Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1992. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-42).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 272-291.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Cancer is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries; it accounts for 13% of all deaths globally, of which 70% occur in middle- and low-income countries. In Nigeria, over 10 000 cancer deaths and 250 000 new cases of cancer are recorded yearly. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, after lung cancer. It is the most common type of cancer diagnosed in women and the most common cause of death worldwide. Late detection and diagnosis of breast cancer leads to high mortality rate. In Nigeria certain cultural taboos are associated with breast cancer, which lead to poor information dissemination to women in rural communities. Breast self-examination (BSE) provides an inexpensive method for early detection of breast tumours. Knowledge and awareness about Breast Self-Examination are critical to promote consistent practices when the people concerned are empowered with the needed information to acquire the knowledge and skills which will inform practice of any health issue. In Nigeria it was reported that the number of women at risk of breast cancer increased progressively from 24.5 million in 1990 to about 40 million in 2010. This number is projected to rise to over 50 million by 2020, should the trend continue unabated. The current study explored the understandings of breast cancer and prevention, with particular emphasis on BSE practice among rural women, and developed an empowerment programme to promote uptake of this practice in a rural community in a south-western state of Nigeria. The study was framed in the Health Belief Model and Kieffer’s empowerment process. Participatory action research was used as study design and approach; and utilized both qualitative and qualitative methods. The sample for quantitative phase comprised 345 women aged 20 to 60 years, selected from 5 communities using a cross-sectional procedure. Data gathering instrument was a questionnaire. Summative statistics were calculated using the SPSS program. The sample for qualitative phase comprised of 95 women who were selected from the respondents to the quantitative phase. The data was collected through focus group discussion. The qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. Three themes that emerged for qualitative analysis which are: knowledge/awareness of BSE, practice and appeal for intervention, and misconception and fear. The survey results showed that a large proportion of the respondents (75.1% and 76.5%) had low levels of knowledge about BSE and did not practice BSE. Also, about 77% of the respondents expressed one form of barrier or another to BSE practice. However, despite these inadequacies, 87% of the respondents were ready and willing to improve their health if empowered with the right information and motivation. The empowerment program informed by the quantitative and qualitative phases and the stages of change with the full participation of the women. The program consisted of hands-on physical demonstrations, BSE pamphlets, and mnemonic songs were identified media of disseminating knowledge and practice of BSE. These media became the platforms for the empowerment programme developed for the women. A day was also set aside, just as is done for immunisation, for BSE practice and other women’s health issues to promote the prevention of breast cancer in the community. The “Physical demonstration” intervention resulted in an increase in the correct BSE practice from 23.5% at the beginning of the study, to 85.3% post the intervention. The “other intervention” resulted in 80% to 94.7% of participating women being able to practice correct physical step-by-step performance of BSE. The participatory approach contribute to a high levels of participation by women in Iddo local Government which led to the increase in the correct Breast Self–Examination as stated above.

