Two experiments were conducted in NEAVI ( Center for Studies in Poultry ) located in the Central Animal Laboratory of the Federal University of Sergipe , in order to develop a practical and inexpensive technology for the production of shrimp waste meal, as well as evaluating the content of digestible amino acids and their energy values . This study aimed to determine drying times in different proportions of shrimp waste . 35 and 50 kg of shrimp waste , in duplicate , totaling 40.70 and 100 kg , respectively, the amounts of 20 were allocated into six platforms . The time taken to dryness the residue was 35 , 45 and 55 hours, respectively. Chemical composition of shrimp head meal ( FRC ) was also evaluated and the following results were obtained : 90.7 % dry matter , crude protein 39.3 % , ether extract 5.8% , calcium 11.3 % , phosphorus 2.23 % calcium and 1 , 47 % and shrimp waste flour showed values of 89.0 % for dry matter , 32.6 % crude protein , 3.9% for fat , 9 , 87 % for calcium, phosphorus and 2.22 % to 1.53 % for sódio.No first experiment we determined the digestibility of amino acids using the method of ileal collection with 180 broiler chicks , 28 days old , distributed in a completely randomized experimental design , divided into 3 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds per experimental unit . The experimental diets were composed of free protein diet with 0 , 5, 10 and 15% inclusion of FRC . The best coefficients were obtained with the 10% level of inclusion for methionine ( 81.2 % ) , cystine ( 58.6 % ) , methionine + cystine ( 73.1 % ) , lysine ( 82.4 % ) and threonine ( 53.3 %). The second experiment determined the coefficients of metabolization of DM, CP , N , Gord , Ca and P and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME ) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance ( AMEn ) of test diets and food . The method of total excreta collection with 180 broiler chicks of cobb trademark , aged 16-26 days old was used . The completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates 6 birds per experimental unit was used . The FRC was included in a reference diet at levels of 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 % . The chicks were housed in metal cage with trays to collect excreta . A significant influence of the inclusion levels of CRP (P <0.05 ) in the level of 10% was higher in the following factors : dry matter was obtained 73.27% and 76.37 % crude protein . The coefficient of metabolizable ether extract was higher in the inclusions of iv 15 % with coefficients of 95.48 % and 20 % which was 96.59 % . Nitrogen retention was higher in higher levels of inclusion of FRC 10 , 15 and 20 % , which did not differ , obtaining values of 74.3 , 77.0 and 76.9 % , respectively . No statistical difference was observed in the coefficients metabolization of calcium and phosphorus . The AME and AMEn were significantly affected by the inclusion of FRC , as was increased to include these variables suffered diminishing effect on their values . The best level was 10% which presented values of AME 2325.1 Kcal / Kg and AMEn 1827.5 Kcal / Kg for flour of shrimp waste . / Dois experimentos foram realizados no NEAVI ( Núcleo de Estudos em Avicultura) localizado no Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, a fim de desenvolver uma tecnologia prática e barata para a produção da farinha de resíduo de camarão, bem como avaliar o conteúdo de aminoácidos digestíveis e seus valores energéticos. Objetivou-se a determinação dos tempos de secagem em diferentes proporções de resíduo de camarão. Foram alocadas em seis plataformas as quantidades de 20; 35 e 50 kg de resíduo de camarão, em duplicata, totalizando 40,70 e 100 kg, respectivamente. O tempo levado para secagem do resíduo foi de 35, 45 e 55 horas, respectivamente. Também foi avaliada composição química da farinha de cabeça de camarão (FRC) e foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: matéria seca de 90,7%; proteína bruta de 39,3%, extrato