AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF VERNON SWEETIN, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING, COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, presented on June 23, 2010, at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. TITLE: WILLINGNESS TO REWARD OR PUNISH BRANDS AS MODERATORS FOR THE BRAND PERSONALITY DIMENSION OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. John H. Summey Social responsibility has received empirical support for its addition to the Brand Personality construct. The objectives of this study were first, to compare and contrast attitudinal reactions to varying descriptions of Social Responsibility as a Brand Personality dimension and second, to examine the data for possible moderation effects with the consumers' Willingness to Reward construct and the Willingness to Punish construct, with the latter as a proposed new construct for how consumers' respond to the Brand Dimension, Social Responsibility. The study tested 4 forms of social responsibility in a between-subjects factorial design. The study found that the subjects in the socially responsible condition had a difference in the Willingness to Reward construct when compared to the subjects in the socially irresponsible condition and the control condition. The study's support for the existence of the new moderator Willingness to Punish was found coupled with confirmatory support for Willingness to Reward as a moderator.

Studien undersökte sponsring, som har kommit att bli ett uppmärksammat marknadsföringsverktyg och forskningsfält. Specifikt har studien fokuserat på motorsport och ligan Formel 1, som är den snabbast växande sporten sett till antal följare. Mer specifikt undersökte studien kongruens mellan sponsorer och Formel 1 utifrån fem varumärkespersonligheter. Ett företagsperspektiv antogs och studien utgick ifrån företagens marknadskommunikation för att analysera deras varumärkespersonligheter. Varumärkespersonligheter definieras som en uppsättning mänskliga egenskaper som går att relatera till ett varumärke, och studerades utifrån Aakers (1997) ramverk för varumärkespersonligheter. Studien syftar till att undersöka kongruens utifrån en sponsrad organisation och dess sponsorer, genom deras respektive varumärkespersonligheter för att förstå om kongruens har den praktiska betydelse som teorin betonar. Då vikten av kongruens ofta lyfts fram teoretiskt ämnar studien att empiriskt undersöka förekomsten av kongruens i ett sammanhang där ekonomisk tyngd i sponsorskapet kan antas innebära särskilt stora förväntningar på utfallet, och således teoretiskt borde innebära kongruens mellan sponsorer och sponsrad organisation. Studien utgick från en kvantitativ metod där data samlades in via Formel 1 och officiella sponsorers hemsidor. Data som samlades in bestod uteslutande av engelska ord som analyserades genom en innehållsanalys, där totalt 16 sponsorer undersöktes. Slutligen genomfördes en statistisk analys för att undersöka samband mellan sponsorernas- och Formel 1s varumärkespersonligheter. Studien kunde inte redovisa ett komplett resultat där alla fem varumärkespersonligheterna studerades samtidigt på grund av variansskillnader i datamaterialet. Två resultat med olika justeringar i datamaterialet presenterades och därmed skiljde sig resultatet åt från tidigare forskning då studien enbart kunde undersöka två av fem möjliga personligheter i taget. En av varumärkespersonligheterna gick inte att statistiskt undersöka och uteslöts därför ur det statistiska resultatet helt. Däremot visade resultatet på att 12 sponsorer var inkongruenta med Formel 1 i en eller fler varumärkespersonligheter i test två. Två sponsorer var inkongruenta med Formel 1 i en eller fler varumärkespersonligheter i test ett, och övriga sponsorer antogs vara kongruenta med Formel 1 i var och ett av testen. / The study examined sponsorship, which has become a popular marketing tool and research field. Specifically, the study has focused on motorsport and Formula 1, which is the fastest growing sports league in terms of follower numbers. More specifically, the study examined congruence between sponsors and Formula 1 based on five brand personalities. A company perspective was adopted and the study used the companies' marketing communication to analyze their brand personalities. Brand personalities are defined as a set of human characteristics that can be related to a brand, and were examined based on Aaker's (1997) brand personality framework. The study aims to examine congruence based on a sponsored organization and its sponsors, through their respective brand personalities to understand whether congruence has the practical significance that the theory emphasizes. As the importance of congruence is often highlighted theoretically, the study intends to empirically examine congruence in a context where large financial costs can be assumed to imply high expectations of the outcome, and thus theoretically should imply congruence between sponsors and a sponsored organization. The study was based on a quantitative method where data was collected via Formula 1 and their official sponsors' websites. The data collected consisted exclusively of English words and were analyzed in a content analysis. A total of 16 sponsors were examined. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the sponsors and the Formula 1 brand personalities, and thus whether they were congruent. The study could not present a complete result where all five brand personalities were studied simultaneously because of differences in variance. Two results with different adjustments in data material were presented, and thus the results differed from previous research as the study could only examine two of five possible personalities at one time. One brand personality could not be statistically examined and was therefore completely excluded from the statistical result. However, 12 sponsors showed incongruence with Formula 1 in one or more brand personalities in test two. Two sponsors showed incongruence with Formula 1 in one or more brand personalities in test one, and the remaining sponsors were assumed to be congruent with Formula 1 in each test. The study is written in Swedish.

