The following dissertation considers the main aspects of trade during each phase of Minoan development from its beginnings in Early Minoan times (3500 BC) until the end of Minoan period in 1430 BC. The work concentrates largely on the commodities exchanged, the development of transportation and perceived trade routes as well as the role of the palaces once they were established. The theories on the Minoan Thalassocracy and colonisation are also discussed. The evidence used is mainly archaeological, which is able to trace the movement of non-perishable materials such as pottery and metals. Reference is also made to contemporary Near Eastern texts and art, as well as the Minoan Linear A and Mycenaean Linear B documents. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Ancient History)

L’arrivée d’un nouveau matériau et d’un nouvel artisanat s’accompagne toujours de profondes transformations dans la société qui l’adopte. Notre étude porte sur l’introduction de la technologie du bronze en Syrie-Mésopotamie, sur sa diffusion progressive et sur ses incidences sociales durant toute l’histoire proche-orientale du quatrième au second millénaire. Cet artisanat, consistant, dans sa définition simple, en la mise au point d’un alliage de cuivre et d’étain, est arrivé très tôt dans cette région pourtant dénuée de tout minerai. Les vestiges archéologiques et les données textuelles révèlent la rapidité des transformations qui en découlèrent, touchant la structure sociale et les mentalités et s’accompagnant de nouvelles conceptions dans l’organisation de l’habitat. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

1 Odler, Martin 2020: The social context of copper in Ancient Egypt down to the end of Middle Kingdom. PhD thesis. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts. Supervisor: Prof. Mgr. Miroslav Bárta, Dr. Abstract The subject of the doctoral thesis is a reconstruction of the chaîne opératoire of copper in ancient Egypt from its earliest occurrence in the fourth millennium BC until the end of the Middle Kingdom. As copper was the metal most widely used in ancient Egyptian society, its study can offer statistical "big data" otherwise rarely available for ancient cultures. Three large groups of sources are discussed successively: written and iconographic sources, archaeological sources (material culture, i.e. artefacts), and archaeometallurgical sources, divided into several consecutive stages of the chaîne opératoire. Copper was named bjA and read [byr] in the periods under study, while an interpretation as arsenical copper with a low and high content of arsenic, respectively, is proposed for so- called Asian copper and Hsmn. In the Middle Kingdom, the term Hsmn begun to be used also for tin bronze. The word for crucible was bD(.t) and the word for metalworker (incorporating both metallurgists and smiths) was bD.ty. There is no substantial Egyptian evidence from the periods under study for the current...

Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude de provenance de matières basaltiques et andésitiques dans le nord de la Syrie et dans le centre du Japon. Cinq affleurements de basaltes ont été caractérisés dans la moyenne vallée du Khabour pour trouver la provenance de fragments du même type sous forme d'inclusion dans des céramiques du Bronze Ancien. Les résultats obtenus d'analyses pétrographiques et géochimiques ont permis de cibler deux zones particulières (Ard-esh-Sheikh et Feidat-elMieza) comme sources probables des inclusions. À la suite de ces résultats encourageants, nous nous sommes dirigés vers le centre du Japon près de la double zone de subduction de l'arc Izu-Bonin. Deux volcans ont été échantillonnés (Fuji et Hakone) dans le but de comparer leurs caractéristiques avec des fragments en inclusion dans des céramiques de la période Jômon. Les céramiques échantillonnées ne possédaient pas de fragments de roches volcaniques suffisamment complets pour l'utilisation des textures et des concentrations en éléments traces. Mais l'olivine et les pyroxènes ont pu être utilisés comme marqueurs discriminants indiquant une provenance non volontaire de certaines phases minérales lors d'éruptions volcaniques. La présence de hornblende indique également une possible source dans la région de Nikko où se trouvent des massifs intrusifs de roches dioritiques à amphibole.

This study was made with the express purpose to shine a light on how we use the present to understand the past. My focus was directed at how the view on gender during the last couple of hundred years has influenced how we construct arbitrary gender norms for a Scandinavian bronze age society. To complete this study, I looked at the Swedish gravemound “Hågahögen”, on the outskirts of Uppsala, and compared it to three Danish mounds with similar properties. Hågahögen consists of the cremated remains of one, or possibly two, individuals who have been interpreted as male due to the presence of a sword in the grave. The Danish graves are all located on the Danish mainland, known as Jutland, and are called Egtved, Borum Eshøj and Trindhøj. Due to the extraordinarily well-preserved remains in these graves they proved to be an excellent counter to Hågahögen. Because of this the biological sex of these individuals are not in question, therefore I could use them to compare various arguments and how their sex was being portrayed. My sources consisted of various articles, archaeological textbooks, reports and popular science books. My results show that graves that contain males are generally valued higher than those that contain females. Power is more often attributed to the male remains while the females are often seen as objects to empower males. The women I studied were either seen as mothers, wives or sexual objects. The men were seen as chieftains, kings, ritual masters or they weren’t described in enough detail to conclude a role for them. The individual in Hågahögen was given masculinity because of the sword in the grave, but also due to the implied sway and power over those who built the grave after their death. That sort of power is rarely seen as a feminine trait, therefor it was impossible for the archaeologists of old to see the occupant of the grave as anything other than male.