etéreo de 5,8%, cálcio de 11,3%, fósforo de 2,23% e cálcio de 1, 47% e a farinha de resíduo de camarão apresentou valores de 89,0% para matéria seca, 32,6% para proteína bruta, 3,9% para extrato etéreo, 9,87% para cálcio, 2,22% para fósforo e 1,53% para sódio.No primeiro experimento foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos utilizando-se o método de coleta ileal com 180 pintos de corte, com 28 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em 3 tratamentos, com 10 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram compostas por dieta isenta de proteína com 0, 5, 10 e 15% de inclusão de FRC. Os melhores coeficientes foram obtidos com o nível de 10% de inclusão para metionina (81,2%), cistina (58,6%), metionina+cistina (73,1%), lisina (82,4%) e treonina (53,3%). No segundo experimento foram determinados os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de MS, PB, N, Gord, Ca e P e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) das dietas teste e do alimento. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas com 180 pintos de corte de marca comercial cobb, com idade de 16 a 26 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em 5 tratamentos com 6 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. A FRC foi incluída em uma dieta referência nos níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%. Os pintos foram alojados em baterias metálicas com ii bandejas para a coleta de excretas. Houve influência significativa dos níveis de inclusão da FRC (P<0,05), em que o nível de 10% mostrou-se superior nos seguintes coeficientes: de matéria seca obteve-se 73,27% e proteína bruta com 76,37%. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo foi maior nas inclusões de 15% com coeficientes de 95,48% e 20% que foi de 96,59%. A retenção de nitrogênio foi superior nos maiores níveis de inclusão de FRC 10, 15 e 20%, que não diferiram entre si, obtendo valores de 74,3; 77,0 e 76,9%; respectivamente. Não foi observada diferença estatística nos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de cálcio e fósforo. A EMA e EMAn foram afetadas significativamente pela inclusão de FRC, conforme aumentou-se a inclusão, essas variáveis sofreram efeito decrescente em seus valores. O melhor nível de inclusão foi o de 10% que apresentou valores de EMA de 2325,1 Kcal/Kg e de EMAn 1827,5 Kcal/Kg para a farinha de resíduo de camarão.

Department of Animal Science / BSCAGR

Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Rickets is described as a disease that affects young growing poultry. Poorly mineralized bones with thickened and irregular growth plates characterize it. The onset of rickets is characterized by a failure of mineralization of cartilage and bone. Other symptoms of rickets include reluctance to movement in affected birds. These birds will sit on their hocks and if startled they use their wings for balance. On necropsy, bones are soft and fragile and they have thickened growth plates. In this study 30% of the chicks aged between 7 and 8 days from a broiler flock, started showing splay leg problems. Affected chicks were unable to support their weight on their legs, some showing paralysis. The bones were soft and rubbery. To try and identify the possible cause, bones from the affected chicks were analyzed for calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) to determine the Ca:P ratio. Blood serum was also analyzed for the mineral content. Ca and P were the main focus of the tests as the problem was suspected to be rickets. The feed was analyzed for protein, Ca and P. The bone analysis showed a Ca:P ratio of less than 2:1, while results of the blood serum showed an inverse Ca: P ratio. The analysis results of the feed as well as the bones showed an imbalance in the Ca:P ratio which according to literature and research done is a possible cause for rickets. These findings combined with the symptoms displayed by the affected birds, lead to the suggestion that the problem in this study was rickets.