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Title: Large sporting events' brand identification Objectives: The main objective of this work is to identify the brand personality of Summer Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup by means of marketing research. Methods: In connection with the primary data collection a method of written and electronic questioning was used. The brand personality identification of the above mentioned brands was performed based on the brand personality measurement method according to Geuens, Weijters and De Wulf (2009). For the obtained data interpretation their statistical analysis was performed. Results: Based on the research results, the brand personality of Summer Olympic Games can be described by the dimensions Responsibility, Activity and Simplicity and by characteristics stable, responsible, active, dynamic and simple. The brand personality of FIFA World Cup can be described only by the dimension Activity and by characteristics active, dynamic and innovative. Keywords: Sports brand, brand personality, brand personality measurement, brand image, brand identity, Summer Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-10-11T15:46:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hermes Augusto Batista Mendes Santos.pdf: 1211077 bytes, checksum: b7c73cd1c9d5430f4314d44bd16c7ef3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T15:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hermes Augusto Batista Mendes Santos.pdf: 1211077 bytes, checksum: b7c73cd1c9d5430f4314d44bd16c7ef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / The positive performance and the success of sports clubs nowadays are not confined to their sports performance, it is also linked to their economic success. The opportunities of a club gains can come from various means, including the association of its brand and their sponsors to marketable products or services. The Personality of the Brand is the relationship between a human personality and a brand personality. It can also be seen as a human personality trait applied to a brand. This study aims to test two scales of measurement of the construct Brand Personality in Sport, the Tsiotsou (2012) and the Schade, Piehler and Burmann (2014), and their influence on declared loyalty and positive word of mouth as dependent variables . Data collection was made through an online survey. To analyze the data it was used Structural Equation Modeling Technique. It was achieved a sample of 301 respondents. It was found that the scale Tsiotsou (2012) gave the best predictive results regarding the dependent variables of the study. It is expected that the results of this study can increase the subject knowledge and be useful to researchers and marketers in the context of sport. / O desempenho positivo e o sucesso de clubes esportivos hoje em dia não se limitam à sua atuação esportiva, também está ligada ao seu sucesso econômico. As oportunidades de ganhos de um clube podem advir de diversos meios, inclusive da associação de sua marca e seus patrocinadores a produtos ou serviços comercializáveis. A Personalidade de marca é a relação que se tem entre uma personalidade humana e uma personalidade da marca. Pode ser vista também como um traço de personalidade humana a ser aplicada a uma marca. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo testar duas escalas de mensuração do construto Personalidade de Marca no Esporte, a de Tsiotsou (2012) e a de Schade, Piehler e Burmann (2014), e sua influência sobre lealdade declarada e boca-a-boca positivo como variáveis dependentes. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de um survey online. Para analisar os dados foi utilizada a técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Obteve-se uma amostra final de 301 respondentes. Constatou-se que a escala de Tsiotsou (2012) obteve melhores resultados preditivos em relação às variáveis dependentes do estudo. Espera-se que os resultados desta pesquisa possam ampliar o conhecimento e que possam ser utilizados por pesquisadores e profissionais de marketing no contexto do esporte.

Title: Large sporting events' brand identification Objectives: The main objective of this work is to identify the brand personality of Summer Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup by means of marketing research. Methods: In connection with the primary data collection a method of written and electronic questioning was used. The brand personality identification of the above mentioned brands was performed based on the brand personality measurement method according to Geuens, Weijters and De Wulf (2009). For the obtained data interpretation their statistical analysis was performed. Results: Based on the research results, the brand personality of Summer Olympic Games can be described by the dimensions Responsibility, Activity and Simplicity and by characteristics stable, responsible, active, dynamic and simple. The brand personality of FIFA World Cup can be described only by the dimension Activity and by characteristics active, dynamic and innovative. Keywords: Sports brand, brand personality, brand personality measurement, brand image, brand identity, Summer Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup.

