Das Gesangssystem der Vögel hat sich als ein hervorragendes Modellsystem erwiesen, um Fragen zu Mechanismen entwicklungsbedingter neuronaler Plastizität von Lernprozessen zu erarbeiten. Bei Singvögeln haben sich im Laufe der Phylogenese neuronale Zentren entwickelt, die sich auf das Gesangslernen und die Gesangsproduktion spezialisiert haben. Zebrafinkenmännchen, wie viele andere Singvögel auch, erlernen ihren Gesang, indem sie von einem Tutor ihr artspezifisches Gesangsmuster schon in früher Jugend im Gedächtnis abspeichern und dann ganz allmählich ihr eigenes Vokalisationsmuster über auditorische Rückkopplung an das im Gehirn abgespeicherte Muster angleichen. Parallel zu diesen Verhaltensänderungen, finden auch auf neuronaler Ebene zahlreiche Veränderungen in den Gesangskernen statt, die in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit detailliert untersucht wurden, indem Zebrafinken zum einen mit einem Gesangstutor aufwuchsen oder ohne ein Gesangsvorbild. Die Folgen dieser unterschiedlichen Aufzuchtsbedingungen wurden dann im Gesang und in den neuronalen Strukturen der Gesangskerne mit einer Vielzahl von Techniken analysiert, einschließlich der Golgi-Technik, Elektronenmikroskopie, Immunhistochemie, verschiedener neuronaler Tracersubstanzen und quantitativer Stereologie, sowie intrazellulärer Ableitungen am in vitro Hirnschnittpräparat. Die Daten zeigen u.a., dass dendritische Spines an der Gedächtnisbildung für Gesang maßgeblich beteiligt sind und zwar in einer Vorderhirnregion, der eine wichtige Rolle bei frühen sensorischen Lernprozessen zukommt, dem lateralen magnocellularen Nucleus des anterioren Nidopalliums (LMAN). Zebrafinkenweibchen singen nicht und haben weitaus kleinere Gesangskerne als die Männchen. Zebrafinkenweibchen, die nie einen artspezifischen Gesang hören, weisen im Vergleich zu denen, die mit einem solchen aufgewachsen sind, signifikante Unterschiede in der neuronalen Struktur im Nucleus robustus arcopallii (RA) auf. Diese Befunde zeigen, dass die Gesangskerne bei Weibchen trotz ihrer kleineren Größe dennoch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Gedächtnisbildung eines artspezifischen Gesangsmusters spielen. Man beachte, dass die Nomenklatur des Vogelgehirns 2004 revidiert wurde (Reiner et al, J Comp Neurol 473:377-414, 2004; http://avianbrain.org/papers/RevisedNomenclature.pdf). / The song system of birds has been used extensively as a model system for studying basic mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and development underlying a learned behavior. Discrete sets of interconnected nuclei in the avian brain have evolved and are a prerequisite for song learning processes and the production of song. Zebra finch males, like many other song birds, learn their song by memorizing a tutor song model early in life and then gradually matching their vocal output by auditory feedback to the stored memory of that tutor song. In parallel to these behavioural changes, various changes in neuronal structures of song system nuclei take place. These structural correlates of song learning processes have been investigated in great detail in the current research by raising zebra finches with and without a song tutor model and then studying the consequences for song and for neuronal structure in the song system by using a variety of techniques including Golgi-technique, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, various neuronal tracer and quantitative stereology, intracellular recordings in the in vitro slice preparation and analyzing sonograms at the behavioral approach. There is strong evidence that, among other findings, dendritic spines are very much involved in memory formation of song in the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN), a forebrain region particularly involved in sensory learning processes early in life. Female zebra finches do not sing and have much smaller song nuclei than males. Rearing females either with being exposed to species-specific song early in life or deprived of hearing song, exhibit significant differences in neuronal structure particularly in nucleus robustus arcopallii (RA). These data give further evidence that, despite their smaller sizes, song system nuclei in female birds do play an important role in memorization of song. Please note that in 2004 the nomenclature of the avian brain has been revised (Reiner et al, J Comp Neurol 473:377-414, 2004; http://avianbrain.org/papers/RevisedNomenclature.pdf).