The objective of the present work was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the coefficients of metabolization of flour shrimp waste (FRC) in broilers rednecks Color Plume (CPK) not sexed, under different methodologies for collecting and ages. In experiment 1 180 birds aged 28 to 40 days subject to the total collection system were used. In experiment 2 150 birds age of 53 to 65 days undergoing total and partial collection of excreta use of acid insoluble ash indicator (CIA) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and six replicates of six five birds each, respectively. Treatments consisted of a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal -four test diets with 5, 10, 15 and 20 % replacement of FRC in the reference diet. The experiment lasted 12 days, seven days of adaptation to the cages and the test diets and 5 days for collection of excreta and quantification of food intake. Until each experimental period the birds were reared in shed masonry, floor covered with wood shavings beaten, which received commercial food and water at will. The samples were collected individually frozen until the end of the trial period, after which you were homogenized and prepared separately for analysis of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE). FRC was determined for values of 87,4 % DM, 32,6 % PB, 40% MM , 12.1% calcium, 2.3 % phosphorus , and 2385 kcal of gross energy / kg of DM . The average coefficients of metabolizability determined at the age of 28 to 40 days and between 53 to 65 days were respectively, 70,5 and 78,7 % for dry matter and 65,2 to 72,5 % crude protein. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME ) of FRC in particular natural matter in the first stage of establishment was 1092 kcal / kg of DM , and the second phase was 1260 kcal / kg in MN , regardless of the methodology . / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da farinha de resíduo de camarão (FRC) em frangos caipiras da linhagem Color Plume (CPK) não sexados, submetidos a diferentes metodologias de coleta e idades. No experimento 1 foram utilizados 180 aves com idade de 28 a 40 dias submetidos ao sistema de coleta total de excretas. No experimento 2 foram utilizados 150 aves com idade de 53 a 65 dias submetidos à coleta total e parcial de excretas com uso do indicador cinza ácida insolúvel (CIA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições com seis e cinco aves por unidade experimental, respectivamente. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração referência a base de milho e farelo de soja e quatro rações testes, com 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FRC em substituição a ração referência. Os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 12 dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação as gaiolas e as rações testes e 5 dias para colheita das excretas e quantificação do consumo de ração. Até cada período experimental as aves foram criados em galpão de alvenaria, de piso batido coberto com maravalha, onde receberam ração comercial e água a vontade. As amostras coletadas individualmente foram congeladas até o final do período experimental, onde logo após foram homogeneizadas e preparadas separadamente para analises de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB). Para a FRC foi determinado valores de 87.4% de MS, 32,6 % de PB, 40 % de MM, 12,1 % de cálcio, 2,3 % de fósforo e 2385 kcal de energia bruta/kg na MS. Os coeficientes médios de metabolizabilidade determinados na idade de 28 a 40 dias e entre 53 a 65 dias foram respectivamente de, 70,5 e 78,7 % para matéria seca, 65,2 e 72,5 % para proteína bruta. A energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) da FRC na matéria natural determinada na primeira fase da criação foi de 1092 kcal/kg na MS, e para a segunda fase foi de 1260 kcal/kg na MN, independente da metodologia.

This study investigated the feasibility of small-scale poultry production to contribute to household food security in the Maphephetheni lowlands in KwaZulu-Natal. Forty households, selected by stratified random sampling (eight households per sub-ward) participated in a trial to assess the feasibility of egg and broiler production, from commercial lines, and the potential for generating income to improve household food security. The study established that participating households acquired the necessary skills through a training module offered, actively engaged in poultry production and marketing of the produce, and managed their funds well. Market demand for poultry products in the Maphephetheni lowlands was high from both local consumers and traders. Egg production profit was constrained as eggs were not sorted into sizes according to South African standards and local selling prices, but, contrary to commercial market practice, the eggs are graded ‘standard’ regardless of size. Both egg and broiler production are technically feasible in Maphephetheni lowlands, but broiler production is more economically viable than eggs and more highly desired by households. Households reported that poultry production could provide much needed income and reduce poverty and hunger in their community. Although household dietary diversity did not improve, income increased and was put into a savings account. Households borrowed and used this money for various needs, but not necessarily to supplement their diets. Commercial point-of-lay pullets and three-week old vaccinated broilers could be used in the Maphephetheni lowlands, but broilers were more commercially viable than point-of-lay pullets. It is recommended that broiler houses be established with the capacity for brooding each 500 day-old chicks which are sold (live) at six weeks. However, technical and financial support is required to maximise the benefits, increase household income, improve diets and reduce vulnerability to food insecurity. / This study investigated the feasibility of small-scale poultry production to contribute to / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.