En 2000, la fouille préventive du site d'Ensisheim/Reguisheimerfeld (Haut-Rhin), réalisée par la société ANTEA SARL, a vu la mise au jour de 87 structures funéraires appartenant à une nécropole à incinération datée du début du Bronze final (1350-1050 av. J.-C. env.). A la suite de l'étude du mobilier, 3 phases chronologiques successives ainsi qu'un possible faciès culturel centré sur le coude du Rhin à Bâle ont été distingués. L'étude archéo-anthropologique des restes brûlés a démontré, entre autre, l'existence d'un grand nombre de sépultures multiples et d'immatures sociaux, phénomènes rarement observés dans la région. L'analyse des architectures interne et externe des structures a permis de proposer l'existence de systèmes de couverture composés d'un élément périssable surmonté d'un petit tumulus. Par ailleurs, le nombre de vases déposés dans les sépultures augmente au cours du temps. L'analyse spatiale de la nécropole a permis d'observer l'existence d'une aire réservée circulaire et de proposer un développement topographique selon des axes perpendiculaires. Une zone réservée aux immatures sociaux et une autre aux adultes ont également été reconnues. Grâce à l'identification de structures appartenant à différentes étapes de la chaîne opératoire de la crémation et à l'organisation spatiale structurée de la nécropole, nous avons pu considérer cette dernière comme un véritable complexe funéraire. Une approche paléosociologique prudente repose sur la définition de 4 groupes de dotation en mobilier. L'approche archéo-thanatologique développée ici a donc permis d'actualiser les connaissances sur la typo-chronologie et les pratiques funéraires au Bronze final en Alsace.

This thesis deals with questions concerning the sedentary settlement in central Norrland: its origins, function and development. This type of settlement appears at the start of our calendar. The material comprises an almost fully excavated farmstead from the Early Iron Age (1-600 A.D.), situated on Genesmon in the parish of Själevad, northern Ångermanland. Particular stress has been put on the description of the individual structures and on questions concerning the construction and room-division of the houses. The farm's resource utilization, handicrafts and development are also analysed and discussed.The basic material for the thesis has been obtained through archaeological excavations. To a limited degree a comparative method has been used with regard to the form and content of the farm settlement. In addition data has been extracted from the presence, distribution and species of carbonized seeds, which were collected from post-holes, hearths and other features in and around the nine house foundations found hitherto.Contrary to the views of previous research, the results show that even northern Ångermanland obtained sedentary settlement at about the same time as Hälsingland and Medelpad. With regard to the origin of this settlement a critical examination is made of previous research, which has largely been in agreement that it was a result of colonization from the Mälar Valley. Some circumstances are presented which can be interpreted rather as internal development under influence. The settlement on the excavated site at Gene consists of a farmstead, with a three-aisled long-house and smaller three-aisled houses nearby with special functions. The number of small houses increases with time. Only a few remnants of dividing walls have been encountered. Room analyses show that the long-house was probably divided into six rooms or sections, each with its own function. The general layout and this room-division corresponds well with other contemporary houses in, for example, S.W. Norway and on Jutland. There are however tendencies towards regional differences. During the Migration Period both iron-forging and bronze-casting have taken place on the farm. These handicrafts were probably not carried out by professional smiths. The remains of bronze working show that relief brooches, keys, rings and pins were cast. A preliminary going-through of the literature also shows that bronze-casting was considerably more common on the Migration Period farms in Norden than one generally assumed. The farm on Genesmon is suggested to have been relocated during the 6th or 7th century A.D. Since a similar restructuring or movement of settlement can be noted over large parts of Norden during this period, the explanations for the relocation of the Gene farm must be sought in changes in a long-established inter-regional structure. / digitalisering@umu

