Process industries are in general depending, in one way or the other, on fluid mechanics.Specifically, paper manufacturing, which probably is the dominant processindustry in Sweden, is depending on the flow of cellulose fibres suspended in water.As a part of the process the suspension, consisting of fibres in water, is spread out onor between two moving permeable weaves, i.e. wires. The speed of this is usually 10–30 m/s and the suspension is spread out by a plane jet issuing from a headbox nozzle.It has been show that the conditions in the headbox and jet have a large influence onthe quality of the final paper sheet. Primarily, streaks in the paper sheet are believedto be the result of streamwise streaks in the headbox jet.The thesis is aimed at the flow phenomena which occur in the headbox jet. Theinvestigations have been made with numerical calculations, stability theory and modelexperiments using water, as well as experiments with a real paper machine headboxand fibre suspension. In the thesis an introduction to the hydrodynamics of planeliquid jets is presented together with a description of the paper forming process andthe fluid mechanics of headbox flow.The basic flow and stability of a two-dimensional plane liquid jet has been investigatedby numerical calculations, stability theory and experiments. The calculationsof the laminar basic flow is successfully compared to pitot-tube measurements of thestreamwise velocity profile. By visualisations of the flow it is found that wave disturbanceson the jet has a severe effect on the flow. These waves can be predicted bylinear stability theory, which shows the presence of five convectively unstable modes.These can be divided into three types and by comparison with the experiments thetype of the visible waves is determined. These waves seem to initiate a break-up ofthe jet, which leads to strong streamwise streaks inside the jet.By flow visualisation of headbox flow of an experimental paper machine, togetherwith analysis of the resulting paper structure using the wavelet method the correspondencebetween flow disturbances and paper quality was investigated. It was shownthat the wave instability, which is present on the low Reynolds number water jet, alsocan be found in the real the headbox jet. It is shown that these waves play an importantrole in the dynamics of the headbox jet and also have an influence on the final papersheet. / QC 20100825

Experimente mit neuartigen Messverfahren lieferten Daten über die Struktur von transienten Flüssig-keits-Gas-Strömungen für die Entwicklung und Validierung von mikroskopischen, d.h. geometrieunabhängigen Konstitutivbeziehungen zur Beschreibung des Impulsaustauschs zwischen Flüssig-phase und Gasblasen sowie zur Quantifizierung der Häufigkeit von Blasenkoaleszenz und -zerfall. Hierzu wurde eine vertikale Testsektion der Zweiphasentestschleife MTLoop in Rossendorf genutzt, wobei erstmals Gittersensoren mit einer Auflösung von 2-3 mm bei einer Messfrequenz von bis zu 10 kHz angewandt wurden. Dabei wurde die Evolution von Gasgehalts-, Geschwindigkeits- und Bla-sengrößenverteilungen entlang des Strömungsweges und bei schnellen Übergangsprozessen aufge-nommen und so die für die Modellbildung erforderlichen Daten bereitgestellt. Für den Test der Mo-dellbeziehungen wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Lösung der Strömungsgleichungen entlang des Strömungswegs erstellt. Es basiert auf der Betrachtung einer größeren Anzahl von Blasengrö-ßenklassen. Die erhaltenen numerische Lösungen haben erstmals gezeigt, dass der bei Erhöhung der Gasvolumenstromdichte stattfindende Übergang von einer Blasenströmung mit Randmaximum zu einem Profil mit Zentrumsmaximum und anschließend zu einer Pfropfenströmung ausgehend von einem einheitlichen Satz physikalisch begründeter und geometrieunabhängiger Konstitutivgleichun-gen modelliert werden kann. Die Modellbeziehungen haben sich in einem abgegrenzten Gebiet der Volumenstromdichten als generalisierungsfähig erwiesen und sind für den Einbau in CFD-Modelle geeignet. Weiterhin wurden Arbeiten zur Kondensation durchgeführt, die direkten Bezug zu den Kon-densationsmodellen haben, die in Thermohydraulik-Codes enthalten sind. Die Untersuchung liefert darüber hinaus experimentelle Daten für die Modellvalidierung hinsichtlich des Verhaltens und des Einflusses nichtkondensierbarer Gase. Hierfür wurden spezielle Sonden für die Bestimmung der Konzentration und für die Lokalisierung von Pfropfen nichtkondensierbarer Gase entwickelt und bei transienten Kondensationsversuchen in einem leicht geneigten Wärmeübertragerrohr eingesetzt.

