Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2018-06-12T17:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciano Diogo Oliveira Freitas - 2017.pdf: 2722679 bytes, checksum: 2df1afd541bddfe8347398892d5a5c66 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-06-13T10:45:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciano Diogo Oliveira Freitas - 2017.pdf: 2722679 bytes, checksum: 2df1afd541bddfe8347398892d5a5c66 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T10:45:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciano Diogo Oliveira Freitas - 2017.pdf: 2722679 bytes, checksum: 2df1afd541bddfe8347398892d5a5c66 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Charlie Chaplin´s (1889-1977) influences on Bertolt Brecht’s theater (1898-1956) are diverse; also the films of the British director were inspiration for several plays written by the German playwright (The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (1928/1929), Mother Courage and Her Children (1939); Mr Puntila and his Man Matti (1940), and others). In many parts of Brecht works, diaries and theoretical texts Brecht makes comments about the importance of Chaplin´s cinematographic practice and his character The Tramp, for the constitution of his theater. Some moments Brecht considers Chaplin a model of actor to the epical theater (BRECHT 1995, p. 125; BRECHT 2005A, p. 249, 263, 291; and others). Two central concepts in Brecht´s work are fundamental for the understanding of this relationship: Verfremdungseffekt – the famous Estrangement Effect and the social Gestus. Once these concepts are delimited I search to analyze Chaplin´s work, the process of film construction and the interpretation in silent films as elements that generate estrangement and are structured as a Gestus language. At the first chapter I analyze the historical context of the Weimar’s Germany to understand the constitution of V-Effekt at its time. At the second chapter I assume the idea of the cinema as a revolution on the form of production and reception of art, passing by the Chaplin’s history trying to realize how his films were a large reference to a lot of artists, including Brecht. At the third chapter I study the social Gestus and how it is related with the variety shows and the Chaplin’s artistic works. Finally, at the conclusions, I return to the mail points of this intense dialogue between Brecht and Chaplin, and how this relationship produced uncountable fruits and artistic works. This material requires new theoretical and practical studies (on scream and on stage), considering its large reflexive and critical potential, and more than it, its artistic value. / As influências de Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) na obra de Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) são diversas. Os filmes do diretor britânico são inspiração para diversas peças escritas pelo dramaturgo alemão (Ascenção e queda da cidade de Mahagonny (1928/1929), Mãe Coragem e seus filhos (1939), Senhor Puntila e seu criado Matti (1940), dentre outras). Brecht comenta em seus diários de trabalho e inúmeros textos teóricos a importância da prática cinematográfica de Chaplin e de seu personagem Carlitos para a constituição do seu teatro, considerando-os muitas vezes modelar para o teatro épico (BRECHT 1995, p. 125; BRECHT 2005A, p. 249, 263, 291; dentre outros). Dois pontos da práxis brechtiana são fundamentais para compreender essa forte relação cinema-teatro, são eles: o Verfremdungseffekt – o famoso efeito de estranhamento e o Gestus social. A partir desses dois pontos procuro analisar a obra de Chaplin, o processo de construção de seus filmes e a interpretação no cinema mudo como elementos que geram estranhamento e se estruturam como uma forma de Gestus social e estranhamento. No primeiro capítulo parto do contexto histórico da Alemanha de Weimar para compreender a constituição do V-Effekt em seu tempo. No segundo capítulo penso o cinema enquanto revolução na forma de produzir e apreciar a obra de arte e, passando pela história de Chaplin, como esse artista influencia e inspira artistas por todo o mundo, entre ele Brecht. No terceiro capítulo busco compreender o Gestus social e como ele se relaciona com o espetáculo de variedades e o trabalho artístico de Chaplin. Por fim, nas considerações finais, retomo a ideia de que o intenso tráfego da ponte Brecht-Chaplin, produziu diversos frutos e produções que ainda hoje exigem sua leitura, encenação, e apreciação, dado o seu potencial crítico reflexivo e mais ainda o valor artístico de suas proposituras que até hoje se extravasam nos palcos do teatro.