by Suk-yee Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-107). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Appendices --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter I - --- Introduction --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Epidemiology of Breast Cancer --- p.2 / The Aetiology of Breast Cancer --- p.4 / Prognosis --- p.4 / Effects of Breast Cancer --- p.5 / Management of Breast Cancer --- p.6 / Prevention and Early Detection of Breast Cancer --- p.8 / Theoretical Framework --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter II - --- Method --- p.39 / Research Design --- p.39 / Sample --- p.40 / Measures --- p.41 / Procedure --- p.48 / Data Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter III - --- Results --- p.50 / Chapter 1 --- Sample Characteristics --- p.50 / Chapter 1.1 --- Demographic profile --- p.50 / Chapter 1.2 --- Medical history and health practices --- p.52 / Chapter 1.3 --- Health status and health values --- p.53 / Chapter 1.4 --- Knowledge of breast cancer --- p.54 / Chapter 1.5 --- Attitudes toward breast cancer --- p.55 / Chapter 2 --- Breast Self-Examination Practices --- p.57 / Chapter 3 --- Social Influence on Breast Self-Examination Practices --- p.60 / Chapter 4 --- Health Belief Model Measures --- p.61 / Chapter 5 --- Comparison of Practicers and Non-practicers --- p.62 / Chapter 6 --- Predictors of breast self-examination practices --- p.67 / Chapter 6.1 --- Practicers vs Non-practicers --- p.67 / Chapter 6.2 --- Frequency of breast self-examination --- p.70 / Chapter 6.3 --- Breast self-examination intention --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter IV - --- Discussion & Conclusions --- p.77 / Discussion --- p.77 / Conclusions --- p.93 / References --- p.95 / Appendices --- p.108

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O cÃncer de mama à uma patologia de incidÃncia crescente, tanto nos paÃses desenvolvidos quanto nos paÃses em desenvolvimento, parecendo estarem suas causas relacionadas ao estilo de vida moderna, de difÃcil controle. Neste contexto, os esforÃos sÃo dirigidos à prevenÃÃo secundÃria, no sentido de diagnosticar cada vez precocemente os tumores, com vistas a evitar maiores mutilaÃÃes e assegurar longa sobrevida e qualidade de vida para as mulheres acometidas por este tipo de neoplasia. Entre os mÃtodos de detecÃÃo precoce que vinham sendo recomendados pelo Instituto Nacional do CÃncer, atà o lanÃamento do Consenso para Controle do CÃncer de Mama, em abril de 2004, o auto-exame das mamas â AEM ocupava lugar de destaque, ao lado do exame mÃdico e da mamografia. Contudo, as pesquisas indicam a dificuldade de adesÃo das mulheres a este tipo de exame, apesar de ser uma tÃcnica indolor, rÃpida e gratuita. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os aspectos psicossociais envolvidos na prÃtica do auto-exame das mamas, no intuito de oferecer subsÃdios para as prÃticas preventivas em cÃncer de mama. Para a realizaÃÃo deste estudo, utilizamos a Epistemologia Qualitativa, Gonzalez Rey (2002), a qual se embasa no MÃtodo DialÃtico e compreende ser a quantidade e a qualidade dos fatos inseparÃveis e interdependentes. Nesta perspectiva, nosso estudo contemplou tanto a realidade estruturada por meio dos nÃmeros quanto os aspectos qualitativos. Desenvolvemos um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 561 mulheres no municÃpio de Sobral-CE, como tambÃm entrevistamos treze mulheres, consideradas informantes-chave para o estudo, e realizamos uma reuniÃo de grupo com mulheres mastectomizadas. O processo de construÃÃo de informaÃÃes permitiu a identificaÃÃo de seis focos temÃticos: 1. Conhecimento e freqÃÃncia da prÃtica do auto-exame das mamas e variÃveis correlacionadas; 2. Significados atribuÃdos e sentidos produzidos sobre o AEM; 3. MotivaÃÃo para a prÃtica do AEM; 4. Entendendo a resistÃncia para a prÃtica do AEM; 5. Discursos e sentidos presentes nas aÃÃes educativas; 6. Repensando as prÃticas preventivas em cÃncer de mama. A articulaÃÃo destes focos temÃticos permitiu- nos tecer reflexÃes acerca da representaÃÃo social do cÃncer de mama em nossa sociedade, que influencia sobremaneira a aceitaÃÃo do auto-exame de mamas. Isto porque referida tÃcnica vinha sendo trabalhada como forma de identificar alteraÃÃo nas mamas, associada ao cÃncer de mama, exacerbando o temor da existÃncia deste nas mulheres. ConcluÃmos que o auto-exame das mamas, ao contrÃrio do postulado por muitos, nÃo à uma tÃcnica simples de ser realizada, pressupondo capacidade de enfrentamento, pois, ao fazer o auto-exame, a mulher depara-se com uma situaÃÃo, na qual, de forma solitÃria, pode encontrar algo que ela considera ser maligno. Esta expectativa da mulher à fruto das prÃticas discursivas dominantes sobre o auto-exame e sobre o cÃncer de mama. ConcluÃmos, ainda, existir conhecimento suficiente sobre a etiologia do cÃncer de mama capaz de orientar aÃÃes no sentido da prevenÃÃo primÃria desta patologia, se compreendermos ser o adoecimento um processo complexo a envolver aspectos