La dépression et l’antidépresseur, phénomènes plus vastes, plus complexes que l’ordre biomédical ne l’entend, répondent à des logiques qui dépassent les seules considérations organiques, corporelles. Certaines recherches montrent d’ailleurs que ces deux entités sont autonomes l'une de l'autre, signifiant que les antidépresseurs sont prescrits pour des raisons indépendantes de la prévalence de problèmes de santé mentale. C’est dans cette optique que, dans ce mémoire, nous examinons les raisons pour lesquelles les individus ont recours aux antidépresseurs suite à une rupture conjugale. C’est à l’aide des récits de huit femmes ayant pris des antidépresseurs suite à une rupture conjugale qu’on a donc investigué les rouages du recours à ces médicaments. À la lumière des résultats, on observe effectivement que la prise d’antidépresseurs semble répondre à une logique qui soit extra–médicale. D’abord par le constat que seules trois d’entres ces huit femmes ont justifié leur prise d’antidépresseurs par la réception d’un diagnostic formel de dépression. Ensuite, par la découverte qu’elle se déploie essentiellement selon une double symbolique au centre duquel prime le lien social. En effet, on a recours aux antidépresseurs suite à une rupture conjugale parce qu’ils sont à la fois l’incarnation d’un lien de confiance avec un être semblable à soi, empathique, le médecin, et le symbole d’un retour à la vie dite ‘normale’ où les manières d’être et d’interagir sont conformes à celles du groupe auquel on s’identifie. On croit que l’importance accordée à la confiance au médecin et à la normalisation quant au recours à l’antidépresseur témoignent du resserrement des liens d’identification propre à l’individualisme contemporain lesquels, en opposition aux grands récits de jadis, sont désormais axés sur une intimité de valeurs et d’objectifs entre semblables. / Depression and antidepressants are far more complex phenomenons than the biomedical order pretends. Some research show that these two entities are independant from one another, meaning that antidepressants are prescribed for reasons independant of mental health problems. In this master’s thesis we examine why individuals have recourse to antidepressants following a relationship break-up; the relationship (marital or not) break-up being a critical situation associated with the prevalence of depression. Eight women who took antidepressants following a relationship break-up were interviewed for this study. The findings show that the recourse to antidepressants appears to respond to a logic that is non-medical. First, by the fact that only three of the eight women interviewed justified their recourse to antidepressants by receiving a diagnosis of depression. Second, by the discovery that these women relied on antidepressants because they are the embodiment of a relationship of trust with someone familiar to themselves, the doctor, and the symbol of a return to a ‘normal’ life.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade de adaptação do Implantador Iônico da Universidade de São Paulo para a técnica de Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), tendo em vista as baixas energias utilizadas por este acelerador de partículas. A técnica de AMS, amplamente utilizada para a análise de Carbono-14 no estudo de datação de fósseis, requer que algum componente do acelerador garanta a quebra de moléculas de massa 14, contaminantes no processo de medição dos átomos de carbono com massa 14. Com a utilização de energias da ordem de dezenas de keV no acelerador, o estudo do processo de quebra de moléculas para estas energias foi realizado através do projeto, construção e caracterização de um stripper gasoso. Para caracterizar o stripper implementado foram realizadas medidas de seção de choque para troca de carga do feixe e quebra molecular em função da pressão de gás injetado no stripper. Também investigou-se a influência do átomo utilizado como gás, através de três diferentes gases injetados no stripper: Hélio, Argônio e