In lowland river systems, in-channel, slow-flowing or still-water areas (still-water patches, SWPs) are considered to be important habitats for many organisms, particularly the early-life stages of fish and shrimp. However, the distribution of the early life-stages of fish and shrimp among these habitats appears to be very patchy and studies suggest that the quality and diversity of microhabitat conditions within SWPs and the accessibility of SWPs to spawning adults and dispersing young may be important determinants of their suitability as nursery habitat. The aims of this thesis were to examine the utilisation of still-water patches by fish and shrimp in a lowland river in relation to habitat suitability and accessibility, with particular emphasis on early-life stages. To determine the factors influencing habitat selection among SWPs, the environmental variability in SWP habitat, and both the distribution and the movement patterns of fish and shrimp, were examined in the Broken River, a lowland river in south-eastern Australia. SWP habitat was found to be highly spatially and temporally variable in the Broken River. SWPs differed in relation to permanence, accessibility and microhabitat variables, and all life-stages of fish and shrimp were found to be significantly spatially aggregated among SWPs. This suggests that individual SWPs may differ in their suitability as habitat, and/or in their accessibility to dispersing organisms and indicates either differential rates of retention, movement into SWPs, spawning effort or survival among SWPs for these organisms. Significant associations were found for all species and life-stages in relation to the microhabitat characteristics of SWPs. The two introduced species, carp and gambusia, were found to have fewer associations, which suggests that these species are habitat generalists. Cover and SWP morphology variables were shown to be important for all native species. Significant, positive associations were found for most species and life-stages with large, deep, SWPs containing instream cover, however, the extent of cover preferred was variable. It was hypothesised that large, deep SWPs that contain instream cover are more environmentally stable and provide better foraging efficiency and reduced competition for space, whilst also providing refuge from predators and, that they may be easier to locate than smaller patches. Specific associations with microhabitat variables differed among all species and life-stages, and this was attributed to differences in diet and predation rates. Consequently, generalised microhabitat relationships for particular life-stages or species could not be identified and the results from this thesis suggest that a diversity of microhabitat conditions are required to meet the differing requirements of various life-stages and species. Significant associations were also found for most groups in relation to the accessibility characteristics of SWPs, indicating that the ability of individuals to access SWPs is an important factor in determining their distribution among SWPs. This further suggests that movement is an important factor in the distribution pattern of fish and shrimp among SWPs. Significant associations were found for most groups in relation to patch isolation, adjacent hydraulic habitat and entrance conditions, indicating that landscape composition and configuration as well as boundary conditions may be important determinants of organisms being able to locate suitable patches. Associations with accessibility variables differed among species and life-stages, and may be attributable to differences in movement capabilities. Field manipulations of instream cover and entrance depth were conducted to further examine the habitat associations found. The results confirmed a positive relationship between instream cover and fish and shrimp abundances. No species, however, responded consistently to the manipulation of entrance depths, and this was attributed to water level rises throughout the experiment and/or the correlation of entrance depth with SWP depth. However, the results from the field manipulations suggested that deeper habitats are able to be exploited by small-bodied adults and larvae when significant levels of instream cover are also available as refuge from predation. In order to confirm the importance of movement in the selection of SWP habitat by fish and shrimp, the movement patterns of fish and shrimp into and out of SWPs were investigated. Whilst the results from this aspect of the study were inconclusive for fish, the results for shrimp confirmed that adults and larvae moved routinely into and out of SWPs. However, for all shrimp species, movement appeared to be limited to a certain period of larval development, indicating that SWP quality and stability may be more important at particular stages of development than others. The results of this thesis have demonstrated the importance of SWP quality and stability for fish and shrimp in the Broken River and have shown that habitat preferences vary among individual species and life-stages. Consequently, in order to manage for multiple species and life-stages, consideration must be given not only to the availability of SWPs, but also to their stability over time and to the availability of a diverse range of microhabitats. In addition, consideration must also be given to the accessibility of SWPs and this will require a greater knowledge of the specific spawning and dispersal requirements of the organisms which utilise these patches, in combination with a greater understanding of the impacts of flow modification on riverine landscape composition and configuration.