fÃsicos, psicolÃgicos, sociais e ambientais. / The breast cancer is a pathology that has crescent incidence, in the countries of higher degree of development like in the countries in development. There are evidences that its causes seem to have relation to modern life style, of difficult control. In this context, the efforts are direct to secondary prevention, in order to make an early diagnosis of tumors, trying to avoid a great number of mutilations and ensure higher survival and a better quality of life for women with this type of neoplasy. Among of the methods of precocious detection that had been recommended by Cancer National Institute, until the launch of Consensus to the Control of Breast Cancer, in April 2004, the breast self-examinations had prominence of place, beside medical exam and mammography. However, researches show the women are difficult of breast self- examination adhesion, although this is a painless, fast and free technique. The aim of this study was the comprehension of the psicossociais aspects involved in breast self-examination, in order to offer subsidy to prevention practices in breast of cancer. To realization this study, we based on the Qualitative Epistemology, Gonzalez Rey (2002). It is based on Dialectic Method and shows that the quality and quantity of facts are inseparable and interpedent. In this direction, our study pondered either the structure reality through the numbers as the qualitatives aspects. We accomplished a transversal study, of population base, with 561 women in the Sobral city, state of CearÃ, Brazil. 13 women were interviewed. They were considered key â informers for survey. It was made still a group meeting with women who had the breast cancer. The process of the construction of information allowed the identification of six themes: 1. knowledge and frequency of breast self-examination and variable correlated; 2. Imputed meaning and produced sense about breast self-examination; 3. Motivation of the practice breast self-examination; 4. Resistance to practice of the breast self-examination; 5. Talks and insight sense in the education actions; 6. Re-think the preventive practices in breast cancer. Based on the process of information construction, we understand the cancer social representation, which influences the acceptation of breast self-examination. The breast self-examination is associated with breast cancer and this fact increases the fear of women. We conclude that the breast self-examination isnât a simple technique to make. It needs support to find any alteration in breast. We also conclude that there is sufficient knowledge to make primary prevention in breast cancer. It is necessary to understand that the illness process is complex and involves subjective, physics, social and environmental aspects.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att sammanställa vetenskap om nyttan med att utföra självundersökning av brösten samt utröna vilken roll sjuksköterskan kan ha. Metod: I en litteraturstudie har nio artiklar valts ut och det vetenskapliga värdet har granskats och utav dessa är sju kvantitativa studier och de resterande två litteraturstudier. Resultat: Resultatet visar att självundersökningar av brösten inte reducerar mortaliteten i bröstcancer. Nyttan av självundersökningarna av brösten råder det delade meningar om då de kan leda till en ökad oro och flera läkarbesök. Sjuksköterskan spelar en viktig roll som pedagog och inspiratör. Slutsats: Sannolikt är nyttan av självundersökningar av brösten större i länder med begränsade ekonomiska resurser och avsaknad av screeningprogram jämfört med exempelvis Sverige som idag har ett etablerat nationellt screeningprogram för mammografi. Om evidensbaserad omvårdnad ska tillämpas framkommer det i litteraturstudien att sjuksköterskan bör förespråka bröstmedvetenhet framför självundersökningar av brösten. / Aim: The purpose of this study was to compile resent science about the benefits of performing breast self-examinations and to find out the eventual role of the nurse. Method: In a literature review nine scientific articles were chosen and their scientific value was evaluated. From this evaluation we indentified nine articles, seven of these articles are based on quantitative studies and two of them are a compilation of literature. Results: This study shows that breast self-examination do not reduce mortality in breast cancer. The benefits of breast self-examination is debated, when the research displays that breast self-examination leads to an increased anxiety and increased numbers of doctor appointments. The nurse plays a key role as an educator and a spokesman. Conclusion: It is possible that the benefits of brest self-examinations are greater in a country of limited resources and screening programs, than for instance in Sweden where a national mammography screening is established. If evidenced based care should be applied the results from this study suggests that the nurse should advocate breast awareness instead of breast self-examinations.

No description available.