Xenônio. Alguns feixes posivos foram produzidos no Implantador para o estudo destas seções de choques: Ar+, Ar(2+), CO+, CO2(+) e O2(+). O projeto do stripper foi idealizado para minimizar a variação de pressão no interior do implantador, visando preservar as condições da fonte de íons. Curvas de perfil de pressão de gás dentro do tubo do stripper foram calculadas segundo as teorias da Tecnologia do Vácuo que permitiram tanto a estimativa desta variação quanto a quantidade de gás no interior do stripper. Também foram realizados estudos do perfil de pressão em stripper com outras geometrias (cônicas abertas e fechadas), buscando estimar a otimização da espessura do stripper em função da injeção de gás em sua base. Baseando-se nos resultados, foram apontadas mudanças necessárias no atual estágio de adaptação desse acelerador de partículas para que se torne possível a concepção de um sistema AMS em sua linha de pesquisa. / The present work aimed on studying the feasibility of adapting the Ion Implanter of University of Sao Paulo to the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry technique, taking into account the low energies employed by this type of particle accelerator. The AMS technique, largely applied to the Carbon-14 analysis for fossil dating, requires the breaking of molecules with mass 14 by some component in the accelerator, since these lead to interference on the Carbon-14 counting process. By employing energies on the level of keV in the accelerator, the study of the breaking process of the molecules for this energy was accomplished by means desiring, building and characterization of a gaseous stripper. In order to characterize the installed stripper, measurements were taken of the charge state exchange and molecular break up process as a function of the pressure of the gas injection into the stripper. The influence of the atom employed as gas was also investigated. The experiments were realized with the following different gases: Helium, Argon and Xenon. Some positive beams were produced on the implanter: Ar+, \\Ar(2+), CO+, CO2(+) and O2(+). The designed stripper was idealized to minimize the pressure variation on the inside of the implanter in order to preserve the conditions of the ion source. Pressure profiles of the gas inside the stripper were calculated according to the Vacuum Technology theory, which allowed estimating the quantity of gas inside the stripper. Studies on the pressure profile for different stripper geometries (open and closed conic forms) were also carried out to estimate the optimization of the stripper thickness as a function of the gas injection on its base. Based on the results, specifications for further work and changes on the current system were listed to make it possible to implement the AMS system.

In this study, the topic of men’s violence against women has been highlighted. Men’s violence against women is a societal problem that occurs in various social groups, ages and cultures. The study conducts semi-structured interviews with six social workers to examine their experiences working with abused women with foreign backgrounds. The collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis method based on: the normalization process, empowerment and break-up process. The study showed that some of the main factors that made it difficult for women were children, emotional ties, financial and housing dependencies. This study also confirmed previous studies which showed that women with a foreign background are particularly vulnerable and thus find it more difficult to break up a relationship due to societal norms, language difficulties, social networks and because of their ignorance of society. This study also shows that the interviewed social workers found that motivation and support given to violated women in various processes made the break-up process easier for these women. However, the social workers encountered some difficulties working with women with a foreign background, such as communication difficulties.

