Impact of Brexit on Private International Law Abstract The thesis deals with the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union (Brexit) and analyses its consequences on private international law. Prior to Brexit, private international law in Czech-British relations was covered mostly by EU regulations. Great Britain ceased to apply regulations such as Brussels Ibis, Rome I and Rome II under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement from 1 January 2021. The aim of the thesis is to identify and analyse possible substitutes for those no longer applicable EU regulations. Instruments eligible to ensure continuity of judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters are the existing or newly concluded international treaties or the national laws. The thesis first examines the membership of Great Britain in the EU in a broader legal context, the procedure of the withdrawal, the position of Great Britain as a third state, the impact of Brexit on legal systems of Great Britain and on so-called EU external agreements. The following chapters focus on three essential issues of private international law - applicable law, international jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judicial decisions. The issue of the law applicable to contractual and non- contractual obligations has been resolved by the retention...

Magister Legum - LLM / The United Kingdom (UK) is one of the largest Member states within the European Union (EU) that receive export goods from developing countries. The UK has successfully voted to exit the EU through a referendum and this may impact the already existing developing countries’ markets that depend on their exports to the UK. On the one hand, the UK has promised that it intends on maintaining the existing trade agreements with most of its trade partners including the Southern African Development Community (SADC)-EU Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA). On the other hand, the UK is concerned of its independence from the EU and at this point in time, it can only be anticipated that, agreements if any, relating to Brexit will only suffice once the entire exiting process has been completed.

Brexit was voted by referendum three years ago, on June 23rd, 2016. Yet, no final decision has been taken regarding the exit conditions of the United Kingdom. It took almost two years for the European Union and the British Prime Minister to find an agreement, which keeps being rejected by the British Parliament. Consequently, the aftermaths of Brexit on the European market remain fully uncertain and companies have to find ways to be ready to face it. Therefore, the aim of our study was to understand how French companies face the uncertainty related to Brexit and how they analyze its potential consequences. More precisely, we wanted to examine if there were any factors that lead firms to implement new strategies in order to face Brexit’ aftermaths in the best way possible and to understand if these factors were impacting their ability to handle Brexit. We also aimed to deepen the question of information channels that are the more used by companies in order to discover if they have an impact on their strategy. Finally, we wanted to understand what kind of strategies were implemented by managers within the companies and how they intended to face negative consequences or seize opportunities related to Brexit. As a result, our research question was: What factors may influence French companies in their ability to handle Brexit? To answer this question, we created a conceptual model and sent an online self-completion questionnaire to French companies’ managers. We asked them some of their firm’s characteristics, how they got information about Brexit and how often, how they perceive and analyze Brexit and what their answer may be. Through our results’ analysis, we showed that some firms’ characteristics have no impact on the answer to Brexit (sector and degree of internationalization) whereas the size impacts the reaction towards the crisis. Moreover, we found that information channels as well as the tendency to search for information also impact the strategy implemented by companies. Finally, our results showed that companies that analyze Brexit as an opportunity tend to implement larger reactions than the other ones and that companies that fear to lose money were more likely to implement risky strategies.

Constitutional system of the United Kingdom is seldom a theme of interest in domestic academic debates for it is usually considered as a part of Anglo-American juridical culture. According to the author of this master thesis, it is a pity, because the study and interpretation of the British constitutional system can enrich in some respects the current domestic doctrine. Master thesis has the ambition to describe British historical constitutional development, and particularly the current state of the British constitutional law and to emphasise its co-existence with the European law. The approach of the thesis is chronological. Thus, in introductory chapters there are indicated the juridical preconditions of Brexit from both the common law perspective and also the continental law perspective and there is also considered the actual constitutional case report. The last part analyses possible future juridical development. The thesis is focused on the description and the analysis of the withdrawal process of the United Kingdom from the European Union and it considers a variety of aspects of domestic law, international law and law of the European Union. Author makes an attempt to formulate a juridical predication which is based upon foreign literature and domestic and European juridical cases. Specifically, he...

This study aims to investigate how Brexit induces changes in commitment, uncertainty and risk for Swedish firms in affiliation with the UK market. This study further attempts to elucidate different strategical actions when operating under politically turbulent market conditions. A qualitative research method involving in-depth, semi-structured interviews with four different firms was conducted to collect the data. A multiple case approach was considered a necessity to answer the research question. One of the criteria for investigating the firms was to have established operations on the UK market. A theoretical framework depicting commitment, uncertainty and risk in international operations was developed in order to carry out the subsequent analysis. The finding suggests that, despite negative and dramatic projections surrounding Brexit, firms are not seen to divest their operations. On an interesting note, hedging risks and increasing commitments is instead evident within each of the investigated firms. This contributes to a rather unique finding within international business. When uncertainty increase on a given market, firms may instead increase commitment to another more stable market without reducing commitment on the more uncertain one. This challenges previous theory where commitment has reduced due to higher uncertainty to mitigate risk.

