A presente dissertação em Geografia Política tem como objetivo realizar uma análise do poder aeroespacial brasileiro do início do século XX aos dias atuais. Na primeira parte, de caráter geral, é descrita a teoria do poder aéreo, seus principais teóricos, sua aplicação nas guerras e como esse poder converteu-se em aeroespacial ao longo do século passado. Em seguida, é apresentada a constituição e evolução dos elementos que compõem o poder aeroespacial brasileiro, que são representados pela aviação civil, infra-estrutura aeroespacial, complexo científico-tecnológico aeroespacial, Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB), programa espacial e industrial aeroespacial. Após a descrição de cada um desses elementos, é feita uma avaliação dos aspectos estratégicos do poder aeroespacial para o Brasil do ponto vista geopolítico, científico, militar e econômico, que é complementada pelas considerações finais do autor da pesquisa. / The present dissertation in Political Geography has the purpose of presenting an analysis of the Brazilian aerospace power from the beginning of the XX century to the current days. In the first part, of general character, the theory of the air power is described, its principal philosophers, its application in wars and how that power has changed in aerospace in the last century. Afterwards, it is presented the constitution and evolution of the elements that compose the Brazilian aerospace power, which are represented by the civil aviation, aerospace infrastructure, scientific-technological aerospace complex, Brazilian Air Force (FAB), space program and aerospace industry. After the description of each one of those elements, it is made an evaluation of the strategic aspects of the aerospace power to Brazil considering the geopolitical, scientific, military and economical aspects, which are, in the sequence, complemented by final considerations made by the author.

Cette thèse porte sur les relations de parenté chez les habitants de sept communautés traditionnelles de pêcheurs Caiçaras de l´archipel d´Ilhabela (Etat de São Paulo, Brésil). L´ensemble de ces communautés forme un réseau complexe fondé sur les liens de parenté et d´amitié. Au sein de ce réseau, l'identité s’impose comme clé essentielle pour comprendre les relations qu’entretiennent ces communautés, l'endogamie locale et consanguine, ainsi que les principes de parenté à l’oeuvre. Les résidents de ces communautés partagent une identité globale commune, mais en même temps présentent des particularités liées à une identification locale. Dans la description et l’analyse des relations de parenté deux axes sont privilégiés : d’un côté, l’étude des récits racontés à propos d’unions matrimoniales, de l’autre, la prise en compte systématique de données généalogique à l'aide d’outils informatiques. Ces analyses ont révélé l'existence de principes positives, comme la préférence pour le mariage avec des "cousins éloignes", et principes négatifs, comme l'évitement d’unions entre germains, d’unions obliques et de toute unions à même d’engendrer du cumul de connexions ou substances. L'adoption et la résidence, étroitement liées à des enjeux d'identité sont d’importants facteurs dans la variation au sein des principes et tendances propres au fonctionnement de la parenté dans les communautés traditionnelles Caiçaras de cet archipel. / This thesis deals with kinship and marriage relations among the inhabitants of seven traditional Caiçara fishermen communities of the Ilhabela archipelago (Sao Paulo State, Brazil). These communities compose a complex network based on ties of kinship, marriage and friendship. Identity turns out to be an essential key for understanding the relationship dynamics linking these communities, patterns of local and consanguineous endogamy, as well as the kinship and marriage principles at work. The residents of these communities share a common, overall identity, but they also present particularities linked to their particular localities. In describing and analyzing kinship and marriage relations, two approaches are favored: narratives about particular marriages on the one hand, and a systematic account of genealogical data using computerized tools on the other. These analyses revealed the presence of positive principles, such as a preference for marriage with « distant cousins », and of negative precepts, such as the avoidance of marriages between siblings, of oblique unions and of all unions giving rise to an accumulation of connections or substances. Adoption and residence, closely linked to issues of identity, are important factors in the variations that occur with respect to the principles and tendencies of the kinship system of the traditional Caiçaras communities of this archipelago.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-12T10:58:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sílvio Sérgio Ferreira Pinheiro.pdf: 1877053 bytes, checksum: c93d111c0dca0be3fb6bb891cc1045e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T10:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sílvio Sérgio Ferreira Pinheiro.pdf: 1877053 bytes, checksum: c93d111c0dca0be3fb6bb891cc1045e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study analyzes the democracy in a dependent and oligarchic state, with peripheral social formation, Maranhão. The perspective is how to think of a better future for a state that has a socially low diversified society, cleaved by great inequalities, ethnically and racially asymmetric, whose democracy is fundamentally featured by oligarchic relations, family-based political culture, kinship and patrimonialism, by means of authoritarian practices. More