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The effect of friction-stir processing (FSP) on the microstructure of a cast nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) material has been characterized by various micro-analytical methods including orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Cast NAB is widely utilized in the production of propellers for the surface ships and submarines of the U.S. Navy due to excellent corrosion-resistance. New applications require improved mechanical properties that may be attainable using FSP to achieve localized microstructure modification. Friction between a rotating tool and the surface of the material results in a *stirring* action that, in turn, produces adiabatic heating and local softening of the material. The tool rotation results in very large shear deformations in the softened regions and thus microstructure refinement and homogenization; in effect FSP may convert an as-cast microstructure to a wrought condition in the absence of macroscopic shape change. In as-cast material, results of optical and scanning electron microscopy (using energy dispersive analysis) show an ` (FCC) matrix containing globular and particulate dispersions that correspond to the *I, *II and *IV second phases; these represent various morphologies of the Fe3Al intermetallic compound, which has a D03 structure. Also present are lamellar particles of *III, which is NiAl and has a B2 structure. The grain size in the ` matrix is ~ 1 mm. In OIM, the microtexture and microstructure in the ` (FCC) matrix may be readily obtained and analyzed. However, interatom distances in the Fe3Al and NiAl phases differ by only about one percent and so these phases are not distinguishable from one another during OIM. Altogether, microstructure and microtexture analysis showed that there are several regions in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of a material subjected to FSP. From base material inward toward the TMAZ, these include: annealing effects in undeformed base material; a region just inside the TMAZ in which grain deformation and C-type shear deformation textures are observed; regions of highly refined and recrystallized grains further inside the TMAZ, wherein the grain size is < 5æm; and, finally, regions of elongated, banded and twinned grain structures that suggest grain growth following recrystalliztion. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Two ceramic vessels of the Öland and Gotland type were in the summer of 2016 discovered at an archaeological excavation at the island of Gotland in the Baltic sea. They were produced with two different techniques of firing, resulting in two different colors of the surface of the pot. Ceramic vessels of the Öland and Gotland type dating from the Roman Iron Age are supposed to have been produced at these islands, but thin-section analysis of pottery found in Mälardalen in the mainland of Sweden show that at least some vessels are made of clay from Mälardalen. The type is distinct and differs both in form and composition of the clay from other ceramic vessels of more ordinary character. This type of ceramic vessel is supposed to be inspired of bronze vessels from the Roman Empire and ceramic vessels from both the Roman Empire and the Celtic area. In this thesis, the aim is to shed some light on the characters of this type of vessel with comparative and empirical studies of pots from Öland and Gotland. This is done by comparing vessels and described graves on the two islands. And for references a few pots from mainland Sweden is also studied. Is it possible to understand why the high-status pottery on Öland and Gotland differ from the rest of the Swedish mainland? Clearly, the wealth of the population on the islands was over average if we measure it in objects of foreign origin, compared with the Swedish mainland. Objects from the Roman Empire such as drinking equipment made of bronze and gold and silver coins made its way to the islands in bigger quantities than to rest of Scandinavia with exceptions from some local areas on the Swedish mainland. / • Vad exakt är en ölandskruka? • Varför finns en det en klar urskiljbar skillnad mellan den keramik vi kallar ölandskrukor/gotlandskrukor jämfört med andra kärl från samma period? • Vad kan dekor och utformning ha inspirerats av? • Är det klara skillnader mellan Öland och Gotland när det gäller ölandskrukorna, eller ser de lika ut på de båda öarna?Den kärltyp av keramik från romersk järnålder som vanligen kallas ölandskruka eller gotlandskruka i rapporter, litteratur eller andra arkeologiska sammanhang är vanlig i det öländska och gotländska materialet. Den hittas företrädesvis i gravar men även andra kontexter förekommer. Kärlen förekommer även sparsamt på det svenska fastlandet och hittas även där i gravar. Det är i de gravar som är rikast på föremål som den oftast påträffas och det pekar på att den är knuten till de personer i samhället som har högst social rang. Andra föremål som hittas tillsammans med ölandskrukor varierar en del mellan Öland och Gotland. Ett exempel på det är bronsskållor som mest är en gotländsk företeelse och endast förekommer sparsamt i det öländska materialet. Dryckeshorn i gravar är vanligast på Gotland och de förekommer ofta i gravar med sländtrissor. På Öland är det i kvinnogravarna vanligt att det förekommer krumknivar i samma grav som ölandskrukor medan mansgravarna ofta är så kallade vapengravar. Vapengravarna på Öland innehåller som regel ett svärd, minst en lansspets och en spjutspets men även fler förekommer, en sköld och en kniv.   Kärltypen som kallas ölandskruka är av tunt gods som glättats på ytan och oftast dekorerats med punktlinjer på den övre delen av skuldran. De är brända i en reducerad atmosfär som ger en svart yta på kärlet. I denna uppsats förekommer även en annan kärltyp med fyra stycken öron på skuldran, dessa kärl förefaller vara brända i en oxiderad atmosfär vilket istället resulterar i en brun eller rödbrun färg på ytan. Förutom dessa två kärltyper förekommer också kannor, de har en hank att hålla i när man häller och är i stort sett alltid dekorerade. Denna dekoration består ofta av olika fält på övre delen av kannan indelade i romber av linjer. I fälten finns olika stämpelmönster, till exempel cirklar, kryss, blomformade och trisklar. Kärlen är så kallad finkeramik som sannolikt inte användes till vardagligt bruk utan som serveringskärl vid till exempel gästabud och som gravgåvor i form av ett uppdukat bord till den avlidne. I en del fall även som benbehållare efter kremering. De kärl som betecknas som finkeramik förefaller ha använts till dryckesritualer och som serviser under gästabud. Även seden att ge den begravde ett dukat bord pekar på att kärlens betydelse var välkänd i det samtida samhället (Eriksson 2009:176ff). Ölandskrukorna introduceras i Mälardalsregionen under äldre romersk järnålder, men företrädesvis i elitmiljöer. Att det även på Öland och Gotland handlar om elitens föremål syns i gravmaterialet, då det är de gravar som är rikast på föremål som även har ölandskrukor, gotlandskrukor eller kannor (se bilaga 1 &amp; 2). Inspirationen till kärlen kan vara bronssitulor som importeras till Skandinavien under denna period (Eriksson 2009:176ff). Den polerade ytan på keramik som förekommer under bronsåldern i Mälardalen försvinner under förromersk järnålder och den tidigaste återkomsten av polerad keramik i området dateras till tiden efter Kristi födelse (Eriksson 2009:127). Dessa kärl har en svartglänsande yta som mycket väl kan tänkas föreställa eller efterlikna metall. Liknande former på kärl har bland annat hittas i tidigare nämnda Gödåker där ett kärl har en dekor som är klart inspirerad av samtida metallkonst. Det kan även finnas kopplingar till dryckesglas eftersom en del kärl har imitation av slipade glasfacetter. Mellan Öland och Gotland finns en del skillnader i utformningen på kärlen. På Öland är foten på ölandskrukorna mindre eller saknas. Eftersom tillverkningsort för ölandskrukorna inte har kunnat fastställas i nuläget är det svårt att peka på om det beror på att ölänningarna har en annan utformning på sina kärl än gotlänningarna eller om det förekommer variationer i båda regionerna som sedan distribuerats olika.