The European Union (EU) have during the years faced challenges of disintegration between its own Members. This thesis have studied about the phenomenon of disintegration and it is focused on the research of Phillipe Schmitter and Zoe Lefkofridi. They have studied about the Neofunctionalism explicit and implicit suppositions and hypothesis toward disintegration in the EU. The thesis is structured as a case study and its main purpose is to study about the explicit suppositions and hypothesis of the Neofunctionalism and if they are capable to explain why the United Kingdom (UK) wanted to leave the EU. The thesis have studied areas like the UK's dependence towards other Member States of the EU, if the British citizens feel secured against threats, the jurisdiction of the ECJ (the European Court of Justice) and the implementations of the EU-regulations, the politcalization conflicts between the UK and the EU, the convergence in the British society, the role of the experts and lastly if the UK having any influence in the EU governance. The thesis can conclude that the UK was in fact a disintegrated Member State inside the European Union. Brexit was in other words predicted by the Neofunctionalism.

The issue of Euroscepticism has been racking the European Union for many years, and the United Kingdom’s exit from the block came as a shock for many. Carried by a campaign on social media, the Leave campaign’s success has highlighted a number of issues that risk not only the EU, but democratic society itself. Focusing on public opinion formation on the EU and political polarisation, this paper explores the question of how a political entrepreneur can polarise a society in a desired fashion. Based on a content analysis performed on 1,100 tweets posted by the Leave campaign, the study attempts to map out topical and polarising tendencies of the campaign, together with a propensity to employ misinformation. The results show a focus on certain topics pertaining to public opinion formation on the EU and a tendency to tweet on them in a polarising manner across the board. Finally, false claims were found throughout the dataset, propelling an argument that there is a relationship between misinformation and polarisation which risks further polarising a given polity.

The diploma thesis deals with the current topic of the European Union withdrawal process as the impact of the British referendum in 2016. The first part analyzes the voting results and the events that followed the referendum. The next part examines the process of the UK's withdrawal from the European Union since the activation of Article 50 of the EU Treaty by March 2019. The following chapter deals with the identification of key and critical points during the UK-European Union negotiations. In the last chapter of the thesis, it will evaluate the current negotiation process by identifying successful and unsuccessful points that lead to recommendations for further negotiations on EU exit.

UK's exit from the EU presented the European project with a new situation. However, fears that more member states would follow UK’s example were overcome by increased support for EU membership in Sweden. The Left Party and the Sweden Democrats have moved from wanting to leave the EU to accepting Swedish EU-membership. Previous research in this area has focused on how parties position themselves for or against European integration as an idea on the one hand and the EU as an institutionalization process of these ideas on the other hand. Little research has been done on how Eurosceptic counterparts in Europe react to exit, as the UK is the first country to leave the EU. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how the Swedish Left Party and the Sweden Democrats have changed their position on the EU issue in connection with Brexit and consider an ideological dimension. The qualitative research of election platforms results in three conclusions. First, both parties remain in their fundamental criticism of the EU but see Brexit as a new opportunity to reform the EU fundamentally. Secondly, the pause on demands for a Swedish withdrawal from the EU may be based on an ideological dividing line. Thirdly, the parties problematize the EU in a similar way but from different angles, which further strengthens an assumption about the importance of ideology in the study of Euroscepticism.

La presente investigación se centra en las relaciones históricas entre Reino Unido y el proceso de integración europea, abarcando el periodo que media entre el fin de la II Guerra Mundial y el referéndum celebrado en las Islas en 2016. El principal propósito de la misma no es sino demostrar que, atendiendo tanto a la actuación como al discurso político de los distintos Gobiernos anglosajones hacia Europa, la apuesta de los británicos por el brexit fue una decisión fundamentalmente racional. Además, este trabajo incluye un acercamiento a la óptica de la prensa española respecto al matrimonio entre Londres y Bruselas, tratando de medir hasta qué punto las cabeceras de nuestro país se posicionaron en contra de una eventual ruptura. / Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la Generalitat Valenciana y el Fondo Social Europeo a través de la beca predoctoral ACIF/2018.