than a thesis, it is a challenge to understand the imbrication of oligarchy and familybased political culture and kinship related to the idea of political elite.This study was motivated by the evidence that the existing literature does not focus on how those categories influence or not a democracy on a higher level in the state.Therefore, the research scope was limited for the contemporary period, the twenty-first century, and in Maranhão, and a the central question was set up: can the presence of families with a history of practices that can be characterized as oligarchic in the state of Maranhão have an essential role in the formation and configuration of current democracy? The research has a general objective, which is to investigate democracy and its overlap with oligarchic model, from 2002 to 2016. Specific objectives are: a) to carry out a brief update on the political trajectory of José Sarney as the leader of his political group in Maranhão; b) to describe how the contradiction of the Lula- Sarney alliance for the coalition pact for governability was forged and consolidated, starting in 2002; c) to investigate the source of strength and longevity for the maintenance of Sarney´s and his family´s power for so long in politics / O estudo ora apresentado analisa a democracia em um estado com formação social periférica, dependente e oligárquica: o Maranhão. A perspectiva é como pensar um futuro melhor para um estado que possui uma sociedade com baixa diversificação social, clivada por grandes desigualdades, com assimetria étnico-racial, e uma democracia caracterizada fundamentalmente por relações oligárquicas, de cultura política de base familiar, de parentela e patrimonialista, por meio de práticas autoritárias. Mais do que uma tese, trata-se aqui de um desafio para se entender a imbricação de oligarquia e cultura política de base familiar e de parentela relacionada com a ideia de elite política. O que motivou este estudo foi a evidência de que a literatura existente não aborda como essas categorias influenciam ou não uma democracia com maior intensidade no estado. Diante disso, delimitou-se o campo de alcance da pesquisa para o período contemporâneo, portanto, no século XXI, e no Maranhão, sendo formulada a pergunta central: será que a presença de famílias com histórico de práticas que podem ser caracterizadas como oligárquicas no estado do Maranhão, tem um papel essencial na formação e na configuração da democracia que hoje se apresenta? A pesquisa tem por objetivo geral: investigar a democracia e sua imbricação com modelo oligárquico, no período de 2002 a 2016. E como objetivos específicos: a) realizar uma breve atualização da trajetória política de José Sarney enquanto líder do grupo no Maranhão; b) descrever como se forjou e consolidou a contradição da aliança de Lula e Sarney para o pacto de coalizão da governabilidade, a partir de 2002; c) investigar a origem da força e longevidade para a manutenção de seu poder e de sua família por tanto tempo na política

Blastocystis sp. é um protozoário comumente encontrado em amostras fecais de humanos e animais, envolto por aspectos patogênicos e zoonóticos ainda controversos. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a distribuição dos subtipos (STs) de Blastocystis sp., porém são escassos os relatos sobre a sua caracterização molecular na América Latina, sobretudo no Brasil. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os STs presentes em isolados fecais de indivíduos acompanhados no Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP). Para tanto, amostras fecais positivas para Blastocystis sp. diagnosticadas na Seção de Parasitologia do Laboratório Central (HC/FMUSP) foram utilizadas para o isolamento de DNA. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi realizada utilizando iniciadores específicos para a subunidade 18S do DNA ribossomal de Blastocystis sp. A reação de sequenciamento dos produtos de PCR foi realizada, as sequências de DNA obtidas foram alinhadas e comparadas com outras sequências da base de dados GenBank e MLST. Foram identificados os STs (ST1, ST2, ST3 e ST6), sendo o ST3 o mais prevalente entre os isolados humanos seguido pelo ST1. Os alelos de número 34 e 36 foram os mais frequentes. Em conclusão, estes resultados contribuem para a caracterização molecular e a distribuição dos STs de Blastocystis sp. em amostras de fezes humanas no Brasil. / Blastocystis sp. is an organism described as enteroparasite protozoan, commonly found in stool samples from humans. Several subtypes have been described in humans, but pathogenic potential and aspects epidemiological are still controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate Blastocystis subtypes (STs) from patients of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), Brazil. Blastocystis sp. positive stool samples diagnosed in Section of Parasitology of Central Laboratory (HC/FMUSP) were used for DNA isolation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using specific primers targeting the small subunit of rRNA gene. Direct DNA sequencing of PCR products was performed, and the DNA sequences were aligned and compared to other sequences present in GenBank and MLST database. Four STs were identified (ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST6), where the ST3 was the most prevalent ST among human isolates followed by ST1. Allele nos. 34 and 36 were the most frequent. Another important finding is the presence of ST6, rarely detected in human isolates. In conclusion, our results contribute to the molecular characterization and distribution of Blastocystis sp. STs in human stool specimens in Brazil.