Fieldwork in the Zemplen Mountain area of north-eastern Hungary showed that there are at least eight geological sources of obsidian here, five of which have obsidian of a workable quality. There are a further three sources in the Slovak Zemplen, all of which provide workable obsidian. Sources in Central Slovakia are highly devitrified and not useable, and reported sources in Rumania had been discounted earlier (Nandris, 1975). Forty-six samples of obsidian from the Zemplen sources, and 293 pieces from 87 archaeological sites in Central and Eastern Europe, were analysed by neutron activation analysis for 15 trace and two major elements. The trace elements used included those which are geochemically likely to show the greatest variation between different obsidian sources, and which are not badly affected by devitrification and hydration of the obsidian, for example the rare earth elements. The analytical data was processed using Cluster Analysis. 242 of the archaeological samples came from Slovak sources, 22 from Hungarian sources, 9 from Lipari and 5 from Melos. In addition, 6 samples were tentatively assigned to Carpathian sources, and 9 could not be assigned to any source. Obsidian from the Zemplen Mountains was distributed up to a distance of approximately 480 km from the sources; it was used extensively in Slovakia and Hungary and reached southern Poland, Austria, Moravia, central Yugoslavia, north-east Italy and central Rumania. Obsidian use in central and eastern Europe began in the Mousterian period. The earliest pieces analysed were Aurignacian and came from Hungarian sources. Later, in the Gravettian, Slovakian sources began to be exploited and remained predominant until obsidian use declined sharply in the Later Neolithic, and Copper and Bronze Ages. The Carpathian obsidian distribution overlaps with the Liparian distribution at one site in north-east Italy. There is no evidence for an overlap with Aegean or Near Eastern sources. The rate of fall off of obsidian away from the sources suggests a down-the-line trading mechanism.