Allt eftersom turismen ökat genom åren har även konkurrensen hårdnat och detta har resulterat i en ökad marknadsföring och taktik för att locka turisterna till destinationer. Många forskare har visat att ett bra sätt att förankra en destination hos den tilltänkta turisten är att marknadsföra den med hjälp av personlighetsdrag för att göra destinationen mer mänsklig.I denna uppsats har vi valt att fördjupa oss i Göteborg med hjälp av intervjuer med befattningshavare på Göteborg & Co. De svar vi fick lade grund för vår enkätundersökning. Enkäterna delades ut till turister som fick svara på ett antal frågor om hur de uppfattade Göteborg och vilka personlighetsdrag som passade bäst in på staden. Det vi ville undersöka var om det fanns en skillnad mellan vad turister tycker om Göteborg och hur Göteborg & Co vill att Göteborg ska uppfattas.När marknadsförare kommunicerar en destination är det bra att känna till vem som faktiskt definierar sig som en turist eller inte. En av dagens utmaningar är att många turister inte vill titulera sig som turister utan vill känna sig som en del av lokalbefolkningen.Slutligen har vi kommit fram till att Göteborg & Co vill att Göteborg ska förknippas med personlighetsdragen mänsklig, pluralistisk och inspirerande. Dessutom vill organisationen att turister ska känna att Göteborg är en välkomnande, avslappnad och härlig stad. Genom att ha genomfört en enkätundersökning mot turister i Göteborg kan vi se att dessa personlighetsdrag till stor del stämmer överens med hur besökare beskriver staden. / With the development in the charter industry over the last decades, marketing companies must create ways to make a destination stand out against others to potential tourists. Some researchers argue that brand personality is a good tool to use for this purpose. In this essay written in Swedish, we explore tourism in Gothenburg based on personality traits. One qualitative data collection is gathered from interviews with two marketing employees at Göteborg & Co, while a quantitative survey was also completed with tourists visiting the city. The results show that personality traits that are desired by Göteborg & Co marketing, match the personality traits of tourists visiting the city.

This research aims to examine a framework to test the relationships between consumers' perceptions of a retailer's brand personality and outcome variables (i.e., positive word-of-mouth about and patronage intention toward the retailer) by applying identity and social identity theories to reveal possible factors influencing these relationships in both department and discount retailer image formats. This research hypothesized that retailer brand personality should influence consumers' behavioral outcomes through private and public forms of self-congruity. The more positive the perception of a retailer's brand personality, the higher the private and public self-congruities with the brand personality. In addition, considering the unique, tangible nature of a store's environment, this research suggested that retailer brand identity (RBI), a consumer's perception of oneness with a retailer brand, should play an important role in the retailer brand personality-behavioral outcomes framework by mediating the influences of both private and public self-congruities on various behavioral outcomes. Moreover, the relationships among two forms of self-congruity and perceived RBI should be moderated by the shopping conspicuousness situation (i.e., whether co-shopping with important others or alone and whether shopping in an environment in which one is visible to important others or is relatively secluded) and consumer shopping involvement (i.e., whether consumers see shopping as an important and self-relevant activity). To test the study's hypotheses, data were collected from a sample of 616 general consumers via a self-administered questionnaire provided through the website of an online survey research firm. This research used a 2 (retailer image format) X 2 (shopping situation conspicuousness) between-subjects quasi-experimental design in which subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups who read a scenario that provided a description of a retailer image format of either a hypothetical department (n = 311) or discount store (n = 305) and a description that manipulated the shopping situation as being either high (n = 303) or low (n = 313) in shopping conspicuousness. Results revealed that the retailer brand personality scale, adapted from BPS, a brand personality scale developed by Aaker (1997) and other scales specifically used to measure retailer brand personality (Dardin & Babin, 1994; d'Astous & Lévesque, 2003; Helgeson & Supphellen, 2004) comprised two positive dimensions (i.e., Modish and Genuine) and one negative dimension (Inactive). Each dimension influenced the behavioral outcomes of Word-of-Mouth and Patronage Intention differently. Perceived Genuineness was the most influential dimension among the three, exerting direct and indirect influences through increasing Private and Public Self-congruities and overall RBI on both WOM and Patronage Intention. However, Modish had only a direct negative effect on Patronage Intentions whereas Inactive had indirect effects on both behavioral outcomes through a combined (direct and indirect) negative effect on overall RBI. This research also revealed that overall RBI, driven by its affective and evaluative dimensions, fully mediated the influences of Private and Public Self-congruities on behavioral outcomes, suggesting overall RBI as an important factor in the retailer brand personality-behavioral outcomes framework. Moreover, the relationship between Public Self-congruity and overall RBI was found to be stronger in the high Shopping Conspicuousness Situation whereas the relationship between Private Self-congruity and overall RBI was found to be stronger in the department store image format. The moderating role of Consumer Shopping Involvement on the relationships among self-congruities and overall RBI was not significant. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings and limitations of the study are provided.