Esta pesquisa analisa o papel desempenhado pela imprensa luso-americana na criação de um universo geográfico-político referencial entre 1808 e 1822, isto é, no momento crucial de passagem da condição colonial à nacional. Realizar esta epistemologia das cartografias imaginadas significou utilizar-se do método quantitativo para tabular todas as menções, encontradas nos 35 jornais consultados, a diferentes tipos de espaço: hemisférios, oceanos, ilhas, rios, continentes, países, províncias, cidades, vilas e arraiais. A hipótese central aqui sustentada é que os esboços de mapas-múndi daí resultantes projetaram o Brasil de modo inédito, pois os lineamentos políticos que o dotavam de certa singularidade eram reforçados pari passu sua inserção numa nova ordem internacional. De modo que, ao inserir-se num contexto mundial, a própria ideia de um Brasil enquanto corpo político em potencial ia paulatinamente ganhando materialidade. / This research analyses the role played by the Luso-American press in the creation of a geopolitical set of references from 1808 to 1822, that is to say, in the crucial moments of transition from the colonial condition to the national one. Carrying out this epistemology of imagined cartographies meant to make use of the quantitative method to tabulate every mention found in the thirty five newspapers researched made to different categories of space, such as: hemispheres, continents, countries, provinces, cities, hamlets, villages, and campgrounds. The main hypothesis sustained here is that the resulting world maps projected Brazil in a new way, given that its political lineaments that would add some uniqueness to it were strengthened pari passu its insertion in a new international order. In a way that, by entering in a global context, the very idea of Brazil as being able to turn into a political body would slowly become concrete.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / I explore the ecological, economic, and policy determinants of agricultural land conversion in the Brazilian Amazon. Economic drivers of land-use change are quantified by rent, which is calculated using ecological and physiological models of biological productivity and spatial economic models for the costs of moving agricultural products to market. The validity of this approach is tested empirically by estimating spatially efficient logit models that simulate land-use change in the Mato Grosso region between 2001 and 2004. My empirical measures for agricultural rent are used to quantify the desirability of a particular plot of land, which previous research represents with simple proxies, such as distance to roads or urban areas, climate, and soil type. Statistical results indicate that my measure of economic rent subsumes the explanatory power of previous proxies. This result is consistent with economic theory, which posits that it is not simply access or variation in transportation costs that drives the spatial pattern of agricultural expansion, but the expected total returns from the venture. I extend the analysis of competing economic uses by comparing spatially explicit estimates of soybean rents to the value of ecosystem services. Although these estimates for these uses are generated from different data sets, models, and estimation techniques, the values are comparable, such that the value of ecosystem services is greater than soybean rents for about 61 percent of the total area. Given this balance, the failure to value ecosystem services reduces total social welfare. Policy instruments that internalize the value of ecosystem services via land conversion taxes, conservation subsidies, or excise taxes can avoid much of this loss. Together, these results suggest that spatially explicit models of economic rents and value of ecosystem services can be used to simulate the location and quantity of land-use change in an economically consistent framework. Such a framework lays the foundation for an enhanced methodology that can evaluate the ability of fiscal policy levers to influence the location of agricultural conversion with the ultimate aim of balancing economic and environmental goals. / 2031-01-02

The central tenets of both the National Health Services of Scotland (NHS) and the Unified Health System of Brazil (SUS) are universality and equity of access to services on the basis of need, free at the point of delivery. Redistribution is designed into the Scottish system. This study uses a mixed methods approach to analyse access to health care and the influence of socioeconomic factors using hip arthroplasty as a proxy measure for equity in the public health care systems of Brazil and Scotland. Methods Three studies were conducted to establish the extent to which equity is achieved in each system and the extent to which inequalities in socioeconomic status and health service supply affect equity. First, an ecological study using routine data of hip arthroplasty rates in the public sector by country and geographic region (2009/10 to 2012/13) complemented by an analysis of supply, specifically per capita distribution of beds and staff nationally and by area. Second, inequalities in access due to socioeconomic status were analysed for Scotland using the Scottish Index of Multideprivation (SIMD) in association with standardised rates; in Brazil two socioeconomic indicators (Gini and Human Development Index - HDI) were modelled (Zero Inflated Poisson - ZIP) with standardised municipal rates of arthroplasties (5,565 municipalities); and a Pearson's correlation. Finally, qualitative interviews were undertaken in both countries with civil servants, health workers and policy makers who were invited to comment on the quantitative results from stages I and II based on a script of open ended questions. Results There is an almost eight fold difference in treatment rates between Brazil (7.8-8.3/100,000) and Scotland between 2009/10 to 2012/13 (57.7-61.1/100,000). There are geographic differences within both