Thesis (M. Ed.(Opvoedkundige sielkunde))-Universiteit van Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

In the present thesis, Jane and Louisa Will Soon Come Home, the novel by the Jamaican writer Erna Brodber, is analyzed in the context of post-colonial identity trauma. Analyzing the complex organizational and narrative structure of the novel, the essay author studies how the novel’s rhythmicity and the broken narrative portray the protagonist’s identity fragmentation. Drawing on the work’s connection to the ring game played in the Caribbean and applying the symbolism of the Caribbean folk rhythms, the essay author discusses the subversive intent of Brodber’s novel and her method of rewriting the past as a way of recovering one's identity.

Cette thèse propose une stratégie de calcul pour étudier les oxydes des métaux de transition de la première série à l'aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. Elle consiste en la validation d'une méthode de calcul sur un système donné en reproduisant au mieux les observations expérimentales, puis son utilisation pour compléter nos connaissances des propriétés spectroscopiques et de la réactivité de ces systèmes. A partir de l'étude en matrice de gaz rare des produits de la réaction de Ni, Ni2+O2 par spectroscopie d'absorption, nous avons rassemblé un ensemble de données expérimentales pertinentes sur les oxydes NiO2 et Ni2O2. Pour le premier, dont l'état fondamental du complexe eta-2 faisait l'objet de publications contradictoires, nous avons fourni une description générale de la réactivité en accord avec celle de l'expérience. Nous avons notamment mis en évidence les deux chemins réactionnels possibles, thermique (à partir des réactifs dans leurs états fondamentaux) et photochimique, de la formation du composé final, le produit de l'insertion ONiO. Le cas de Ni2O2 nous a poussés à développer une méthode particulière. Ce composé est caractérisé par un couplage antiferromagnétique avec de la densité de spin non nulle portée par les deux centres métalliques. Pour traiter ce cas avec une méthode monoréférence, nous avons conçu une procédure dans laquelle un calcul "Broken Symmetry", suivi de l'analyse de la fonction d'onde contaminée ainsi obtenue et de la valeur moyenne , ont permis d'ajuster la fraction d'échange HF dans la fonctionnelle hybride utilisée pour décrire des observables expérimentaux. Cette procédure a été employée pour traiter les dioxydes de type M2O2 (avec M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) et observer l'évolution de leurs propriétés en fonction du centre métallique. L'état singulet antiferromagnétique a été trouvé comme état fondamental pour tous ces oxydes, excepté dans le cas de Cu2O2. L'interaction antiferromagnétique entre les deux atomes de cuivre n'est pas suffisamment élevée pour favoriser la structure rhombique antiferromagnétique que l'on observe pour les autres métaux. Nous avons montré que la stabilité de ces oxydes est essentiellement due à l'interaction de superéchange entre les centres métalliques et le ligand diamagnétique (O2−). En accord avec ce schéma, nous avons établi, par une étude topologique des fonctions locales rho(r) et ELF, que les dioxydes bimétalliques doivent être considérés comme (M2+)2(O2−)2.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-127). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

2 v. : col., photos., tables ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 1979

Thesis (M.E.) -- University of Adelaide, 1956. / Typewritten copy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-93).