Comment un auteur réécrit une histoire déjà publiée? De plus, quels moyens emploierait-il pour rendre justice à l’œuvre originale tout en y insérant sa part de créativité? Dans notre thèse en création littéraire nous avons tenté de répondre à quelques aspects de ces questions. La présente étude est divisée en trois parties. La première est une pièce de théâtre intitulée Persona, seras-tu… où nous utilisons le mythe d’Antigone comme point de départ mais avec une perspective contemporaine où Ismène, pour la première fois, tient la tête d’affiche. Nous avons aussi donné une grande place au chœur. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’étude des Antigone modernes, soit celles de Cocteau, d’Anouilh et de Brecht, comparées à celle de Sophocle. Grâce en grande partie à une analyse textuelle, nous étudions comment ces auteurs ont réécrit les caractéristiques et l’évolution des personnages d’Ismène et du chœur. Finalement, le dernier chapitre est consacré à une réflexion sur notre démarche créative et à quel point les analyses du chapitre précédent nous ont aidée à construire notre chœur et notre Ismène.

M.A. (English) / The aim of this d i s s e r t a t i on is to identify the influence of Bertolt Bretht on Fugard's life and work in South African theatre. As Fugard himself is not German-speaking, and his experience of Brecht is perforce through translations of Brecht into English, this is not a comparative study bet veeri the dramatists. It merely uses Fugard's own statements about his reading of Brecht in English at various points in his career, from the 1950s to the present, to show this particular aspect of his own development as a dramatist. The standard works on Fugard - Athol Fugard, Stephen Gray (ed.) (Johannesburg: McGraw-Hill, 1982), Dennis Walder, Athol Fugard (London: Macmillan, 1984) and Russell Vandenbroucke, Truths the Hand can Touch (Johannesburg: Donker, 1986) - refer only glancingly to this possibility. The introduction establishes the many references Fugard has made to Brecht in his writing - which includes not only his plays, but his novel, filmscripts, notebooks, letters and interviews and interprets how Fugard perceives various Brechtian theatre principles, such as the use of the alienation effect, the epic nature of drama and the function of theatre in the community. In the following chapters Fugard's vorks are examined, in order to show how Brecht has been of use to him at various key points in his career. This is done chronologically, so that a larger picture of the influence on Fugard's development as a dramatist and his changing use of Brecht as a source may be seen. The conclusion of this dissertation takes the findings of the previous chapters and assesses the nature of the BrechtFugard link, taking into account the different aspects and levels. This is briefly compared to the findings of the latest critical work to have corne out in which Fugard features - Martin Orkin, Drama and the South African State (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1991) - in an attempt to show how using the methodology of a source and influence study like this is of value in coming to a deeper understanding of the dramaturgy of a writer like Fugard...

Brecht's concept of character and its influence on the content and style of his works Brecht's concept of character, based on the Marxist-socialist premise of the perfectibility of man, is one of the most important aspects of his work. He believes that man's character is comparable to an atom, constantly falling apart and re-assembling itself. He states that man should be defined by his contradictory actions. With this view of man, several assumptions of the traditional theater no longer hold. There is no stalwart hero to pit the strength of his character against fate, there is no moral code by which he could act, since all is seen as being in flux and ethics are decided upon according to the demands of each specific situation. Since the heart of tragedy usually is the struggle of a heroic figure against fate, and since Brecht's figures are changeable and no longer heroic, the premises of tragedy no longer exist. Furthermore, the hero's character can no longer serve to advance the action of the play. The environment has to serve now as a stimulus for its progress. Although Brecht believes in the eventual advent of a "golden age,” he presents his figures as being engaged in a daily struggle, winning, losing and compromising. Such figures no longer can be shown by traditional acting methods Brecht invented the "epic" way of acting to accommodate them. New methods of observation and expression are the result of these new "heroes." Thus, Brecht's concept of character serves to convey his idea of man's existential possibilities, but also causes stylistic changes in his work.

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