Experimente mit neuartigen Messverfahren lieferten Daten über die Struktur von transienten Flüssig-keits-Gas-Strömungen für die Entwicklung und Validierung von mikroskopischen, d.h. geometrieunabhängigen Konstitutivbeziehungen zur Beschreibung des Impulsaustauschs zwischen Flüssig-phase und Gasblasen sowie zur Quantifizierung der Häufigkeit von Blasenkoaleszenz und -zerfall. Hierzu wurde eine vertikale Testsektion der Zweiphasentestschleife MTLoop in Rossendorf genutzt, wobei erstmals Gittersensoren mit einer Auflösung von 2-3 mm bei einer Messfrequenz von bis zu 10 kHz angewandt wurden. Dabei wurde die Evolution von Gasgehalts-, Geschwindigkeits- und Bla-sengrößenverteilungen entlang des Strömungsweges und bei schnellen Übergangsprozessen aufge-nommen und so die für die Modellbildung erforderlichen Daten bereitgestellt. Für den Test der Mo-dellbeziehungen wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Lösung der Strömungsgleichungen entlang des Strömungswegs erstellt. Es basiert auf der Betrachtung einer größeren Anzahl von Blasengrö-ßenklassen. Die erhaltenen numerische Lösungen haben erstmals gezeigt, dass der bei Erhöhung der Gasvolumenstromdichte stattfindende Übergang von einer Blasenströmung mit Randmaximum zu einem Profil mit Zentrumsmaximum und anschließend zu einer Pfropfenströmung ausgehend von einem einheitlichen Satz physikalisch begründeter und geometrieunabhängiger Konstitutivgleichun-gen modelliert werden kann. Die Modellbeziehungen haben sich in einem abgegrenzten Gebiet der Volumenstromdichten als generalisierungsfähig erwiesen und sind für den Einbau in CFD-Modelle geeignet. Weiterhin wurden Arbeiten zur Kondensation durchgeführt, die direkten Bezug zu den Kon-densationsmodellen haben, die in Thermohydraulik-Codes enthalten sind. Die Untersuchung liefert darüber hinaus experimentelle Daten für die Modellvalidierung hinsichtlich des Verhaltens und des Einflusses nichtkondensierbarer Gase. Hierfür wurden spezielle Sonden für die Bestimmung der Konzentration und für die Lokalisierung von Pfropfen nichtkondensierbarer Gase entwickelt und bei transienten Kondensationsversuchen in einem leicht geneigten Wärmeübertragerrohr eingesetzt.

D’origine essentiellement religieuse, la répudiation est la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire du mariage décidée par l’époux. En droit musulman, elle permet au mari de mettre un terme à la relation maritale sans avoir à se justifier. En France, cette institution est critiquée et même rejetée tant elle paraît étrangère à la civilisation européenne. Pourtant, à y regarder de plus près, la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire du couple existe en droit français sous l’appellation de « divorce pour altération définitive du lien conjugal » pour le mariage, mais encore de «rupture unilatérale » s’agissant du pacte civil de solidarité et du concubinage. La différence tient au titulaire de l’exercice de ce droit, alors que la répudiation ne peut être mise en oeuvre que par l’homme, la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire du mariage, du PACS et du concubinage peut être décidée par l’homme ou la femme. Toutefois, fondamentalement, les effets sont les mêmes : l’un décide, l’autre subit. Que la rupture soit judiciaire ou non judiciaire, ce mode de dissolution laisse perplexe quant à l’attitude du juge et du législateur français face à la répudiation. Le premier refuse, depuis le 17 février 2004, de reconnaître des effets aux répudiations musulmanes en France sous couvert de la violation du principe d’égalité entre époux. Le second, cautionne la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire au sein du couple / Initially, repudiation is mainly religious. It is the one-sided and discretionary break of marriage bonds, decided by the husband. In muslim law, it allows the husband to put an end to the marital bonds, without justifying himself. In France, this institution is criticized and even rejected for it seems so far from european civilization. However, looking at it closer, theone-sided and discretionary break-up of the couple exists, under the denomination of «divorce for definitive alteration of the marriage». Concerning the Civil Solidarity Pact (PACS) or cohabitation, it is called «unilateral break». The difference lies on the spouse, which is entitled to this right. Whereas repudiation is only the husband right, unilateral and discretionary break of marriage bonds, civil solidarity pact and cohabitation can be decided by both spouses. However, the consequences are the same. One decides, the other puts up with it. This kind of dissolution, either judicial or extrajudicial, make many uestions arise, considering the french judge and lawmaker’s behaviour towards repudiation. The former is unwilling, since the 17th february 2004, to recognize in France any effect to muslim repudiations for it is considered as an attempt to the principle of equality between spouses. The latter guarantees the unilateral and discretionary break within the couple

This thesis concentrates on the depiction of family in two contemporary British novels. These are: Hanif Kureishiʼs In macy (1998), wri en in the first person narra ve, and Elizabeth Day's Scissors Paper Stone (2011), written in the third person narrative. This thesis analyses the novels from various perspectives with the main emphasis put on the theme of family. It also takes into consideration the different narrative modes used in the novels. In the theoretical part this thesis concentrates on the development of family with the main stress placed on the changes that took place in the second half of the twentieth century in Britain. The topics that it deals with are the breakdown of a relationship, fatherhood, dysfunctional communication and other themes concerning the family and interpersonal relationships.

Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) baut seit 2011 eine Testanlage Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Project – BERLinPro. Das Ziel dieses Projektes ist den hohen Strom und hohe Brillanz von dem Elektronenstrahl in einem ERL zu demonstrieren. Die angestrebten Strahlparameter sind vergleichbar mit den Parametern von e.g. zukünftigen ERL-basierten Lichtquellen. Eine von solchen Anlagen ist Femto-Science Factory (FSF), die am HZB konzipiert wurde. FSF ist eine Lichtquelle in Röntgenbereich auf Basis von einem mehrumläufigen ERL mit zweistüfiger Injektion und Energie von einigen GeV. Die Quelle soll Diffraktionslimitiert sein und kurze (Femtosekundenbereich) Lichtpulse erzeugen. Die durchschnittliche und spitzen- Brillanz soll mindesten eine Größenordnung höher liegen als die Brillanz der modernen Speicherring-basierten Lichtquellen. Ein Überblick von BERLinPro und FSF ist gegeben. Eine potentielle Schwäche von ERL besteht in Strahlinstabilitäten, insbesondere regenerative Beam Break Up (BBU). Die Instabilität kann den erreichbaren durchschnittlichen Strom in einem ERL begrenzen. Der Grenzstrom von der BBU für BERLinPro ist berechnet in der Dissertation. Vergleich von zwei Linacs mit zwei verschiedenen supraleitenden Kavitätendesigns ist vorgestellt. Drei Methoden für Strahlstabilisierung (Einfluss von Strahlrotation mit einem Soleniod, Pseudoreflektor, und Tripleten von Quadrupolen in dem Linac auf den Grenzstrom) sind untersucht. Analytische Lösungen für die Twiss-Parameter wurden gefunden für die beste Linacoptik mit und ohne zusätzliche optische Elemente. Zukünftige große ERLs können unterschiedliche Beschleunigungsschemen benutzen. Diese Dissertation vergleicht drei Schemas: unmittelbare Injektion in einen 6 GeV Linac; zweistufige Injektion in einen 6 GeV Linac; und zweistufige Injektion in einen mehrumläufigen Beschleuniger mit geteiltem Hauptlinac in zwei 1 GeV Linacs. Der Basis für den Vergleich ist die Vollkostenanalyse sowie erreichbarer Grenzstrom von den Instabilitäten. / In January 2011 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin officially started the realization of the Berlin Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Project – BERLinPro. The goal of this compact ERL is to develop the accelerator physics and technology required to accelerate a high-current (100 mA) low emittance beam. The parameters are desired for future large scale facilities based on ERLs, e.g. ERL-based synchrotron light sources. One of such large scale facilities is in the design phase at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. This facility is called Femto-Science Factory (FSF). It is a GeV-scale multi-turn ERL-based light source. This light source will operate in the diffraction limited regime for X-rays and offer a short length of a light pulse in the femtosecond region. The average and peak brightness will be at least an order of magnitude higher than achievable from storage rings. In this work an overview of these two projects is given. One potential weakness of the Energy Recovery Linacs is a regenerative form of BBU – transverse beam break up instability. This instability can limit a beam current. In this work the threshold current of the BBU instability was calculated for BERLinPro. The comparison of two linacs based on different types of superconducting cavities is made. Different methods of BBU suppression are investigated (e.g. the influence of solenoid, pseudo-reflector and quadruple triplets in the linac structure on the BBU threshold). Analytic solutions of the Twiss parameters are used to find the best optic in the linac with and without external focusing are presented. Large scale ERL facilities can be realized on different schemes of beam acceleration. This dissertation compares a direct injection scheme with acceleration in a 6 GeV linac, a two-stage injection with acceleration in a 6 GeV linac and a multi-turn (3-turn) scheme with a two-stage injection and two main 1 GeV linacs. The key points of the comparison were total costs and BBU instability. Linac optic solutions are presented.