This research study consisted of an examination of the role played by the educational psychologist in the emotional and social rehabilitation of the TBI adolescent. A survey of the literature reveals that traumatic brain injury during adolescence negatively impacts on their adaptation, development and functioning after the acute phase of the rehabilitation process. In order to study this phenomenon, a psycho-educational perspective was utilised. An in-depth qualitative study was undertaken by means of a case study design. The two cases being presented offers the reader insight into the cases pre-morbid functioning, the accident and its aftermath, the specific traumatic brain injuries, the emotional and social problems encountered by these adolescents as well as the psychotherapeutic interventions applied by the educational psychologist in the rehabilitation process of the cases under investigation. The conclusions reached from this investigation were that traumatic brain injury during the developmental phase of adolescence, negatively impacts on the emotional and social well being of these adolescents, and that the educational psychologist plays a valuable role in the emotional and social rehabilitation of these adolescents. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The preterm delivery (<37 weeks gestation) rates are generally 5-9% in Europe, 12-13% in the US, and each year about 13 millions preterm infants are born worldwide (MacDorman and Mathews, 2009; Slattery and Morrison, 2002). The early exposure to the extra-uterine environment increases the risks of perinatal brain injury, involving more often the white matter. The white matter injury is characterized by a potential subsequent occurrence of cognitive problems, of developmental delay and of major motor deficits (e.g. cerebral palsy). <p>The most widely used imaging technique for studying neonatal brain is cranial ultrasound that can be performed at bedside and detects major brain abnormalities (hemorrhage, infarctions, cysts, dilatation of the lateral ventricles). However, it has a poor sensitivity for non-cystic or diffuse white matter abnormalities (WMA), the most common form of white matter injury in preterm infants. In comparison to ultrasound, MR (magnetic resonance) imaging has been reported to be superior in detecting WMA and is considered as an essential modality for imaging the neonatal brain. The standard sequences (e.g. T1-, T2-weighted imaging) are routinely performed for assessing not only brain anatomy, but also for evaluating brain lesions. Nevertheless, ¡§conventional MR imaging¡¨ has been criticized because it is limited in qualitative assessment and it does not provide information on the extent of specific white matter pathways injuries. <p>Currently, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables more detailed exploration of white matter microstructure. Furthermore, DTI is now the best in vivo technique capable of delineating white matter pathways and quantifying microstructural changes not visible on conventional MR imaging. Diffusion tensor tractography allows the reconstruction of the principal white matter fibers. Moreover, it also provides diffusion indices like fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), longitudinal diffusivity (£f//), transverse diffusivity (£f¢r) that help assess the changes in fiber tracts, even before myelination becomes histologically evident. <p>Structural MR imaging studies performed in neonates are scarce. A number of essential questions are still under debate, concerning the normal white matter structure, as well as premature brain injury. First, left language lateralization and right handedness are complex phenomena incompletely understood and the question rises whether structural lateralization already exist in healthy preterm neonates at term-equivalent age. Second, it is of interest to know whether gender-related structural differences exist in healthy preterm neonates. Finally, in the assessment of preterm brain injury, the relationship between WMA on conventional imaging and altered diffusion indices in fiber tracts is still unclear. Therefore, the aims of the thesis were to investigate the brain structure in a population of preterm neonates at term-equivalent age by DTI and probabilistic tractography.<p>The first part of this thesis (Study I and Study II) was devoted to the study of white matter structural characteristics in healthy preterm neonates. Previous studies have shown that structural asymmetries in language and motor related fibers are present in adults and in infants (Dubois et al. 2009; Westerhausen et al. 2007). Our hypothesis was that these structural asymmetries are already present in preterm neonates at term-equivalent age. In Study I, DTI and probabilistic tractography were performed and we found volume and microstructural asymmetries in the language related parieto-temporal superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF), in the motor related corticospinal tract (CST) and in the motor part of the superior thalamic radiation (STR) as well. In Study II, we found that compared to boys, girls have larger relative tract volumes and an advanced maturation in language and motor related fiber tracts. <p>The second part of this thesis (Study III) investigated whether WMA on conventional MR imaging are related to abnormalities within the fiber tract microstructures. WMA were classified as normal, mild, moderate and severe according to Woodward¡¦s classification (Woodward et al. 2006). Woodward and colleagues studied a large population (167 infants) of preterm infants at term equivalent age with MRI. They demonstrated that WMA were important predictors of neurological outcomes by comparing their results with the neurological outcomes of those infants at corrected age of two. We found that compared to neonates with no abnormalities, infants with mild abnormalities have significantly higher ƒÜ¢r in the right CST, the left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), the left sensory STR and bilateral motor STR. Those findings might be related to injuries of premyelinating oligodendrocytes resulting in subsequent failure of both development and ensheathment of axons. Considering that those fiber tracts connect important cortical zones, microstructural changes in those fiber tracts might be responsible for the later neurodevelopment deficits in motor and cognitive functions. <p>We concluded that structural asymmetries and gender differences in motor and language related fibers are present in healthy preterm neonates at term-equivalent age well before the development of speech and hand preference. Structural asymmetries and gender differences have to be considered in neonatal white matter assessment. Finally, altered DTI indices are associated with WMA on conventional MR imaging in preterm neonates. Our results suggest that disrupted premyelination is the major correlate with WMA rather than axonal pathology. Non-invasive DTI and tractography constitute an additional tool for the assessment of white matter injuries, as it could provide more adequate diagnostic information on brain microstructure in preterm neonates at term-equivalent age. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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