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to export South African plums to overseas markets strict quality standards must be maintained. Among these quality classifications are specifications about the presence of cavities and pieces of broken stone/pit within the flesh of the fruit. If more than 10% of the fruit in a carton are affected by severely broken stones or large flesh cavities, the fruit have to be marketed as Class 2. A substantial amount of plums destined for export from South Africa is affected by broken stones and thus have to be marketed as Class 2. Lower prices are attained for Class 2 fruit, therefore, the presence of broken stones has a detrimental effect on the income generated from these fruit. The main aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of broken stone development and compare the growth characteristics of Japanese plum cultivars differing in their susceptibility to broken stones. Stone breakage in ‘Laetitia’ was observed as soon as stone hardening was initiated. At the start of stone hardening the parts of the stone that are still ‘soft’ are not strong enough to resist the pulling forces of the growing mesocarp and the stone is subsequently pulled apart. Regression analysis indicated that lengthwise growth of the fruit, fresh weight of the endo- and mesocarp, minimum orchard temperature and orchard night temperature, and relative humidity (RH) early in the growing season could possibly be used to predict the incidence of broken stones at harvest. Differences in the incidence of broken stones were observed between ‘Laetitia’, ‘Sapphire’ and ‘Songold’ plums and between seasons. Furthermore, significant differences were observed in the density of the endocarp in different parts of the stone. For ‘Laetitia’ and ‘Songold’, stone breakage was observed when rapid increases in stone density coincided with rapid increases in fruit growth. The stones broke in positions where an interface exists between high and low density parts in the stone and when rapid radial growth takes place in the direction where the stone is least dense. In contrast, in ‘Sapphire’, stone breakage was observed before the stones had started to lignify, indicating that the endocarp was pulled apart by the expanding flesh because it was too soft to withstand the strong pulling forces created by the flesh. The incidence of broken stones was influenced by environmental factors, as higher temperatures during the stone development and hardening period could lead to more complete endocarp formation (more stone cells are formed under such conditions). Such fruit would thus have higher endocarp density, which, if coupled with rapid radial growth, could lead to a higher incidence of broken stones. Foliar and/or root applications of calcium nitrate and potassium silicate were applied to ‘Laetitia’ plums to determine whether the incidence of broken stones could be reduced by increasing the strength of the endocarp cell walls. However, no such effect was observed. Hence, neither calcium nor silicate treatments can be recommended for reducing broken stones in plums. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om Suid-Afrikaanse pruime na oorsese markte uit te voer moet vrugte aan streng kwaliteitstandaarde voldoen. Daar is ondermeer spesifikasies in verband met die teenwoordigheid van holtes en stukkies gebreekte pit binne die vrug. Indien meer as 10% van die vrugte in ʼn karton deur ernstige gebreekte pit of groot vrugholtes geaffekteer word, moet die vrugte as Klas 2 bemark word. Aangesien ʼn groot hoeveelheid van die pruime wat vir uitvoer bestem is, geaffekteer word deur gebreekte pit en gevolglik as Klas 2 bemark moet word, word aansienlike finansiële verliese gelei. Laer pryse word behaal vir Klas 2 vrugte, en dus het die teenwoordigheid van gebreekte pitte ʼn negatiewe effek op die wins wat deur die uitvoer van hierdie vrugte gegenereer kan word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die ontwikkeling van gebreekte pit in Japannese pruime te ondersoek en om die groei-patrone van kultivars wat geneig is tot gebreekte pit te vergelyk met ʼn nie-sensitiewe kultivar. Gebreekte pit in ‘Laetitia’ is opgemerk sodra die pit begin verhard het. Met die aanvangs van pit- verharding is die gedeeltes van die pit wat nog nie volkome verhard het nie, nie sterk genoeg om die sterk trekkragte van die groeiende mesokarp te weerstaan nie en die pit word gevolglik uitmekaar- getrek. Regressie-analise het gewys dat lengtegroei van die vrugte, vars massa van die endo- en mesokarp, minimum boordtemperatuur en boord-nagtemperatuur, asook relatiewe humiditeit gedurende die vruggroei-periode moontlik gebruik kan word om die voorkoms van gebreekte pit by oes te voorspel. Verskille in die voorkoms van gebreekte pit is opgemerk tussen ‘Laetitia’, ‘Sapphire’ en ‘Songold’ pruime, en ook tussen seisoene. Verder is beduidende verskille opgemerk in die digtheid van die endokarp in verskillende dele van die pit. By beide ‘Laetitia’ en ‘Songold’ is gebreekte pit opgemerk wanneer vinnige toename in pit-digtheid saamgeval het met ʼn vinnige toename in vruggroei. Die pitte breek veral in die oorgang tussen dele van die pit met hoë en lae digtheid en as dit gekombineer is met vinnige radiale vruggroei in die rigting waar die pit die minste dig is. In teenstelling hiermee is gebreekte pit in ‘Sapphire’ opgemerk selfs voordat die pitte begin verhard het. Dit dui daarop dat die endokarp uitmekaargetrek is deur die vinnig groeiende mesokarp, omdat dit te sag was om die trekkragte van die groeiende vrugvlees te weerstaan. Die voorkoms van gebreekte pit word ook deur weerstoestande beïnvloed, want hoër temperature gedurende die pit-ontwikkeling en verhardingsperiode, kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van endokarpe met meer steenselle. Hierdie vrugte sal dus ʼn hoër digtheid hê, en as dit saamval met vinnige radiale groei, kan dit lei tot ʼn groter voorkoms van gebreekte pit. Blaar- en/of worteltoedienings van kalsiumnitraat en kaliumsilikaat is gemaak om te bepaal of die voorkoms van gebreekte pit in ‘Laetitia’ verminder kon word deur die versterking van die endokarp-selwande. Geen van hierdie behandelings het tot ʼn vermindering in gebreekte pit gelei nie en nie kalsiumnitraat of kaliumsilikaat kan dus aanbeveel word om gebreekte pit in pruime te verminder nie.