In-situ polymerization is one of the most efficient methods for production of polymer clay nanocomposites. In-situ polymerization of olefins using coordination catalysts is a type of heterogeneous polymerization. In order to achieve acceptable clay nanolayer dispersion in the polyolefin matrix, the clay layer exfoliation and particle break up during the polymerization are essential requirements. A literature review on polyolefin/clay nanocomposite is given in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, we present a new mathematical model, which is as an extension of the multigrain model (MGM), to describe the intercalative polymerization and expansion of clay interlayer spaces during polymerization using clay-supported metallocenes. The results from the model show that, under the studied conditions, mass transfer is not a strong factor controlling clay exfoliation and particle break up. If the polymerization active sites are supported uniformly on all clay surfaces, effective exfoliation will be achieved after a relative short polymerization time. In practice, obtaining good dispersion of clay nanolayers with uniform properties requires that the active sites be exclusively located on the clay nanolayer surfaces, and not extracted by the solvent to form a homogeneous solution. Factors favouring active site extraction would result in nanocomposites with poor properties. In addition, high polymerization activities, stable polymerization runs, and ease of supporting are other criteria for a successful in-situ polymerization. For this purpose we established a catalyst supporting method by which most of these requirements were met. In this method, the water content on the clay surface, which is considered as poison for the metallocene catalyst, was used to produce MAO upon reaction with trimethylaluminum (TMA). Using this method, polymerization was highly active in absence of MAO cocatalyst, knowing that MAO cocatalyst promotes active site extraction from the clay surface and results in poor powder morphology. Chapter 4 describes the development of this supporting methodology. Chapter 4 also investigates the effect of the organic modification type existing on the clay surface on the success of catalyst supporting and in-situ polymerization. We found that using the proposed supporting procedure, only tertiary ammonium type modification enhanced the in-situ polymerization, whereas the quaternary ammonium worsened the catalyst supporting efficiency and led to catalyst with poor or no polymerization activity. It is suggested that, in addition to enhancing clay surface-organic solvent compatibility (which facilitates catalyst supporting), the tertiary ammonium cation reacts with the in-situ produced MAO and increases the stability of the cocatalyst bonded to the clay surface. The effect of different polymerization conditions on the polymerization behavior and nanocomposite structural properties, such as catalyst loading during supporting, polymerization temperature and triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) concentration, were studied in Chapter 5. It was found that TIBA acts merely as scavenger. High polymerization activities were obtained with low Al/Zr ratios (Al from TIBA) and increased Al concentration decreased the polymerization activity and also the quality of powder morphology. Catalyst loading in the supporting step showed to have an important role in determining the final properties. The clay particles with higher catalyst loading resulted in better exfoliation and powder morphologies The effect of solvent type during catalyst supporting and polymerization was studied in Chapter 6. It was shown that catalyst supporting in n-hexane resulted in polymerizations with higher activities and polymers with higher molecular weight were produced. Polymerization with catalyst supported in hexane showed different ethylene uptake profiles, suggesting different mechanism of exfoliation. It is suggested that using this catalyst, the clay is mostly exfoliated before polymerization started. Similar to the original clay, the catalyst supporting efficiency on the organically modified clay was close to 100 percent. However, comparing the polymerization activities of these catalysts to those that were supported directly in the reactor just before the polymerization (in-reactor, or in-situ, supported catalysts) shows that a considerable fraction of the active sites are deactivated during the prolonged contact between catalyst and clay support surface. In Chapter 5, it was shown that the in-reactor supported catalyst had considerably higher polymerization activities, up to 40 percent of that of the homogeneous catalyst. Nanocomposites made with in-reactor supported catalysts had powder morphology and nanaolayer dispersion comparable to those made with clay-supported catalysts.