Health beliefs of 221 postmenopausal women were assessed to predict the Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors of breast self-examination (BSE) and utilization of mammography. Champion's (1991) revised Health Belief Model (HBM) instrument for BSE, which assesses the HBM constructs of Seriousness, Susceptibility, Benefits, Barriers, Confidence and Health Motivation, was utilized along with her Barriers and Benefits instrument for mammography usage. Ronis' and Harel's (1989) constructs of Severity-Late and Severity-Early were evaluated along with Cuing and demographic variables. These exogenous latent constructs were utilized in a LISREL path model to predict Breast Cancer Screening Behavior.

Text in English / Monthly breast self-examination (BSE) is an extremely important part of health care for all women in every stage of life as a primary tool in the prevention of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and practice of BSE among women at a private clinic in Zimbabwe. A non-experimental cross-sectional descriptive research design was used. The accessible population was one hundred women admitted to the selected private clinic. Data collection was done using a questionnaire which consisted of three parts: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about BSE and practices of BSE. Data obtained was analysed using EPI INFO version 3.3.2. Results showed that respondents were knowledgeable about breast cancer early warning signs and symptoms and BSE. About 28% of the respondents were aware of when to initiate BSE and 74% performed BSE, but their practice was poor. Educational materials should be freely available at hospitals and schools to enhance BSE awareness. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Objetivos: comparar os achados do auto-exame das mamas com o seu exame clÃnico no rastreamento de anormalidades mamÃrias. Verificar a freqÃÃncia dos conhecimentos e prÃticas relacionadas com o auto-exame das mamas. Estimar a sensibilidade e especificidade do auto-exame das mamas em relaÃÃo ao seu exame clÃnico. Averiguar se a sensibilidade à influenciada pelas variÃveis antropomÃtricas e sociodemogrÃficas ou pelos conhecimentos e prÃticas do auto-exame. Metodologia: estudo transversal de validaÃÃo de teste diagnÃstico, envolvendo 505 funcionÃrias de um hospital universitÃrio. Foi aplicado um questionÃrio sobre conhecimentos e prÃticas relacionadas com o auto-exame das mamas e ministrada instruÃÃo sobre o auto-exame a todas as participantes que posteriormente realizaram o auto-exame e foram submetidas a exame clÃnico por Ãnico examinador. Os intervalos de confianÃa de 95% foram calculados pelo mÃtodo de aproximaÃÃo pela distribuiÃÃo normal. ProporÃÃes foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e foram consideradas significativamente diferentes (teste bicaudado) quando a probabilidade de estas serem semelhantes foi menor ou igual a 0,05. Resultados: 94,06% tinham recebido informaÃÃo sobre o auto-exame, 29,90% pelo mÃdico. 32,28% realizavam o auto-exame mensalmente, 55,95% apÃs a menstruaÃÃo e o procedimento mais realizado era a palpaÃÃo durante o banho. A sensibilidade para qualquer achado foi de 37,21 % com IC 95% de 32,77%-41,82%. A sensibilidade, excluindo-se a assimetria, foi de 44,85% com IC 95% de 39,59-50,26%. A sensibilidade exclusiva para nÃdulo e espessamento (massa) foi de 52,07% com IC 95% de 43, 17%-60,87%. A especificidade para qualquer achado foi de 71,64% com IC 95% de 60,00%Â81,44%. A especificidade, excluindo-se a assimetria, foi de 80,57% com IC 95% de 74,20%-85,93%. A especificidade exclusiva para massa foi de 90,10% com IC 95% de 86,81 %-92,79%. A sensibilidade nÃo mostrou diferenÃa estatisticamente significativa quando estratificada por mama, conhecimentos e prÃticas relacionadas ao exame feito pela prÃpria e variÃveis antropomÃtricas e sociodemogrÃficas. ConclusÃo: o auto-exame à bastante conhecido por essa populaÃÃo, apresenta em relaÃÃo ao exame clÃnico uma baixa sensibilidade e especificidade, que se eleva quando analisadas exclusivamente as massas, aproximando-se da sensibilidade e especificidade da mamografia em mulheres abaixo dos 40 anos de idade