A utilização de subprodutos provenientes da indústria de alimentos tem como objetivo agregar valor aos mesmos propiciando o desenvolvimento de novas propostas para o uso de tecnologias ainda não consolidadas pela indústria. No caso do beneficiamento de arroz polido, além da extração das proteínas dos grãos quebrados, uma nova proposta seria a extração do amido presente nestes grãos. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho são testar um método alternativo para a separação do amido do restante dos componentes do grão de arroz, o método Al-Hakkak, utilizar a microfiltração para a etapa de concentração/purificação do amido obtido e, ainda, determinar e comparar a composição e as propriedades da farinha e do amido obtido em cada etapa do processo. Foi verificado que as características da solução de amido obtida pós extração têm influência na formação do fouling, reduzindo o fluxo de permeado e contribuindo para o aumento das resistências. O percentual médio de fouling observado foi de 38%; deve-se à resistência por polarização por concentração cerca de 75% da resistência total do sistema. Já o declínio do fluxo de permeado é controlado pelo mecanismo de formação de torta. O método Al-Hakkak de extração de amido foi capaz de reduzir os teores de proteínas, lipídeos e fibra alimentar em aproximadamente 52%, 94% e 82%, respectivamente. O teor de amido diminuiu com a extração, mas aumentou durante o processo de concentração pelo PSM, resultando em percentuais que variaram de 91,59 a 93,67%. Através das imagens obtidas por MEV foi possível visualizar que não houve alteração da estrutura dos grânulos de amido, além disto, se confirmou o formato poliédrico e o tamanho dos grânulos de 3 a 6 μm. O tamanho dos grânulos também foi confirmado pela análise granulométrica. O poder de inchamento (PI) e a solubilidade (IS) dos grânulos das amostras aumentaram com o acréscimo da temperatura. As temperaturas de gelatinização (Tg) apresentaram valores variando de 71,3 a 74,4°C. / The use of by-products from the food industry aims to add value to the same stimulating the development of new proposals for using technologies not yet consolidated the industry. For the improvement of polished rice, besides the extraction of proteins from broken grains a new proposal would be the extraction of the starch present in these grains. In this context, the objectives of this study are to test an alternative method for the separation of starch from the rest of the components of the rice grain, the Al-Hakkak method using microfiltration to stage concentration/purification of starch obtained, and also determine and compare the composition and properties of flour and starch obtained at each step of the process. It was found that the characteristics of the starch solution obtained after extraction influence the formation of fouling, reducing the permeate flux and contributing to the growing resistance. The average percentage of fouling observed was 38% and is due to the concentration polarization resistance by about 75 % of the total resistance of the system. Since the decline of permeate flux is controlled by mecanism of cake block. The Al-Hakkak method for starch extraction was able to reduce the levels of proteins, lipids and dietary fiber, in approximately 52%, 94% and 82%, respectively. The amount of starch decreased after the Al-Hakkak process but increased during the concentration process by PMS, resulting in a percentage ranging from 91.59 to 93.67%. Through the images obtained by SEM was possible to see that there was no change in the structure of starch granules, moreover, confirmed the polyhedral shape and size of granules 3-6 μm. The size of the granules was also confirmed by particle size analysis. The swelling power (PI) and solubility (S) of the granules of the samples increased with increasing temperature. The gelatinization temperatures (Tg) had values ranging from 71.3 to 74.4°C.