countries. The health board areas with the lowest and highest regional rates in Scotland were Glasgow & Clyde with rates of 29.2-40.2/100,000 and Ayrshire & Arran with a rate of 60.2-88.5/100,000 respectively; in Brazil the lowest and highest regions were the North Region (2.3-4/100,000) and South Region (15.4-17.9/100,000) respectively. The two least deprived quintiles (4 and 5) in the Scottish population had both a higher utilisation (42.6%) and proportional growth in number of procedures than the two more deprived (1 and 2); quintile 3 had no consistent changes. In Brazil municipal rates showed a negative correlation with Gini (r=- .226) and a positive correlation with HDI (r=.396); the ZIP model demonstrated that for every standard deviation (SD) change in Gini, rates would be 23% higher or lower, for HDI each SD would lower or increase rates by 56%. Three major areas were identified by interviewees as explanatory factors for these quantitative results: equity of access, health systems, evidence based actions/policies. Crucially the interviewees identified GDP spend on public health care, the ability of governments to redistribute and reallocate resources on the basis of need and the distorting effect of the market and private providers including physicians as key factors; and the need for better data collection from the private sector. Conclusion Although both countries aspire to universal health care, Brazil is very far from reaching that goal due to the widespread socioeconomic differences and that the health system does not redistribute resources, staff and beds according to need. Scotland appears to be achieving universal access on the basis of need, nevertheless there are geographic and socioeconomic differences in access that need to be carefully monitored and understood. In Brazil there should be better planning and resource allocation so that public resources are redirected towards those most in need of the North and Northeast regions.

The rst chapter uses a unique dataset on Brazilian party members and variation from mayoral elections to examine the determinants of party membership in Brazil. It starts by examining the effect of winning office on the membership of political parties at the local level. The effect of interest is identi ed using a differences-indifferences approach that compares changes in membership of parties that assume office with changes in membership of all other political parties registered in a municipality. The results indicate that winning office increases the membership of the party of the mayor by 0:5%. In addition, political alignment with higher levels of government has a signifi cant effect on the membership of the mayoral candidate party. Finally, the paper documents that party switching is one of the drivers of the estimated increase in membership. The paper offers evidence in favor of the hypothesis that party membership is driven by opportunistic motives in addition to ideology. The second chapter combines data on the universe of recipients of the Bolsa Famlia program from 2005 to 2015 with data on party membership to investigate the returns to political loyalty. Speci cally, it uses variation from mayoral elections to investigate whether members of political parties that assume office at the local level are more likely to receive social transfers. Regression results from an IV estimation show that indeed members of the party that gained access to municipal government are signifi cantly more likely to receive the benefi t. Additionally, it finds no evidence that members of parties that did not win office are more likely to lose the benefi t as a result of the electoral defeat. This chapter offers direct evidence of material rewards to party membership. The last chapter focuses on the impact of pay transparency on earnings inequality in the Brazilian public sector. Differences-in-differences estimates show that the disclosure of wages reduced the 90/50 decile wage gap across municipalities located in states that adopted wage transparency in comparison to those located in states that did not adopt the policy. There is also no evidence that earnings decile gaps below the median were affected by the salary transparency policy, which indicates that the effect of disclosure in the public sector was mainly concentrated at the upper tail of the log earnings distribution. Finally, evidence presented suggests that the effect on inequality compression is the result of lower returns to top paid occupations rather than changes in employment. The paper suggests that at the margin, top paid public sector employees are insensitive to changes in their earnings, indicating that there are rents that accrue to holding these positions.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Heinz Dieter Besser. / Ph.D.

A primeira tradução de Dante em língua portuguesa surge no Ramalhete poético do parnaso italiano, obra de Luiz Vicente De Simoni, em 1843. Este livro, dedicado ao consórcio de Dom Pedro II com a princesa italiana Teresa Cristina, contém vinte e cinco poetas italianos e traz também importantes reflexões sobre tradução no prefácio. Hoje em dia De Simoni está praticamente esquecido entre nós; neste sentido, a presente dissertação buscou indicar alguns subsídios para a retomada deste pioneiro da tradução no Brasil, que apresentou Dante ao público de língua portuguesa. / The first translation of Dante\'s work was published in the Ramalhete poético do parnaso italiano by Luiz Vicente De Simoni, in 1843. This book, which celebrated the marriage of Pedro II with the Italian princess Teresa Cristina, presents twenty-five Italian poets, besides including a preface containing important considerations about translating. Nowadays, De Simoni is almost forgoten among us; in this sense, the current work has tried to offer some elements which may permit the rediscovery of this pioneer of translation studies in Brazil, who introduced Dante to the Portuguese-speaking public.