles pendant les dernières décennies de l'Ancien Régime, ainsi que du rôle que l'exemple de la Chapelle pontificale a joué dans ce processus. Le but principal de cette étude a été d’apporter un cadre conceptuel et un modèle d'analyse qui permettraient d'aborder une étude globale de la musique sacrée destinée à ces cérémonies, sous un angle plus proche de l'histoire culturelle que de la musicologie traditionnelle, mais toujours partant de l’analyse des aspects performatifs qui permettaient dévoiler l’interaction réciproque entre la musique avec le contexte cérémonial, politique et historique duquel a fait partie. Tout au loin de six chapitres on examine les éléments qui conformaient les cérémonies de la liturgie d’État, conçues à cette époque comme des représentations sacrées : les différentes scènes où avaient lieu, les acteurs, le cérémonial, ainsi que le fonctionnement des différents styles de chant utilisés pour solenniser aussi bien les cérémonies ordinaires que les extraordinaires célébrées à Rome, à Madrid et à Versailles entre 1745 et 1789. Cela comprenait non seulement les œuvres de musique sacrée produites ad hoc par les maîtres de chapelle, mais aussi d’autres musiques, comme le plain-chant, le contrepoint où le faux-bourdon, qui faisant partie de ce même système de représentation étaient parfois exécutés par l’improvisation ou la mémorisation. / This thesis attempts, for the first time, to address a comparative analysis of the role that liturgical music played in the process of building the sacred image of the sovereigns of the Bourbon House of France and Spain as part of the religious ceremonies celebrated in Madrid and Versailles during the last decades of the Ancien Régime, as well as the role that the example of the Pontifical Chapel played in this process. The main purpose of this study was to provide a conceptual framework and analytical model that would allow a global study of sacred music for these ceremonies to be approached from a perspective closer to cultural history than traditional musicology, but always starting from the analysis of the performative aspects that revealed the reciprocal interaction between music and the ceremonial, political and historical context of which it was a part. Along six chapters, we examine the elements that shaped the ceremonies of the State liturgy, conceived at that time as sacred representations: the different scenes in which they took place, the actors, the ceremonial, as well as the functioning of the different styles of singing used to solemnize both the ordinary and extraordinary ceremonies celebrated in Rome, Madrid and Versailles between 1745 and 1789. This included not only sacred music works produced ad hoc by the choirmasters, but also other music, such as plainchant, counterpoint or faux-bourdon, which were sometimes performed by improvisation or memorization as part of this same system of representation.

In this report I argue that during the independence wars from Spain and the first decade of republican rule, the learned elite of the viceroyalty of New Granada—present day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama—articulated narratives of nature and science to debates over provincial hierarchies, to justify provincial unity, foreign commercial integration, and the creation of political symbols for the new polity. In the process of undoing the Spanish empire, the lettered elite conceived of their homeland’s natural bounties as key cultural capital, and as the language with which to frame their aspirations as political community, as part of a national polity or of regional patrias. By using newspapers, constitutional debates, scientific writings, and visual evidence, I place the elite’s sensibilities and concerns about their fatherland’s nature in the wider context of political transformations that took place from 1808 and on. In the first section, I explore eighteenth-century assessments of New Granada’s nature, offering an overview of key conceptions of New Granada’s geopolitical situation and nature that shaped the Creole imagination. In the second section, I characterize the reforms brought about by the Bourbon monarchy in New Granada, giving weight to the socialization of practices of the utility of science among the learned elite. The third section illustrates how Neogranadians deployed nature in assessing provincial fragmentation, and in the debate over the preeminence of Santafé as capital when the monarchic crisis exploded. The fourth section explores how nature was employed as an argument in debates over the integration of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador into a single republic, and the adoption of a federal or a central state. Finally, section five discusses the role of New Granada’s natural landmarks in discourses of provincial and foreign commercial integration, along with a reflection on the use of nature as political symbol for the new republic. My aim is to explore the ways that the lettered elite incorporated nature into geopolitical discourses of a polity separate from Spain, and to uncover the tensions embedded in the ways they imagined their desired nation. / text

As questões do ambiente e da natureza como um todo, tais como, preservação, conservação de ecossistemas, florestas, rios, descartes de dejetos líquidos, gasosos e sólidos, a colocação de elementos poluentes no solo, ar e água, são temas de extrema e extensa divulgação e discussão na mídia, na academia e na sociedade como um todo. A preocupação da sociedade, sensibilizada e temerosa por esta questão, uma vez que ela própria tornar-se vítima do processo de degradação do ambiente, é cada vez mais latente. Pessoas e empresas, aos poucos, tornam-se mais conscientes de suas necessidades e exigências de participação no processo de degradação e preservação do meio em que vivemos o que faz com que todos observem com profunda atenção, suas atitudes. As empresas, pressionadas pela mídia e pela sociedade e por uma legislação cada vez mais restritiva, veem-se obrigadas a agir cada vez mais de forma precavida, coerente e preocupada em relação ao ambiente. Assim, elas adotam estratégias empresarias frente às questões ambientais sem que, por outro lado, desconsiderem a sua lucratividade e seus ganhos, essenciais numa lógica empresarial, inserida no contexto do modelo econômico capitalista. Essa pesquisa, visa entender, quais passos e normativas legais as empresas de Shopping Center estabelecidas na cidade de Porto Alegre, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, mais precisamente o caso do Bourbon Shopping Wallig, necessitou seguir, para a implementação de seu empreendimento. Quais as medidas de mitigação e compensação aos impactos ambientais foram tomadas e baseadas em que normativas ou estudos. A pesquisa visa confirmar, também, se estas medidas tomadas, derivadas de sua implantação no local, desde sua construção - que alterou completamente a paisagem do local - até seus próprios elementos e suas técnicas de construção, seguiram as normas e exigências legais dos instrumentos utilizados para regrar esta obra. Além disso, se avalia quais foram efetivamente seus resultados na prática, analisando no empreendimento após sua conclusão, qual sua eficácia, seus resultados concretos e quais as manifestações que se obtém do mercado, na mídia e da sociedade em geral, frente a esta preocupação e às atitudes consideradas pró-ambientais. / The issues of the environment and nature as a whole, such as preservation, ecosystems conservation, forests , rivers, liquids, gases and solid waste discharges and the placement of polluting elements in the land, air and water are issues of extreme and extensive dissemination and discussion through out the media, at the academy and society as a whole. Because of the population concern about this issue, they are becoming sensitized and fearful about it. They eventually will become victimized by the environmental degradation that has had a latent increase as time goes by. People and companies gradually have become more aware of their participation in the process of environment degradation in which they are living. This is making everyone aware of their attitude towards the environment. Companies have been increasingly pressured by the media and society and more restrictive laws are finding themselves obligated to act very cautious, concerned and consistent about the environment. They are applying business strategies in order to comply with environmental issues without disregarding their profitability and earnings which are essential in the logistic of the capitalist business model. This research aims to understand which steps and legal ways the mall companies and stores established in the town of Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul State, more precisely at the Bourbon Shopping Wallig were needed and followed by this enterprise implementation project. It also aims to understand the mitigation and compensation towards the environmental impact that they have caused, all based upon professional studies. Due to the complete landscape changed during the mall construction, this research also wants to prove if the construction techniques had followed all legal regulations and rules that are required by law. Furthermore , one should consider if the practical results of this enterprise had been achieved after completion. We should also evaluate the efficacy, the real results, media, market manifestations, opinions and in a grand spectrum if the environmental worries had been respected and fulfilled.